Analysis of Specific Needs in Health and Social Care

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Contents
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................2
LO1........................................................................................................................................................2
1.1......................................................................................................................................................2
1.2......................................................................................................................................................3
1.3......................................................................................................................................................4
LO 2.......................................................................................................................................................6
2.1......................................................................................................................................................6
2.2......................................................................................................................................................7
2.3......................................................................................................................................................8
LO 3.......................................................................................................................................................9
3.1......................................................................................................................................................9
3.2......................................................................................................................................................9
3.3....................................................................................................................................................10
LO 4.....................................................................................................................................................12
4.1....................................................................................................................................................12
4.2....................................................................................................................................................12
4.3....................................................................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................16
1

INTRODUCTION
Human needs and requirements can be divided into various different aspects that
are considered crucial for the life of the individual. These needs can be physical,
emotional, social, spiritual, cultural etc. Specific needs are the term used to define
the requirements of the individual that are specific in nature and not same or
generalized as every other person. It is seen that due to physical or mental health
issues some of the individual presents as specific or specialized requirements that
are required for them to lead a normal life with good quality of living. These specific
needs are being promoted by the health and social care sector globally to ensure
better life of the individuals in demand of specific needs. This assignment focuses on
the explanation of different perceptions of health, disease and illness with regard to
behavior of the individual. It also discusses the contribution of health and social care
services in providing specific needs to the individual. The barriers associated with
the care process of individual with specific needs are discussed and strategies to
overcome these barriers are also being highlighted in this assignment. Chief aim of
this assignment is to inbuilt a better understanding of the individual’s specific need
and how these needs can be addressed in health and social care.
LO1
1.1
Concept refers to an idea or the invention that helps provide evidence to something
(Your dictionary., 2019). According to World Health Organization health is defined as
not merely the absence of disease but the complete wellbeing of physical, mental,
social and emotional health of the individual and absence of any infirmity (World
Health Organization., 2006). The concept of health is well discussed as complete
and integrated wellbeing of every aspect of individual life (Vakil., 2010). Illness is
defined as the ill health the person is able to identify themselves and is mostly
associated with self-reported mental or physical health issues (World Health
Organization., 2013). Behavior is defined as the way in which a person acts as for
example the mental illness can lead to challenging behavior of the individual and
influences the behavior in certain manner (World Health Organization., 2001).
Disability is defined as physical or mental health condition that causes impairment of
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the physical and mental functioning of an individual (World Health Organization.,
2001).
Primary standard of disability is defined as the disability to the person characterized
by persistent physical or mental illness (White., 2015). It is characterized as the
functioning impairment which reduces the ability of the individual to carry out
activities of daily routine. These disabilities include asthma, diabetes, heart disease,
mental illness etc.
Secondary disability standards is defined as the people with key health issues or
disabilities that can be physical or mental in nature, this is characterized as reduced
participation of the individual in the core areas of life such disabilities are Down’s
syndrome, cerebral palsy, etc.
The two models of disability includes medical and social model, medical model is
referred to as personal tragedy model where the disability is mainly result of the
physical shaping and anatomy of the body as in case of amputation, blindness etc.
and under this model disability of a person is considered as their issue and not
other’s concern (Davis., 2014). Social model refers to the inclusion of illness and
disability where thee person has restriction together with societal factors that are
responsible for the participation restriction faced by them. According to this model
even the specific needs of an individual are not given any consideration in society
(Davis., 2014).
1.2
Perception is defined as the way in which something is understood, interpreted or
regarded by different individual. Perception of an individual on something can differ
person to person (Oxford dictionary., 2019). Previously the disability and specific
needs of the individual were not well understood concepts in earlier 16th century. The
Christian belief regarded mental illness or people with disability to be possessed by
an evil spirit (Levack., 2013). The beliefs also included practices of exorcism for
people with mental illness. The German beliefs including the Eugenics values stated
that the mental ill and disabled individuals should be subject to social isolation and
were kept in different parts of community (Munyi., 2012). In late 19th century the
belief regarding Darwinism was prevalent where the practices involved believing
disabled to be unfit and were not to be preserved as they were the one element to
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hinder the concept of survival of the fittest (Leonardi et al., 2013). In earlier Greek
mythology the disabled and ill patients were considered inferior in society. In ancient
Asian culture the disability was considered as the part of evil possession or result of
black magic (Levack., 2013). This continued to evolve but the concepts of fragments
disability beliefs remained in world till the end of Victorian era the disabled
individuals were sent to asylums. Slowly the scenario started to change when in
1990 the UK government launched “Community Care Act”. According to this act the
concepts of disability were modified and the disabled individual were started to be
accepted in the society with providing them equal rights for the needs they demand.
