A Review of Climate Change for the South Pacific Islands: Report

This report provides a critical review of climate change impacts on the South Pacific Island Nations, focusing on water supply security, sea level rise, and the effects on living organisms. It examines the vulnerability of these regions to climate change, considering factors like the El Niño Southern Oscillation and tropical cyclones. The review analyzes research on sea level rise, global warming, and the predicted extinction risks of species, emphasizing the importance of adapting strategies to mitigate climate change. The report also discusses the triple bottom line theory and explores the impact of climate change on water resources, assessing the challenges faced by small island developing states. The study highlights the need for urgent action to address climate change and its consequences on the South Pacific Islands, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices and social responsibility.

Running head: A REVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR THE SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS
A Review of Climate Change for the South Pacific Islands
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

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Table of Contents
Keywords used in Literature Review..............................................................................................2
Literature Review -..........................................................................................................................2
Research Gaps -...............................................................................................................................8
Research Questions -.......................................................................................................................9
Research Outcomes -.....................................................................................................................10
Research Methodology -................................................................................................................10
Resources required to conduct the Project -..................................................................................12
Risks in the Execution of the Project -..........................................................................................13
Flow Chart and Project Time Management Plan -........................................................................14
Flow Chart:................................................................................................................................14
Project Time Management Plan:...............................................................................................14
Reference List................................................................................................................................16

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Keywords used in Literature Review
 South Pacific Islands ;
 Fiji ;
 Water supply security ;
 Climatic condition ;
 Populated regions ;
 Living organisms ;
 Climate change ;
 Natural resources ;
 Global warming ;
 Sea level ;
 Humans
Literature Review -
A critical review of climate change practice for the South Pacific Island Nations in New
Zealand in respect of water supply security in the Cook Island, Fiji, Tonga, Nauru, Kiribati, etc.
has been addressed. The future of New Zealand primarily depends on its ability to adapt to the
ongoing climate change (Hezel, 2012). Even though considerable advancements have been made
in the last couple of years to understand the implications as well as the impacts of climate
change, it is still difficult to control and eliminate issues such as the extinction of certain living
organisms, water supply management along with other natural resources. Taking into
consideration the fact that the small island countries are some of the most vulnerable and
exposed regions to the future sea level rise as well as to climate change. To retort to this urgent

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issue, evaluation and assessment of the vulnerability of the habitants due to the extremity of the
changes in the climate had been carried out in the South Pacific Island Nations, New Zealand.
The main aim and objective of the studies that have been conducted in the last nine to ten years
was to identify the resilience as well as susceptibility of the coastal socio - economic and the
natural methods of the country.
Walsh, McInnes & McBride tried to understand the effect that climate change has on
extreme sea levels in the South Pacific region. The purpose of selecting this region was because
it consists of a lot of areas that are susceptible to the extremity of the sea levels in this current
climate in the current climatic condition. In addition to this, it was even noted that there had been
a steady rise in the relationship between the global sea level and global warming (Hezel, 2012).
The predicted rise in the sea levels has a tendency to increase inundation which will perhaps put
the future viability of human habitation on quite a few of the Pacific Islands, such as Fiji, Tonga,
and Nauru at risk. This is one of the main reason that the climatic condition of the Tropical
Pacific is already extremely viable because of the strong impact of the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. This eventually makes it difficult to be able to identify any
new changes over and above the prevailing large interannual inconsistency (Walsh, McInnes &
McBride, 2012). In addition to this, several overlapping events like the tropical cyclones
contribute to the elevated sea levels through high waves as well as storm surge. Walsh, McInnes
& McBride along with Edenhofer stated that the availability of water resources is extremely
critical in the small coral sand as well as the limestone islands in the region, particularly in the
densely populated regions. Moreover, water security in islands such as Fiji, Cook Island,
Kiribati, Tonga, and Nauru is impacted to various notches from the current climate variability,
human factors, and geological hazards. Here, the most vulnerable group is the peri - urban

