Effectiveness of Payment of Reparations in Sri Lanka Conflict

This report examines the effectiveness of reparations for victims of the conflict in Sri Lanka. It begins with an introduction providing background on the conflict, the role of reparations, and the historical context of the civil war, including the involvement of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). The report explores evidence supporting the need for reparations and outlines research objectives and questions. The literature review discusses inadequate payments, payment mechanisms, and challenges faced. The methodology section details the research design, relevant concepts, and operationalization of variables, including data requirements and collection methods. The report highlights issues such as the lack of comprehensive policies, inadequate compensation, and challenges in providing evidence. It also emphasizes the importance of non-discrimination, victim participation, and gender sensitivity in the reparations process. The study aims to identify inadequate payments, review payment mechanisms, and analyze challenges, providing valuable insights into improving the effectiveness of reparations in Sri Lanka.

Effectiveness of Payment of
Reparations for the Victims of
the Conflict in Sri Lanka.

Table of Contents
TITLE: ............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Background of the Research...................................................................................................1
Evidence to support the existence of the problem..................................................................2
Signification of the Research..................................................................................................4
Research objectives ...............................................................................................................4
Research Questions................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................................................5
The inadequate payment of reparation to the victim affected in Sri-Lanka...........................5
The payment mechanism of reparation distributed to the victims.........................................5
The challenges in context of payment of reparation for the Victims of the Conflict in Sri
Lanka......................................................................................................................................6
METHODOLOGY/ RESEARCH DESIGN ...................................................................................6
Type of Investigation .............................................................................................................6
Research Philosophy .............................................................................................................7
Research Design ....................................................................................................................7
Relevant concepts in the Research ........................................................................................7
Operationalisation of variables...............................................................................................8
Research Problems.................................................................................................................8
DATA REQUIRED AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION ..............................................8
Unit of Analysis .....................................................................................................................8
Methods of Data Collection ...................................................................................................9
Data Sampling........................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

