Health Promotion Interventions: Strategies and Analysis Report

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of health promotion interventions across various public health issues. It begins by defining health promotion and outlining key strategies guided by the Ottawa Charter and Jakarta Declaration. The report identifies a range of strategies for five specific issues: encouraging breastfeeding among socially disadvantaged mothers, preventing falls in aged care facilities, promoting fruit and vegetable consumption in preschool-aged children, preventing road fatalities, and preventing malaria. It then explores the connections and overlaps between these strategies, emphasizing the interconnectedness of various approaches. Finally, the report delves into five detailed strategies specifically for breastfeeding, highlighting their impact and providing references for further information. This report showcases the multifaceted nature of health promotion and the importance of tailored interventions to address diverse health challenges. The report provides a detailed description of the strategies including screening, health education, social marketing, community action, and supportive environments. The report also includes an analysis of the overlap between the strategies and provides a conclusion and references.

Running Head: SPECTRUM OF HEALTH PROMOTION INTERVENTIONS 1
Spectrum of Health Promotion Interventions
Author:
Course Name:
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1

Spectrum of Health Promotion Interventions 2
Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Identify a range of strategies............................................................................................................3
Connection/overlap between strategies.........................................................................................11
Breastfeeding strategies.................................................................................................................12
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................15
References......................................................................................................................................15

Spectrum of Health Promotion Interventions 3
Introduction
Back in 1948, the World Health Organization offered a biopsychosocial view of health when
they defined it as “the complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not just the absence of
infirmity or disease” (WHO, n.d). This definition changed the focus from physical conditions to
viewing the human being in a holistic view. This led to the consideration of not only physical
determinants of health but also psychological, social and environmental. It is in definition that
health promotion is built upon. Promotion of health is defined as “the process of enabling people
to increase control over, and to improve, their health” (WHO, 1998). This is guided by the
Ottawa Charter (1986) and the Jakarta Declaration (1997) which agree on advocacy, enabling
and mediation as the three strategies for health promotion. Healthy public policy, health
supportive environments, community action, personal skills development and reorientation of
health services are the action areas identified under these strategies that guide the health
promotion interventions (WHO, 1998).
Identify a range of strategies
Identify a range of strategies that could be used to address each of the following five issues
Issue 1: Encouraging breast feeding among socially disadvantaged mothers
Issue 2: Falls prevention among people living in aged care facilities
Issue 3: Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption among preschool-aged children
Issue 4: Prevention of road fatalities
Issue 5: Prevention of malaria

Spectrum of Health Promotion Interventions 4
Issue
Screening,
individual risk
assessment,
immunization
Health
education and
skill
development
Social
marketing
Health
information
Community
Action
Settings/
supportive
environments
Breast
feeding
Promotion of
skin to skin
contact between
the mother and
the newborn
which is
important in
initiating
breastfeeding.
Proper nutrition
for the lactating
mother so as to
ensure there is
sufficient supply
of breast milk for
the baby.
Training of
breastfeeding to
new lactating
mothers so that
they understand
the correct
procedure and
issues revolving
breastfeeding
(Haroon, Das,
Salam, Imdad,
& Bhutta, 2013).
Training of
healthcare
providers on
breastfeeding
Use of mass
media to spread
information on
breast feeding
leading to
creation of
awareness.
Provision of
hospital
discharge packs
that contain
breastfeeding
information.
Dissemination
of published
evidence based
articles that
Peer social
support groups
are comprised
of community
members who
have been
trained on
breastfeeding.
Telephone
based support
for lactating
mothers. This
helps to reach
a wide range of
people.
Hold advocacy
campaigns that
Provision of
breastfeeding
facilities in
workplaces,
public and
commercial
settings. This
has positive
impact on both
the intention
and duration of
breastfeeding.
Limiting the
marketing of
infant formula
which helps in
the reduction of

