Analysis of Language Development: Speaking and Listening Skills Report

This report delves into the fundamental skills of speaking and listening, crucial for language learning, and emphasizes their interconnectedness as tools for communication. It explores various language development theories, including behavioral, nativist, social interactionist, and cognitive theories, highlighting their key principles and implications for child language acquisition. The report also analyzes factors determining language variation in children, such as sociolinguistics, cultural background, and socioeconomic status, illustrating how these elements shape language use within different contexts. Furthermore, the report examines the roles of family, culture, and environment in language development, providing a comprehensive understanding of the complex processes involved in children's language acquisition and communication skills.

SPEAKING AND
LISTENING (LEVEL 5)

INTRODUCTION
Speaking and listening both are the fundamental skills of language learning. This is about
adapting language that suits up the situation and that linking to listening and speaking.
Additionally, this termed out as tool for communication and act as supplementary in learning
process. This both skills cannot be separated from each other. On the other hand, it can be stated
that listening is defined as an action of the verb listening while speaking termed out as ability to
communicate in any particular language. Henceforth, it can be stated that speech, language and
communication that have developmental needs (Aitchison, 2007).
In addition to it, speech defined as the actual sound of spoken language. Therefore,
language deals with meaning. Moreover, language is a broad term that defines how person
communicates their wants and needs. In addition to this, this is defined as an expression of
human communication through which knowledge, belief and behaviour. I CAN is the children
communication charitable firm that works to improve wellbeing of such kids those who are
suffering from language problems. The mission of organisation is that no child must be left out
due to their speaking or understanding problems.
The present report is based on topic of listening and speaking. Furthermore, report has
covered as demonstrating knowledge and ability to compare theories and develop spoken
language, analysing the factors that determines the variation in language use in children. Lastly,
report includes number of theories as cultural, ethical and socio economic background of the
children.
MAIN BODY
1.
Language can be termed out as primary method of human action. Therefore, it is
inclusive of components as verbal and non verbal. Henceforth, there are number of language
development theories that defined in following manner as are-
Behavioural theory- Under this, behaviourist believes that language is something that can be
observed and measured. As per his views, languages rules are not essential while speaking. In
addition to it, the mental state of knowledge is not based on language. It is defined as
conditioning that occurs by interacting with environment. Additionally, knowledge is mental
state and structure of language that makes it’s a change. It is one of the effective terms that shape
child language. According to the view of Brock & Rankin, (2008) stated with function of
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speaking word the language can be improved. It is the effective term that shapes the child
language rather than rules of knowledge. Therefore, language rich development aids children to
achieve success in communication. Thus, behaviourist approach defined as to criticize for not
taking into account and this may influence on learning of child. Practitioners are required to
provide their full support to such kinds those who are suffering from language or understanding
issues, by giving them right help their skills can be developed.
Nativity linguistic theories- This is defined as theory that hold the children to learn through
natural ability to arrange the laws of language that cannot be fully utilise the talent without the
presence of other humans. As per the view of Browne, (2001) stated out that language widely
considered as completely cultural experience based on human action. It is biological based
theory that argued that human are pre-programmed with innate ability to develop language. As
per the view of Corden (2000) stated that that can be utilise it defines the natural ability that aids
to organise the laws of language. Progress checker is the great tool that helps in analysing or
evaluating progress of child. By this way parents can measure whether kid has improved his
listening, talking capabilities or not.
Additionally, this also states that language is inherent, physiologically determined and
genetically transmitted. This is teaching method that assumes children in class can participate to
have powerful grasp of their mother tongue. In contrary to Lust, Anderson & Bresnan, (2006)
stated that this theory argues that caregivers do not teach but rather they give feedback to correct
utterance of child. In this it is believed that language is universal and unique to humans.
Therefore, language can be acquired from different mental and physical limitations to acquire
language. Teachers plays significant role in overall development of children. Teacher analyses
issues in kids related to language and speech and advice their parents to take care of their
children. Teachers provide supportive environment to the kids so that their self-confidence can
be build up and they try to work on their communication problems. Teachers have to provide
their best support to kids so that their language issues can be resolved soon. Thus, Beneficial
aspect of nativity theory are defined in following manner are as-
 It aids to children in learning that how to combine words, sentences and phrases in order
to improve therapy.