After this reform other variety of acts and legislations passed including “The Equality
Act, 2010”, “The Mental Capacity Act, 2005”, “The Disability Employment Act, 1994”
etc. In given case study of Hannah her contribution towards eliminating the stigma
regarding disability form society is considerable. The changes over time resulted in
current concepts of disability to be the result of a medical condition and no more
belief of evil possession or any such phenomenon exist.
1.3
Legislation is defined as the process of making or enhancing laws or regulation to be
followed by population in order to safeguard them (Merriam Webstar., 1928). Policy
is defined as the course of action or set of principles that are followed by an
organization (Your dictionary., 2019). Culture is referred to as set of ideas, values,
and social behavior the individual has regarding particular religion or society (Your
dictionary., 2019). There are various legislative pieces in the UK that were
introduced and implemented for the disabled and individuals with specific needs.
These legislations include Care Act 2014, Mental Capacity Act 2005, equality Act
2010, Data Protection Act 2018, Disability Employment Act, 1994 etc. (Stuart., 2006)
These legislations were created to enable the society accept disabled individual as a
normal and equal entity and avoid discrimination against them.
The Care Act (2014) was implemented in April 2015 that stated how the local
authorities of the region have duties towards assessing the social and care needs of
the individual and their carer suffering from disabilities. It also provides clear role of
the government and health care individuals in supporting the specific needs of the
mentally ill patients and their carers (Beadle‐Brown et al., 2012). This law is highly
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beneficial in modifying the scenario for mentally ill individual as it made it mandatory
for the society to equalize them and provide their needs without stigmatization.
National Dementia Strategy (2009) was published in order to safeguard and provide
facilities to the dementia patient in UK. It aimed at achieving better awareness and
early diagnosis with timely interventions (Burns, A. and Robert., 2009).
Hannah is suffering from cerebral palsy and as stated her foundations and care
systems allow her better care and equal rights that made her enhance her
contribution towards society. Such efforts by the health and social care services and
society can enhance the quality of life of disabled individual.
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LO 2
2.1
Care needs are defined as the requirements of the individual that are associated with
the physical, mental, emotional or social disability of the individual (Your dictionary.,
2019). The care needs of a person are the one that are affected by the severity and
type of health condition the person is suffering from. Analyzing the care needs as per
the specific needs of the individual is an important phenomenon in health and social
care. To analyze the care needs of individual in health and social care the Maslow’s
Hierarchy of need model is commonly used (McLeod., 2007). According to this
model the human needs are divided into different levels and the most basic of them
are the need for health, safety, and wellbeing. The model explains how achievement
of all the needs of one level ensures the upgrade of the individual to another level of
life (Lester., 2013). Similarly the care needs of the individual in health care are
remains unassisted it will disable the individual to attain another level of life.
(Online Source https://www.thoughtco.com/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-4582571 )
According to this theory five levels of human needs are physiological needs, safety
needs, love and belonging, esteem and self-actualization (McLeod., 2007). Relating
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this theory to Hannah’s care needs it can be assessed that her physiological needs
such as air, food, water, sleep, clothing are all well attained as she lives in the
disability trust that assist her with her these needs. Safety need and concerned are
also well managed as she is living in the secure and safe environment specially
designed to provide better quality life to people with specific needs ( Lester., 2013).
The next need that is regarding love and belonging is also being assessed as she
requires to be loved by her parents, friends and surrounding humans. Self-esteem of
Hannah is being enhanced by the environment and the education she receives that
made her confident and able to work for others in society (McLeod., 2007).
Attainment of self-actualization is the last phase that a person thrives to achieve but
fails in majority of cases, if Hannah will be provided such high quality care and can
contribute to the society as she is working for she may achieve this level of needs
(Lester., 2013). Identification of these needs for the disabled person is the first step
to address them and provide quality of life in health and social care.