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settlements and the densely populated regions along with the remote and rural areas. It is
understood that it is unclear to project the future of climatic changes based on the past events as
it has exceeded the natural viability. It is thus extremely difficult to comment as to whether the
detected global warning of the past few years has altered at all or not. The study, however, aimed
to understand the extent of threats to these South Pacific Island Nations due to the extreme sea
levels and tropical cyclones. In can hence be deduced that the future changes to the sea level in
Pacific Islands because of the anthropogenic global warning might be hampered by the variations
to tropical cyclones along with the future differences in climate variability that includes the El
Nino Southern Oscillation phenomenon. There still remains significant barriers to reduce the
uncertainties that are linked with the future projections of such factors.
In the article written by Urban, there were current forecasts and predictions of the risks of
extinctions of the living organism due to the change in climate which varies widely on certain
assumptions along with geographical plus taxonomic emphasis of each study. The author places
an importance on the fact that it is extremely crucial to know the impact that the climate change
will have now or in the near future and as to how it will influence in the rate of species
extinction. This is important as the strategies to curb the damage will be formulated and
implemented accordingly. Studies tend to vary based on the assumptions, species, methods, and
regions as they do not take into consideration the entire range of the current situation. This
eventually results in consistency, the global estimates of the rate of species extinctions is
attributable to the forthcoming climate change. Urban goes on to provide a comprehensive
analysis of the predicted annihilation risks due to climate change from the Meta - analysis of the
131 previously published predictions. He has focussed on the multi - species studies in order to
be able to eliminate the potential biases that might occur in the studies of single - species. The

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author then also estimated the global proportion of the species that are threatened in the South
Pacific Islands along with the extinction risk that varies depending on the future global
temperature increment, geographic regions, taxonomic groups, endemism, dispersal assumptions,
extinction thresholds, and modeling techniques.
The majority of the studies that were used by the author, Mark, estimated correlation
between the current distribution and climate in order to predict a suitable habitat under the future
climatic conditions. These distinctions give the chance to see how dissimilar factors, as well as
suspicions, impact the risk of termination from environmental change. The factor that best-
clarified changes in annihilation risk were the degree of future climatic change. The future
worldwide risk of extinction due to the climatic change is anticipated not exclusively to
increment but to quicken as the global temperatures rise. The risks of extinction were most
noteworthy in countries such as South America, Australia, and New Zealand, and the dangers did
not shift by taxonomic classification. Practical suppositions that are related to the debt of
extinction and dispersal limit generously expanded the risks of extinction. The author states that
the people must urgently adopt to the strategies and procedures that will limit the further change
in climate. Hence, Urban provides a global assessment of the changes in climate that even
persuaded the extinction risks as well as the factors which have a tendency to have an impact on
them. However, he highlights the fact that the risks of extinction are comparatively smaller when
compared to the total number of species that are influenced by the change of climate.
The triple bottom line theory (TBL) is another framework or a theory which suggests that
the focus should be on the social as well as environmental aspects and not just on the profits
(Beal & Flynn, 2014). In addition to this, the theory states that instead of having just one bottom
line, there should be three bottom lines - first for profit, second for the plane, and the last one for

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people. With the help of theory, the researchers can measure the level of commitment that the
organisations and business enterprises have towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) along
with its effect on the environment (Sahin, Stewart & Helfer, 2015). The theory proposes that
planet plus people equals to social plus environmental responsibility which is agreed upon by a
lot of the researchers. Each and every individual must have a sense of social responsibility
embedded in themselves to save the dying earth and its limited natural resources to ensure that
the future generations can have a peaceful life too (Sahin, Stewart & Helfer, 2015). If these three
elements are taken into consideration by every other company and individuals, the sustainability
goals will be supported and will eventually eliminate the deterioration of climate.
Another article which was written and published by Kelman in the year 2014 states that
climate change has been getting a lot of attention not just as a global crisis but also as the
greatest global crisis which will perhaps be faced by the humanity. There exists no doubt in the
fact that even of all the green - house gas emissions took a stop in today’s date, there would be
no significant impact for the next couple of years as the legacy of climate change is likely to be
observed and felt by the next millenniums as well (Beal & Flynn, 2014). Still the most
emphasising factor in today’s time and age is the climate change as the biggest issue which is
perhaps neglecting the past history of development policy, theory, and practice. To examine and
asses this very point, the author, Kelman, uses the case study of certain small island developing
states (SIDS) such as Fiji, Cook Island, Kiribati, Tonga, and Nauru that are being affected by the
continuous changes in the climate and temperature (Sahin, Stewart & Helfer, 2015). In addition
to this, the case study is important as it more often than not dominates the media as well as the
policy discussions as being the locations that amongst the first as well as worst affected by the
changes in climate. The main and most crucial question that the author tries to address in his