 This theory provides proper instructions to children to use language effectively in
different social situations and environment allows them to use appropriate pragmatic
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while communicating. Child development defined as to sequence of physical, language
and emotional changes. It is term that strongly influence by the genetic factors.
Social interactions theory- It is defined as concept to acquire language and it focuses on
environment and manner. This is theory that put major focus grammar than on pragmatics.
Additionally, cultural and environment plays vital role in acquiring language. In this main
concern is related to childhood stage. It is defined as an explanation of language development
that put major focus on the role of social interaction between developing child and linguistically
knowledgeable adults. As per the view of Myhill, Jones & Hopper, (2006) stated out that social
interaction inclusive of physical movements that includes conversation, haring, cooperating and
playing together. Children can enhance their language learning skills with the help of taking
experience with peers, examples and instruction from their parents. According to the view of
Neaum, (2012) stated that works as to enhance learning, comprehension on information and
retention. Progress checker has been developed by professional therapists, they have used typical
milestones through which overall progress of children can be measured easily. But this progress
checker is able to diagnose the condition of children.
Cognitive theory of language development- It is defined as language is made up of structures,
symbols and also exhibits itself as child mental abilities mature. It is learning theory that
involves the use of strategies. Thus, strategies processes information that aids to improve the
learning or retention of knowledge. They cannot undertake the capacity to understand their
world. According to the view of stated that it is subset of cognitive theory that helps in
psychological disorders. This is defined as learning theory that put major focus on processes that
involved in learning rather than the observed behaviour of an individual.
On the other hand, it is the theory that put major focus on the internal process or working
and connection that takes place during learning. Henceforth, cognition referred out as a thing that
has ability to learn new information, speech to make them understandable about the each written
material. In contrary to O’Grady, (2005) this can be stated that in the aforementioned areas the
brain of human being is capable of developing personal beliefs and thoughts about the world.
Therefore, the cognitive process of language development defined as attention, perception,
language, memory and higher reasoning. It is theory that plays the main role in the experimental
and reflective model of cognition. Therefore, cognitive theory is an approach to psychology
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which understands behaviour of human through specific thought process. As per the view of
Wardhaugh, (2005) increase the understanding of anxiety and assisting in maladaptive thoughts.
Language is the cognition that truly makes the human. In addition to this, different theories
exists which explain language behavioural, interactional etc. Thus, range of theories can be used
in order to competence language rules and ability to speak it. It is the language that defines the
behaviour positive and negative reinforcement. It aids to stimuli the shapes and actions. This is
defined as learning theory of language acquisition that children learn a language. It is the
processes that acquire the capacity to understand and communicate. It is the centred on the idea
that students learn through reaction to their behaviour or observing the behave others. Therefore,
this is the term that culture and people that certainly assist language learner in order to improve
their language learning.
2.
Language defined as system of both communication between social phenomenon and
individuals. Thus, culture in which person develops values, beliefs and tools of intellectual
adaption. It is crucial skill that allows person to communicate effectively (Whitehead, 2004).
Language development is one of critical child overall development. It is one effective term that
aids to communicate, express and understand feelings. Henceforth, language development is one
of important source to a child in terms to adequate exchange information with other in
meaningful manner. Therefore, there are number of the factors that must be analysed to identify
the variation in language use by the children as are-
Sociolinguistics- This is defined as study of connection between language and society. It shows
how people use language in various situations that are related to society. Henceforth, language is
the basic premise of sociolinguistics and can be termed out as an ever changing process (Keeley,
2019). This is the term that defined as the study of co-relation between language and society.
Additionally, this is defined as framework and that use such concept from the field as phonology,
morphology and diglossia. Henceforth, this defined as study that shows how society and culture
affect the language. This is term that is based on the factors are as religion, gender, age,
education level and social class etc. It is components that influence the way in which language
needs to be used. In addition to this, this is defined as way that put their principle interested in
what language use about the social processes (Aitchison, 2007). Henceforth, primary language
socialization and culture variation needs to briefly discussed and also develops the awareness of
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sociolinguistic. Language development is the process that defined as processes of learning in
which children acquires the forms, uses of words utterances from the linguistic input (Precintha
Rubini, James & Yunus, 2019).
