Analyzing Kinesiology of Squat: Joint Dysfunction & Muscle Function

This assignment provides a comprehensive analysis of the squat test from a kinesiological perspective, focusing on joint dysfunction and muscle assessment. It addresses questions related to arthrokinematics at the hip joint, the relationship between seated flexion tests and muscle imbalances, compensatory motions during standing flexion tests, and the kinesiology of the FABER test. The assignment also covers functional assessments and antagonist muscles involved in various movements, the kinesiology of the sacroiliac and hip joints during lumbar flexion, and the differences between squats and lunges. Furthermore, it discusses dysfunctional arthrokinematics during hip flexion, muscle tightness, and the kinesiology of the Patrick’s test, offering a detailed understanding of the biomechanics and potential dysfunctions associated with squatting and related movements.

Running head: SQUAT ANSWERS
Squat Answers
Name of student:
Name of university:
Author Note:

1SQUAT ANSWERS
Answer to question 1
In hip joint squats, joint immobilization over joint surface, the femoral head rolling
creates a tensile stress while gliding posteriorly on acetabulum. Lateral rolling can also cause
dysfunction and flexion.
Answer to question 2
Positive right seated flexion test helps to assess decreased motion of the sacroiliac
joints, greater positivity occurs when greater superior motion occurs on PSIS. The sacroiliac
ligaments shows a protrusion of multifidus muscle, which helps in bilateral extension (Triolo
et al. 2013).
Answer to question 3
Alterations in the range of sacroiliac joint’s motion occurs which are tested by
standing flexion test. This is a joint dysfunction; this alteration of joint motion is
characterized by a reduction in the mobility of the sacroiliac joint which is affected. Tensile
stress created by the abnormal motion results in reduced mobility.
Answer to question 4
The FABER test is performed to assess or identify the presence of any hip joint
pathology, it may be present around the hip joint region and impairing hip joint movements
such as flexion, abduction, extension, adduction. The hip joint rotation coupled with excess
pressure, causes a tensile stress on the femoral-acetabular joint, thereby creates joint pain
(Martin and Palmer 2013). This test tests the sacroiliac joint; the abduction through the femur
produces tension and transferred to the sacroiliac joint, causing pain.

2SQUAT ANSWERS
Answer to question 5
a. Biceps femoris: quadriceps femoris; functional assessment: range of motion testing
b. Piriformis: psoas; functional assxessment: manual muscle rotation
c. Glute medius: hip adductor muscle; function al assessment: external rotation motion
d. Right sacrolumbar multifidi: rectus abdominis muscle; functional assessment: posture
analysis and muscle function test
e. Left psoas: Gluteus maximus; functional assessment: testing of iliacus through supine
position of patient
f. Rectus femoris: hamstring; functional assessment: gait analysis, swing motion testing
Answer to question 6
a. Lumbar flexion at sacroiliac joints causes the ligaments resulting in torsional stress, this
causes over stretching beyond the normal range of motion (Hu et al. 2013).
b. The lumbar flexion causes lumbar spine movements leading to hip movements; it causes
orientation problems of pelvis (Hu et al. 2013).
Answer to question 7
The lunge leaning involves more activity of gluteus and hamstring muscles, whereas,
the squatting involves majorly quadriceps muscles. Bending lower in squatting involves
gluteus and hamstring to a little extent. Squatting forces movement on pushing the hips
backward, while, lunge forces greater balance on the forward leg.
Answer to question 8
The concave acetabulum normally shows articulation with the femoral head in hip
joint; during dysfunction, this articulation causes bone to bone sliding leading to lateral

3SQUAT ANSWERS
movement. This increases flexion and external rotation. Rectus femoris and hip flexors
become tight during hip joint dysfunction.
Answer to question 9
The patrick’s test is performed through flexing of patients’ legs and placing that test
leg on the opposite knee. The hip joint having a pain produces a positive patrick’s test;
positive trest also occurs for pain in sacroiliac joint (Ratzlaff et al. 2013).
Answer to question 10
a. The gluteus maximus is assessed during hip flexion; this muscle performs hip
extension and helps to extend knee and during walking. Dysfunction in hip flexion
causes impairment of knee extension.
b. Gluteus medius becomes tightened during dysfunction in hip adduction; weakening of
gluteus medius in performing hip adduction function results in diminished gait and a
drop in the pelvis structure.

4SQUAT ANSWERS
References
Hu, B., Ning, X. and Nimbarte, A.D., 2013. The changes of lumbar muscle flexion–
relaxation response due to laterally slanted ground surfaces. Ergonomics, 56(8), pp.1295-
1303.
Martin, H.D. and Palmer, I.J., 2013. History and physical examination of the hip: the
basics. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine, 6(3), pp.219-225.
Ratzlaff, C., Simatovic, J., Wong, H., Li, L., Ezzat, A., Langford, D., Esdaile, J.M., Kennedy,
C., Embley, P., Caves, D. and Hopkins, T., 2013. Reliability of hip examination tests for
femoroacetabular impingement. Arthritis care & research, 65(10), pp.1690-1696.
Triolo, R.J., Bailey, S.N., Miller, M.E., Lombardo, L.M. and Audu, M.L., 2013. Effects of
stimulating hip and trunk muscles on seated stability, posture, and reach after spinal cord
injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 94(9), pp.1766-1775.