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paper is whether the small island developing states (SIDS) is an example of the climate change’s
oratory sceptical from dealing with the wider developmental issues. Moreover, the paper also
centers on the fact whether or not a focus on the climate change by policy - makers, practitioners,
and researchers will deflect the attention away from the underlying political issue of
susceptibility as well as vulnerability in respect of the nature of the physical perils. The article
also summarises the various aspects of vulnerability the emerges from the previous literature and
are not being credited enough in today’s work and articles of climate change of the South Pacific
Island Nations or even of the earth as whole.
The author, Kelman also tries to address the issue of water scarcity that might arise in the
near future and places an extreme importance on it as water is the most judicial natural resource
that anyone requires in their day to day life to be able to sustain. Be it the animals, birds, insects,
plants or even humans, all of them require water to sustain in this world. He noted that there will
perhaps be a huge effect on the water resource by the year 2030 due to the constant climate
change. Kelman assessed and evaluated the impacts on surface as well as groundwater resource
availability because of the projected changes to temperature, rainfall and mean sea level rise. He
performed the same by measuring as well as weighing the impacts on groundwater recharge and
stream - flow which are considered to be the main drivers or inputs of these water resources. In
addition to this, he also placed an emphasis on the five countries that show a significant
reduction in mean rainfall underneath the ‘most likely’ or the ‘largest change’ conditions that is
the Fiji, East Timor, Vanuatu, Tonga, and Niue. While the 10 other countries are being shown to
have comparatively small to large increases in the mean rainfall that will have positive effects on
the water resources.

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Mason, Page & Williamson along with Moushumi in the year 2013 also stated the
importance of saving water resources and other natural resources that are still abundantly
available in these small pacific island countries. In addition to this, they also stated that
adaptation to climate change has been viewed in a lot of the developed nations, but not one of
them have yet considered the effects and impacts of climate change (Mason, Page & Williamson,
2013). Mason, Page and Williamson try to examine the role of the institutional arrangements as
well as the players that operate under them, and the barriers as well as the enablers for the
adaptation decision making in some of the developed nations such as New Zealand. In addition
to this, they also try to understand the roles as well as the responsibilities between the regional,
national, and the local governments which influences the ability to deliver long term and flexible
responses to the ever changing climate risk. The authors have also identified several enablers
which would create better as well as greater integration between the various scales of
government that includes better usage and implementation of the national policy instruments,
standardised information collection, and shared professional experience and risk assessment
procedures. Their report also outlines the major regional water initiatives and the programmes in
the South Pacific region within the last decade. Many of these programmes in the water sector
were implemented with the recognition of potential climate change effects with a primary
emphasis on the immediate needs like providing improved and sanitized water supplies for the
population.
Research Gaps -
According to the literature review, it is clear that there exists knowledge as well as
science - knowledge gaps across the South Pacific Island Nations (Kumar & Taylor, 2015).
These gaps have been listed below –