Thus, socio economic shows up the education, economic, occupation, income and wealth.
The sociolinguistics background of the child influences the child understanding and speaking of
English language within the classroom and school environment. For example- a child from the
high level class can learn no matter if his parents know that language or not. On the other hand,
child from the low social class who peaks indigenous language with little and no English
language within the classroom situation during the teaching learning process. Henceforth, it can
be stated that the family is one of the important background to the linguistic development of
child. As per the research, it has been stated out that Sociolinguistics factor have wide impact
over the process of language attrition that psycholinguistic factors. Thus, ability of child to utilise
the classroom language cannot be different from the linguistic background. So, the family Is the
only agency that work as to socialize the child primarily (Browne, 2001).
Culture- It is the term that defined as characteristics pattern of attitudes, values and
behaviour that shaped by the members of the society or population. Child development
determined as dynamic and interactive process). Thus, children are born with the skills as are
language development that affected and shaped by the social experience and culture.
Additionally, culture to the person develops as its have own values, beliefs and tools for the
intellectual adaption (Neaum, 2012).
Henceforth, the enhancement in the children awareness, appreciation and inclusion of the
diverse beliefs and culture affects the overall development of the child. It is one of the effective
processes that shapes experience and influences children development. However, it can be stated
that children growing up in the different environment learns specific input from their
environment). There are vast array of cultural differences in the beliefs and behaviour of
children. Language is one of the many ways with help of which culture affects the development
of the child. Parents from the different culture also play an important role moulding children
behaviour and the pattern of thinking. Parents are the one who prepares their children to interact
with outer world (Rubin, 2018).
Learning is something that can affect by the number of the elements as are socio culture
values, expectation and taboo etc. This aids to define culture that brings the systematic working
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within enterprise. Henceforth, it can be stated that culture variation in the interaction between the
adults and children can also influence the child behaviours socially (Wardhaugh, 2005). Thus, it
can be stated that the acquiring the language skill is one of the natural part of the children
development. Henceforth, the similarities and differences between the cultural experiences of
children in the development of their own language skill is the one of specific area of focus for
research. Additionally, it can be stated that culture shapes experience and also influence children
development. In world there are number of the countries and each nation has their own specific
culture and language. It is the number one factor that hugely affects the language development of
the children (Richards, 2008). Henceforth, this can be stated that culture plays crucial role in
term that how children make sense of world. Therefore, the decisive difference between the
children learning ad intelligent technical system can recognise and organise the information
effectively.). For example- In the Chinese culture parents greet their children in more
authoritative manner and also demand obedience from their children (Whitehead, 2004).
Therefore, children growing up in such environment are likely to comply with parent’s request.
Henceforth, the environmental and cultural factors have huge impact on early language
development. To preserving culture heritage becomes immersed in the new culture). Parents
must adapt somewhat change their expectation and parenting styles are likely to maintain a good
relationship with their children. Learning must be open and accepting of other culture and people
can certainly aid any language learner in terms to improve the learning language. I CAN provide
guidance to parents and make them understand with the actual position of kids. I CAN guide
parents and practitioners so that they can handle situation of kids effectively. Therapists gives
meaningful information that helps family members in improving communication skill of
children. Therapists of I CAN gives suggestion to members by considering age of kid which is
helpful for the growth of children.
Apart from this, Association of speech & Language therapists in independence practice
(ASLTiP) empower parents and listen their views as well. On the bases of that communication is
developed in children (Talking point, 2019).
Additionally, early stages of the human development demonstrate dependence of the
child on adults. Cultural also differential the interaction of parents with the children. Therefore, it
also put impact on the growth of the child. In addition to this, this is defined as language is one
of the many ways through which it can affect the development of the child. In addition to this, it
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can be stated that the vast array of cultural differences highly affects the children beliefs and
behaviour. This can be said that culture is fundamental source to the cognitive development of
the child. In addition to it, culture enhances the quality of life and also raises the overall well
being for the both individual and communities (Aitchison, 2007). Therefore, the one of the
effective role of the culture is that it shapes the child development in order to improvise the lives
of the children. Henceforth, it can be stated that culture is the powerful driver for development
within the child that aids to enhance the learning and development of the child.