2.2
System is referred to as the set of things or principles working together as a part of
interconnected setting (Merriam Webstar., 1928). The people demanding specific
needs are usually not being able to achieve the entire requirement that would
enhance their quality of life. It is duty of health and social care sector to wisely
identify these needs and address them by using appropriate strategies in order to
provide them with quality of life. Health and social care system of UK is specifically
rated one of the best systems in world that not only promote health services to
address the specific needs of the individual suffering from disability but also helps in
promoting health and motivating esteem and confidence in the disabled individual so
that they can face the challenges of life and live their life with better quality. Several
strategies like the health promotion campaigns, awareness drives, free services,
services for the carers, National Mental Health strategies etc. are currently working
in the UK to promote better services to individual with specific needs. Other efforts
by the health and social care sector including motivational counseling, education
programmes and social development of people helps in ensuring better mental
health and good environment for the disabled individual. Systems like Special
Education Needs in UK are running since decades with aim to promote better and
good level of education to individual with specific needs. It was introduced under the
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Children and Family Act (2014). This system also helped Hannah receive her formal
education and allowed her to pursue her education as part of her life on the level of
her understanding and functioning. Another system working in UK is the National
Social Services that is introduced with aim to provide social services and assistance
to people suffering from disability and requires specific needs (Dougherty., 2010).
The NHS trust and Princess Foundation are part of these social services and are
running adequately to provide care to patients like Hannah.
2.3
Care needs or specific needs are defined as the special need of an individual other
than general requirements of human beings and can be present due to health
conditions. Islington is a borough in England UK that is known for its diverse culture
and population (Bowen and Fogarty., 2008). The mental health condition in this
region is highly prevalent with around one in every six individual diagnosed with
some sort of mental health issue. It is also seen that the mortality rate of people
having mental health condition is 3.6 times higher in Islington than other health
issues (Bowen and Fogarty., 2008). One common long term mental condition
persisting in the region is dementia. The strategies for the diagnosis and dementia
interventions when being articulated in UK it was seen that Islington was the region
with majority of proportion of people who got dementia diagnosis than anywhere else
in the nation. The Joint Strategy for this region in year focused on improving the
diagnosis of dementia and focused on improving continuous intervention and
prevention of dementia taking into consideration increased prevalence (Bowen and
Fogarty., 2008). As per Children and Mental Health Services strategy running in
Islington the services for dementia patient and families will be more enhanced by
25% till 2020 with including out care crises care pathways, and improving the
diagnosis rate further (Bowen and Fogarty., 2008). These strategies highly benefitted
the population in this borough by making the more aware regarding the condition and
perceiving early diagnosis and interventions for care. Moreover the government and
health and social care department in the region can focus on betterment of other
health conditions even by ensuring better delivery of care and specific needs to the
individual requiring it (Bowen and Fogarty., 2008).
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LO 3
3.1
Intervention is defined as the actions taken to treat or improve the medical condition
that the individual is suffering from to enhance the quality of life (Your dictionary.,
2019). Approaches are defined as the methods of dealing with the conditions and
issues faced in life related to health, social, physical or emotional wellbeing (Oxford
Dictionary., 2019). The interventions and approaches for different health conditions
are being researched ad implemented in health and social care. This helps in
providing better quality of life to the individual with specific needs ( Novak et al.,
2013). As the individual with mental and physical disabilities require to be address
with variety of needs including their daily routine and specific requirements. Autism,
cerebral palsy, dementia, Down’s syndrome etc. are the diseases and disorders that
require huge amount of care and attention with specific requirements for the
individual. Cerebral palsy is a neurodegenerative disease as it is associated with
damage to or improper development of brain that leads to impairment of motor
function and mental abilities of the individual. The interventions and approaches
currently working for cerebral palsy in the world includes therapies including multi-
specialty like physiotherapy, occupational therapy, psychotherapy, motor functioning
therapies, counseling, social activities etc. (Novak et al., 2013).
Variety of new evidence based practices are also been incorporated in the
intervention list for cerebral palsy with use of video games, technical aids, and motor
functioning aids to allow the individual lead a better life (Morgan et al., 2016).
Inclusion of cognitive therapies and behavior management helps the cerebral palsy
patient to develop better thinking skills and help in cognition development. These
therapies and interventions help cerebral palsy patients to live a better life with help
of some amount of health and social care services. In Hannah’s case as she is
suffering from cerebral palsy her carer and organization has paid attention to
develop her sills through social orientation and special education (Morgan et al.,
2016). It was effective for her as it proved to be beneficial in managing her
symptoms and developing her interest and functioning to certain level.