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 Lack of awareness on the concept of reuse and recycle of waste water and storm water ;
 Financial constraints and accessibility to the rural village areas to install a water tank
during natural calamities (Paton, Dandy & Maier, 2014) ;
 Lack of monitoring systems and lack of information on the side effects of temperature
related diseases like food and water borne diseases (Beal & Flynn, 2014) ;
 Very few expertise are present for the designing and construction of climate change
infrastructure.
Research Questions -
Whenever the focus comes on climate change of the South Pacific Island Nations or even
the entire world, as it is at the very moment, concerns everyone starting from the humans to the
plants and to the other living organisms (Paton, Dandy & Maier, 2014). It is tough to survive if
the environment continues to deteriorate due to the actions of the human beings who have a
tendency to continuously waste the natural resources (Beal & Flynn, 2014). Moreover, the
charges of cutting carbon discharges as well as the practicality to the renewable energy, and
whether it has become too late to be able to do anything to improve the climate holds a serious
question (Kumar & Taylor, 2015). Weather and climate are two different things, where - in the
weather is something that rapidly changes at a particular time and place. Usually from town to
town as well as place to place. Some questions that can be asked regarding the climate change of
Fiji Islands, Cook Island, Tonga, and Nauru are as follows -
 Will the actions that are being taken today be sufficient to foresee the direct effects of the
climate change?
 How will the procedure to cut down the cost of carbon emissions affect the lives of the
individuals (Hezel, 2012)?

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 Will taking up actions now help make the lives of individuals residing in the south pacific
islands better and safer? Or will it have an impact only to the future generations?
 Given the fact that the renewable resources such as water will only help a small
percentage of the habitants and that the alternative sources are expensive, what will be
done so that the people do not immigrate (Tanner et al., 2015)?
 Will the remedies of the climate change be even worse when compared to the disease and
will it lead to more individuals into poverty?
Research Outcomes -
The outcome that was obtained from addressing the research gap as well as the research
question was not quite good. It was noted that increase in the temperature, insect outbreaks and
drought are all intertwined with climate change (Kumar & Taylor, 2015). In addition to this,
decline in the water supplies is the biggest challenge that the habitants of the South Pacific
Islands will encounter. Health impacts and reduced agricultural production are some more issues
that will be faced in the coming few years (Beal & Flynn, 2014). Changes in the physical
environment such as seal level rise, pH, and temperature will be detected.
Since most of the pacific island’s infrastructure as well as the population including the
fresh water resource reside on the coast, it automatically becomes vulnerable to destruction from
cyclones, erosion, and inundation (Cai et al., 2012). Furthermore, the food supplies also stay at
risk because of the strong dependence on the coastal fisheries. In order to be able to save the
habitants of the island, the South Pacific region is trying to bring the SIDS together to work on
climate change and to make it easier for the future generations to live (Cai et al., 2012).

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Research Methodology -
A framework had been developed called the Integrated Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Common Methodology (IPCC CZMS 1991) for the assessment of susceptibility of the individual
countries where in a set of particular data for the socio - economic as well as natural conditions
was needed along with the impacts being evaluated on an economic basis with the help of Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) as the typical index (McClure, 2013). However, for this research
assignment, the information used was secondary data. The secondary data, however, was based
on primary data which was collected from the first hand - sources with the help of surveys and
experiments. This sort of data allows the researcher to come up with questions and to gain a
better as well as comprehensive understanding of the issue that is being dealt with at the very
moment (Paton, Dandy & Maier, 2014). Although this method can be time consuming as well
costly (Lawrence et al., 2015). This project started off with collecting secondary data as it
involved less time and was economic. Even though it is not primary data, it provided a lot of
facts and data for the research to be able to take place at ease. In simpler words, secondary data
was taken up from well - known websites and articles written by some eminent and efficient
authors over the years on the given topic (Lawrence et al., 2015).
However, while the research was being carried out, it was noted that there was
insufficient data because of which primary data was collected. Data and information on the
topographic maps, land usage pattern, sea level, previous records of the change in climate and so
on was not easily available. In addition to this, finance being an issue, the research made use of
limited resources. From the research it was noted that the monetary economy is just a part of the
economic system of the country, while a subsistence economy still prevails in South Pacific
Island Nations (Tarte, 2014). It turned out to be that such factors restricted the direct