Ethics and social economic development- It is the status that mainly impacts the child
cognitive and physical development. This is defined as the status that affects the number of the
mental and physical health outcome of an individual). Therefore, social-economic status is
multidimensional construct that is inclusive not only measures of material wealth but also do
impact on education and social prestige. Henceforth, socio-economic status has huge impact over
the people pattern from expressing themselves. This is the background that has huge impact on
the growth of the children (Partnering with Mum & You to Support Speech and Language from
Birth, and Beyond, 2019).
Additionally, it can be stated out that children lowers the socio-economic background and
develop language faster. It is vital factor that affect the language development of the child.
Situation factors are those that can vary between the each social interaction. It affects the variety
of mental and physical health outcome of the individuals. This is defined as one of the crucial
predictor of language and cognitive development of the person. Social environment can be
hindrance to the language development of the child (Lust, Anderson & Bresnan, 2006).
Therefore, higher class individuals can move to the educational institution that can have huge
impact on their language literacy. In addition to this, it can be stated that children from the low
income background consistently perform below in order to enrich the early language experience.
This is one of the crucial term that can put major impact on the learning of the child. On the
other hand, it can be stated that families with great deal of education tend to prioritize the
language and verbal skill. Thus, children from this background are more likely to express
themselves through language (Neaum, 2012).
Hence, it can be concluded that different cultural, social-economic, ethical backgrounds
hugely impacts the development of the child. Thus, development period of child is very
interactive and dynamic. Henceforth, with language development can be highly affected.
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CONCLUSION
From the above report, it can be summarized that language development defined as
complex process and this is process that starts early in human life. Therefore, this termed out as
process in which children come to know about to communicating the language during early
childhood. Therefore, language can be defined as central to social interaction in each society and
that must be regardless of location and time period. It shapes the social interaction and this is one
of the common sources that shape the language.
The present report is based on speaking and listening. Henceforth, report has covered the
following activities are as to critic the theories that aids to define how children come to acquire
and develop spoken language. Lastly, it has also explained the analysing the factors that plays
huge role in bring out variation in language use by children
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Aitchison, J. (2007). The Articulate Mammal. 5th ed. London. Routledge
Brock, A. & Rankin, C. (2008). Communication, language and literacy from birth to five. Sage.
Browne, A. (2001). Developing language and literacy 3-8 (2. painos).
Corden, R. (2000). Literacy & learning through talk: Strategies for the primary classroom.
McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Keeley, P. (2019). Supporting Literacy Capacities of Speaking and Listening. Science and
Children. 57(1). pp.16-17.
Lust, B. C. (2006). Child language: Acquisition and growth. Cambridge University Press.
Myhill, D., Jones, S. & Hopper, R. (2005). Talking, listening, learning: Effective talk in the
primary classroom. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Neaum, S. (2012). Language and Literacy for the Early Years: 9780857257413. Sage.
O'Grady, W. (2005). How children learn language. Cambridge University Press.
Precintha Rubini, A., James, P.P. & Yunus, M.M. (2019). Hear me out! Digital storytelling to
enhance speaking skills. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and
Social Sciences. 9(2).
Richards, J.C. (2008). Teaching listening and speaking. Cambridge, England: Cambridge
university press.
Rubin, R.B. (2018). Assessing speaking and listening competence at the college level: The
communication competency assessment instrument. Communication Education. 31(1).
pp.19-32.
Wardhaugh, R. (2005). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 5th ed. Oxford. Blackwell
Whitehead, M. R. (2004). Language and literacy in the early years. Sage.
Online
Partnering with Mum & You to Support Speech and Language from Birth, and Beyond. 2019.
[Online]. Available through < https://www.ican.org.uk/news/partnering-with-mum-you-
to-support-speech-and-language-from-birth-and-beyond/ >
Talking point. 2019.[Online]. Available through <
http://www.talkingpoint.org.uk/directory/organisations-can-help >
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