Spectrum of Health Promotion Interventions 5
Provision of
rooming in and
early maternal
contact. This
helps to initiate
early contact and
initiation of
breastfeeding
(Palda, Guise, &
Wathen, 2004)
technique and
issues revolving
around it. This
helps them to
give factual
information to
the patients.
Training of
community
counselors that
help in
providing
support for the
women.
provide current
data on
breastfeeding.
support
pregnant and
lactating
mothers. This
also helps in
creating
awareness and
increasing
community
participation.
its usage.
Promotion of
partner support
on employed
mothers. This
has shown
positive
feedback on the
intention of
women on
breastfeeding
(Tsai, 2014).
Falls
prevention
Use of falls risk
assessment
before admission
so as to identify
persons who are
more prone to
Residents are to
be trained on
the importance
of physical
activity and
healthy nutrition
in increasing
Use of mass
media to create
awareness on
risk factors for
falls among the
elderly and self
management
Community
health
volunteers
trained in
exercises for
bone
Conducting
home visiting
programs that
help to identify
and rectify
hazards around
the house. One

Spectrum of Health Promotion Interventions 6
falls.
Management of
psychoactive
medication as
they alter ones
perception and
have other
physical effects
on the body.
Promotion of
healthy nutrition
and physical
activity to the
elderly. An
example is the
supplementation
of calcium and
vitamin D that
helps increase
bone strength.
bone mass and
density.
Training of
healthcare
providers on
falls prevention
Training the
elderly on the
use of walking
aids. These help
in providing
support for the
elderly.
skills.
Dissemination
of brochures and
posters with
information on
risk factors for
falls and how to
avoid them
Dissemination
of evidenced
data on falls
prevention to
healthcare
providers and
the public.
strengthening
Conducting
home visits
where
occupational
and physical
exercises are
done.
Educating the
community on
the need of eye
checkups for
the elderly
thing that is
assessed is
lighting as poor
lighting is
highly
associated with
falls.
Provision of
safe footwear
that have a firm
grip to the floor
and prevent
sliding (Lee,
Lee, & Khang,
2013)
Making the
resident’s
personal items
easily
accessible.
Fruit and
vegetable
Individual
dietary
Holding
seminars for
Nutritional
labeling in all
Advocating
members of the
Inclusion of
nutrition as part

Spectrum of Health Promotion Interventions 7
consumption counseling. This
helps one to
understand the
client’s dietary
intake. This
guides the
process of
nutritional
behavioral
change.
Screening of
nutrition related
diseases on risk
groups. This
helps in the
identification of
nutrients
deficiencies and
guides the
management
process and
interventions
health
professions on
fruit and
vegetable
consumption
and their
importance
Educating
patients on
appropriate
dietary intake.
This helps them
to understand
their importance
and brings
about dietary
change.
Training the
healthcare
providers on
fruit and
vegetable intake
foods and on
food menus in
restaurants. This
enables one to
choose their
meals wisely.
Advertisements
that encourage
fruit and
vegetable intake
Proper labeling
of foods with
dietary
information.
This helps one
to know the
nutritional
content of foods
(VicHealth, n.d)
community to
start
community
gardens for
vegetables like
kales, spinach
etc. This
encourages
people to
consume fruit
and vegetables
as they are
easily available
and accessible.
Holding
advocacy
campaigns for
vegetable and
fruit intake in
the
community.
of school
curriculum
Reducing tax
imposed on
fruit and
vegetables.
Imposing tax
on junk foods
so as to
discourage
people from
buying and
consuming
them.
Encouraging
vegetable and
fruits to be
included in
school diets.
Children spend
a lot of time in
school as

Spectrum of Health Promotion Interventions 8
Assessment of
biomarkers in
patients that
inform us on
nutrition level.
An example of
biomarker is the
cholesterol level
that informs us of
conditions that
may be
precipitated by
its level.
and its
importance
Home visits for
risk groups like
children,
diabetics,
elderly on fruit
and vegetable
intake. This
will include a
dietary
assessment and
counseling to
guide them to
better manage
their
conditions with
healthy eating.
compared to
home.
(Schmitz,
Recine, da
Silva, Amorim,
Bernardon, &
Rodrigues,
2008).
Road
fatalities
Assessment of
illnesses/
conditions that
deter one from
driving like
epilepsy before
Offering of
refresher
driving lessons
for road law
offenders.
Retraining of
Use of mass
media and social
media to spread
information on
road safety and
black spots.
Community
advocacy
against drug
and alcohol
abuse that is
one of the
Provision of
clear road signs
and labeling so
as to ensure
that they are
visible to