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implementation and usage of the IPCC Common Methodology (Lawrence et al., 2015). Thus, to
conduct the research successfully, other methods were made use of too along with the available
data and information. One of the most important part during the execution of the research was to
make use of the traditional knowledge as well as the memories of the locals to avoid and
overcome the deficiency of information. It is given fact that, since the locals have been living on
these islands, they will perhaps have a better knowledge and insight of the place and might even
have much to offer to the research than the information that is available on the internet (Urban,
2015). These local people have lived and observed the climatic changes for generations and the
memories as well as the experiences of the most elderly people will be an actual source of
information.
Based on the above discussed methods, the assignment was carried out. These methods
and approaches during the research were formulated based on experiences as well as on scientific
knowledge (Keppel et al., 2012). It can be said that the research involved a mixed approach to
collect and gather data. In addition to this, the triple bottom line theory also highlights the fact
that three factors must be considered that is, the effect of climate on the planet as well as on the
people and the profit (Nunn et al., 2014). During the execution of research, there were some
questions that arose for which possible outcomes were given. In order to come up with a strategy
to solve the issue and save the future generations, this approach was useful as it compensated for
the lack of information. However, it still does not cover all the aspects of the coastal zone.
Resources required to conduct the Project -
The resources that were required to conduct the project were the past studies that have
been conducted by the various authors in the last 7 to 8 years for climate change in the South
Pacific Island Nations, New Zealand (Watters, Ewing & McCaig, 2012). To be able to conduct

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the research successfully, approximately 2 months were needed along with resources such as
proper internet connectivity and availability to the empirical studies. Moreover, statistics and
reports were to be made out of the data gathered to be able to understand the view of the
habitants and to locate their priority and most importantly, their needs (Keppel et al., 2012).
During the execution of the project, at all times, analysis and comparison was made with the past
research to understand how much the climate has changed and in what way (Tanner et al., 2015).
In other words, the climatic conditions of the last couple of years and the present climatic
condition was to be compared in order to draw out significant conclusions to help the future
generations. Hence, it can be said that the project is mainly based upon the past studies and the
current situation. Some more resources were required but were not available at disposal such as,
financial aid and alternative resources like nuclear power.
Risks in the Execution of the Project -
During the execution of the climate change project of the South Pacific Island Nations
there were certain risks that could have occurred. When it comes to climate change, the timescale
is comparatively longer (Delorme & Sewell, 2014). The human behaviour will have to adapt to
accommodate to the climatic changes. However, affective adaptation requires the individuals to
be aware of the risks that can take place during the implementation of change. Most importantly,
they must have a clear understanding of the relative consequence of those perils. The most
challenging aspect during the execution of the project was resources and team along with time
and change management (Delorme & Sewell, 2014). More often than not the change requests
have a tendency to escalate the complexity of the project and eventually throw it off way. In
addition to this, there is always a risk that the experts will leave mid - way and it will become
difficult to find someone with the same level of expertise. The above discussed articles too stated

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Climate Warming
Increased Risk of DiseaseChanges in Development and Phenology
Loss of Amphibian Populations
Decrease in Effective Moisture
Loss of Habitat
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the risk that were faced by the authors during their research. It can thus be deduced that risk goes
hand in hand with implication of change (Edenhofer, 2015). Even though there were insufficient
resources to conduct the project, it was completed within the given time frame.
Flow Chart and Project Time Management Plan -
Flow Chart:
Figure 1: Climate Change Flow Chart
Source: (Created by the author)
Project Time Management Plan:
WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 WEEK 7
Problem
Identification

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Problem
Selection
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Cause Analysis
Plan Solutions
Implement
Solutions
Evaluate
Effects
Final
Implementation
Reflection
Figure 2: Gantt chart for Climate Change
Source: (Created by the author)

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Lawrence, J., Sullivan, F., Lash, A., Ide, G., Cameron, C., & McGlinchey, L. (2015). Adapting
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