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3.2
Intervention strategies are referred to systemic process that assess and plan the
preventions for managing social, emotional, physical, and educational or
development needs of an individual (Medicine Net, Medical definitions of
intervention., 2010). Cerebral palsy can be differentiated as per the damage to brain
or the poor development of brain functioning and the interventions can be planned as
per the severity of symptoms and impairments present for the individual. The
strategies that are planned to properly assess these interventions for the patient are
known as interventional strategies. Evidence based practice proves to be beneficial
in measuring the effectiveness of the discussed interventions. According to Dodd et
al (2010), the conventional physiotherapy and occupational therapies are widely
used interventions for cerebral palsy that proves to be effective in enhancing
posture, balance, motor control, gait and mobility for the patient. The authors also
discussed effectiveness of other interventions for the disorder and found that
neurodevelopmental therapies are effective in cerebral palsy is claimed but is not
very clear. Sensory interventions are on the other hand proved to be beneficial for
development of some sensory functioning but the evidence is limited (Patel., 2005).
CBT and psychotherapy are highly effective in management off cerebral palsy as it
targets the cognition of the person and modifies the behavior to enable the patient to
develop new goals and cope with the difficulties of life (Taylor et al., 2012).
In case of Hannah the therapies are being provided by the trust and the carer that
care for her including the physiotherapy, cognitive therapy, social interactive
activities, motor therapies etc. These therapies are proved to be beneficial in her
case as it helped her to have better behavior and thought process towards her life
and helped her cope well with the challenges of her condition.
3.3
Development is defined as the process of events constituting in developing new
situations (Oxford disctionary., 2019). Emerging development in health and social
care is considered to be the advanced technology and health care modalities that not
only helps the patient recover better and have wide options for treatment but also
provide aid to the professionals to ensure better delivery of services. The new trends
include social policies, information technology, education, communication trends and
tools, psychological aids, cognitive sciences, and mobility aids. These trends help in
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the management of conditions with specific needs where the individual requires
assistance with even daily living (Weiss et al., 2013). Trending technology has been
provided as a great benefit to the health and social care. Use of automatic
wheelchairs, sensory mats, devices, etc. enables the patient with disability to move
and be independent for some tasks in life (Weiss et al., 2013). These developments
not only assist patient but helps develop their self-confidence and empower them.
Magnification, telecommunication, robotics, prosthetics and digitalization are other
new trends that help in better services in health and social care.
Education is another important aspect of development. As discussed the SEN that is
specialized education needs is the concept that works effectively to impart education
to the individual with specific needs. These concepts enable the individual to develop
better understanding of phenomenon as per their level of cognition (Novak., 2014).
Similarly Hannah was provided education needs through this system and proved to
be highly beneficial for her.
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LO 4
4.1
Challenging behavior is defined as the unacceptable and abnormal behavior of a
person towards something or someone. It can be due to result of some mental
illness or issue (Medicine Net, Medical definitions of intervention., 2010). This
behavior present with a typical characteristic of presenting a threat to own self or
other surrounding them. There are different theories that explain the concept of
challenging behavior including scientific theory, prescientific theory and social
cognition theory.
The prescientific theory explains that challenging behavior is the result of evil
possession or the spirit influence on the person. As discussed in early 16th century
these belief of having disability as evil possession were prevalent that were
responsible for the introduction of prescientific theory of challenging behavior.
According to this theory the individual showing such behavior should be presented
as subject to spiritual and religious exorcism. Initially to manage such behavior in
that era including acupuncture, gerbil remedies, massages and meditation were
practiced.
The scientific theory explains that the challenging behavior is the result of a mental
illness or outcome of the long term mental condition or brain dysfunction. The theory
helps understanding how the intellectual disability of the person is responsible for the
development of such behavior (Healy., 2014). The theory is supported by various
examples where people with epilepsy, schizophrenia and other mental issues show
challenging behavior towards others.
Social cognition theory denotes that every behavior that the individual shows are in
accordance to the social context. Also it was specified that the behavior of the
individual can be determined and understood on basis of cultural norms, identity,
expectations and situation (Lewis., 2007).
4.2
Impact refers to the effect of any specific thing on other things surrounding it or
related to it (Your dictionary., 2019). The impact of challenging behavior of different
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