Spectrum of Health Promotion Interventions 9
one is given a
license.
Screening of
alcohol intake in
drivers.
Evaluation of
black spot and
identification of
factors that make
them accident
prone
driving school
instructors. This
ensures that
they up to date
with the trends
in car
manufacturing,
road
engineering and
rules and
regulations.
This helps them
train their
students
effectively.
Education of
drivers on
traffic laws and
the
consequences.
This helps them
understand the
Dissemination
of information
to the public on
effects of
alcohol and drug
intake on
driving.
Provision of
posters and
posters with
traffic laws.
major causes
for accidents.
Advocating
for use of
helmets in
motorcycles
(WHO, 2015).
Community
involvement in
speaking out
against
reckless
driving in
public
transport.
drivers even at
night.
Evaluation of
driving schools
so as to ensure
that only
competent
drivers are
awarded with
licenses.
Enforcing
traffic laws and
regulations
(Gupta, Menon,
Devkar, &
Thomson,
2015)

Spectrum of Health Promotion Interventions 10
rules and drive
safely
safeguarding
their own lives
and that of
others.
Malaria Taking of
malaria vaccine
before visiting
prone areas. This
helps prevent
them from
infection.
Regular
screening
activities in
malaria endemic
areas. This helps
in the
management of
malaria infection.
Educate the
patients on
malaria and its
risk factors.
Training the
professionals on
current trends in
the management
of malaria.
Training of
community of
health
volunteers on
causes, risk
factors and
prevention
Giving out of
posters and
pamphlets with
information on
malaria.
Promotion of
television and
radio shows that
educate on
malaria.
Dissemination
of evidence
based data that
informs us
current trends of
malaria
Draining of
stagnant water
and clearing of
bushes as they
are breeding
sites for
mosquitoes.
Community
action on
encouraging
health seeking
behaviors
when infected
so as to control
it.
Provision of
mosquito nets
to malaria
endemic areas.
Encouraging
house and
compound
spraying for
vector control.
Encourage
better
engineering for
dams and
irrigation
schemes that
facilitates

Spectrum of Health Promotion Interventions 11
Intermittent
prevention of
malaria in
pregnant women
as they are a
vulnerable
population
(CDC, n.d).
strategies for
malaria
.
treatment and
prevention.
Holding
campaigns that
inform the
community on
malaria and its
prevention and
management
(NHS, 2015)
circulation of
water which
prevents them
from being
breeding sites
(World Health
Organization,
n.d)
Connection/overlap between strategies
2. Consider overlap (250 words – 10 marks)
Comments on any overlap and/or connections across the spectrum of interventions that you have
noted when researching this task. Briefly reflect on any variation across different health issues.
(250 words)
For effective promotion strategies, a strategy cannot be applied on its own. They are all
connected one way or another. For instance in health promotion strategies for vegetable and fruit
intake, the dietary and nutrition assessment sets motion to all the other interventions as it
provides a basis for training and education of the patient, healthcare providers and community
(Eleftheriou, 2013). It is also through this assessment and evidence based data in publications
that guide the policies that provide supportive environment for the health promotion strategy.

Spectrum of Health Promotion Interventions 12
The education of the patients, healthcare providers and the community helps in the creation of
awareness. This helps the community to create initiatives such as campaigns, walks and
screening activities. These activities are supported by the community and government bringing
the overall desired outcome (Laverack, 2007).
Activities that require community action are somewhat similar across a range of diseases and
conditions. Advocacy campaigns, walks, health talks and medical camps are carried out in order
to create awareness for both acute and chronic conditions like tuberculosis, cancer, HIV/AIDS
and diabetes (Eleftheriou, 2013). They also depend on community health volunteers (CHVs) who
are trained on a range of conditions and they offer advice and rally the members of the
community to participate in activities. (Kuule, et al., 2017)
Biological assessments like screening are condition specific as different conditions are assessed
differently. The tools used to assess malaria are not the same tools used to assess conditions like
cancer, diabetes etc. This is where there are major disparities in health promotion strategies
across a spectrum of health conditions (World Health Organization, 2001).
Breastfeeding strategies
3. Select and describe strategies in detail (150-200 words X 5 strategies = 750-1000 words –
25 marks)
Select ONE issue from Q1 and provide a detailed description of FIVE strategies that span the
spectrum of interventions (i.e. choose one strategy from each column in the table you devised in