TITLE:
“Effectiveness of Payment of Reparations for the Victims of the Conflict in Sri
Lanka”.
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Research
Reparations are considered as the sum of money which are paid a way by the defeated
country for the damage and injuries it caused in other countries. Reparation can also be referred
as a help which is given by individual for damage, loss or suffering which they have caused. Sri
Lanka;officially the democratic socialist republic of Sri Lanka, it is an island country in South
Asia which is located in the Indian Ocean to the south-west of the Bay of Bengal and to the
south-east of the Arabian Sea (Agger and et. al., 2012). One of the darkest chapter in the sphere
of Sri Lankan social relations was the widespread anti-Tamil violence which raised before thirty
five years, during the fourth week of July in 1983. There was an intermittent insurgency against
the government through the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, that fought to develop an
independent Tamil state which is called Tamil Ealam in the north and the east of the island. After
26 years of military campaign, Sri Lankan military defeated Tamil Tigers in the year of May
2009, bringing the civil war to an end. Reparations, if designed and implemented in an inclusive
manner that factors in the grievances of the victims and affected communities. It can also be an
appropriate tool in acknowledging and addressing the injustices that are related with the past
violence issue. It is a bridge between the past and the future, and an integral aspect in the
conversion towards reconciliation. The middle night of 23 and 24 July 1983, when 13 Sri Lankan
soldiers were killed by Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam. It is said to have causation of the
country’s civil war which lasted over 26 long bloody years. At the ending with the excretion of
the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). The events which uncovered that which night
resulted in a week of massacres, which saw the deaths of over 4,000 Sri Lankan Tamils. This
time duration has a huge influence on the government of the Sri Lanka as it is widely affected
through these kinds of issues and consequences. The month of July is mainly observed as Dark
July by Sri Lankan Tamil distribution around the globe. In remembrance of the persecution
which claimed the lives of their family members and neighbours on a small island areas
(Bakiner, 2013).
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The number of transitional justice initiatives in Sri Lanka, in the previous decades, ;at
different times have explored the conflict of reparations. Many in ad-hoc forms with no
comprehensive policy yet to be presented which meets the basic international standards. Past
commissions of inquiry (COIs) including the All Island Commission of Inquiry into Involuntary
Removal and Disappearance of Certain Persons of 1998 (Disappearances COI) and the later
Lessons Learnt Reconciliation Commission (LLRC) perceived the requirement for reparations
and made some helpful proposals including legal and policy reformation and provide guidance to
victim (Boyle, 2013). There have additionally been government circulars and projects to grant
remuneration and issue death certificated involving crafted by the Rehabilitation of Persons,
Properties and Industries Authority (REPPIA). Rehabilitation of Persons, Properties and
Industries Authority (REPPIA) it consist to be an authority which is designed by an act of
parliament in 1987. presently the authority of REPPIA gives appropriate financial assistance to
people who are affected by any kind of issues. The authority offers assistance to all 25 districts
which are entitled to get rehabilitation guidance in the form of compensation and loan as per the
destruction, damages and loss that are estimated by the appropriate authorities. This paper talks
about a portion of these activities, some which keep on being important and essential today, and
gives proposals that ought to be analysed and executed immediately.
Evidence to support the existence of the problem
The research into consideration is based on the effectiveness of Payment of Reparations
for the Victims of the Conflict in Sri Lanka. The country has faced various issues in regards to
terrorism in the year of 1983. The issue in between of the government of Sri Lanka and the
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) has lasted nearly three decades and it is considered as
the largest running civil wars in Asia. For the purpose of gaining peace, political experts says
that the government of Sri Lanka is required to find a political solution to the ethnic issue among
the majority Sinhalese and the minority Tamils which has plagued the country since its freedom.
Canada and European Union have joined the United States, Australia and India in labelling the
LTTE a terrorist firm that has created it more difficult for the group to get appropriate finance
from the abroad. In civil war, seventy thousand people were killed and defender groups have
accused both the Sri Lanka and LTTE military of human rights, violations, including abduction,
extortion, and the use of child soldiers. On 2nd June 1987, an act was established as an authority
to guide in the Rehabilitation of certain persons and repair, restoration and Rehabilitation of
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some particular properties, industries or business and to render more matters that are connected
with the incidents. Rehabilitation is considered as a social services which is based on
humanitarian approach. This social services has become a most integral part of services in
regards to sporadic violence and intermittent related to ethnicity, religion, politics or terrorism.
The government of Sri Lanka is only offering compensation as to opposed to the entire package
of reparation. Even the compensation mechanism is not clearly explained, streamlined,
communicated and administered (Ekpa and Dahlan, 2015). So people faced various kind of
issues and conflicts in regards to gaining the reparation package. Due to some major errors,
people are not able to take the benefits of reparation payments like issue with application form as
people are not aware about the facilities which are offered by the government to the victims.
Thus, due to lack of information they have not even registered themselves in the application of
reparation. An another issue which is faced by the victims were evidentiality forms as, people are
not able to providing appropriate evidence to prove that they are affected by the issue and need
compensation to overcome with the issue.
One more issue which is necessary to be discussed is lack of government as well as
civilian knowledge. It has also affected the payment of Reparations for the Victims of the
Conflict in Sri Lanka. Due to the reason of less government records, people are not able to justify
their self as a victim and not even able to get the amount of reparation. In civilians, the lack of
knowledge has impacted the life of victims as they are not aware about such kind of acts and
policies so they are failed to taking benefits of such kind of policies like payment of reparation.
There are various principles which are determined by the CPA as a key in moving forward to
getting the reparation payments are described as below:
 Reparations needs to be implemented without discrimination or prejudice on the behalf of
ethnicity, gender, age, political affiliation, class, marital status, sexual orientation,
nationality, religion and disability, or any other status.
 The process needs to be recognise the role of victim and their major participation in the
transitional justice.
 Reparations process required to be gender sensitive and address the requirement of
individual headed households and victims of sexual violence, with measures taken to
prevent intensification of injury and mark.
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 Reparation process needs to be avoid conditions that lead to foster discrimination and
marginalization and should not be seen as a form of revenge.
Signification of the Research
The present research is based on the riots which began as a response to a deadly ambush
on 23 July 1983 by the Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam. it considered as a Tamil militant group
which killed 13 Sri Lankan Army soldiers. On the night of 24 July 1983, at the very first in the
capital Colombo; an anti -Tamil program spread to other part of the country. The major purpose
of the research is to provide a brief discussion on “analysing the effectiveness of Payment of
Reparations for the Victims of the Conflict in Sri Lanka”. This investigation is effective in
enhancing the knowledge base of learner in the specified area of study (Evans and Evans, 2012).
This particular study is effective in providing a basic knowledge in regards to gaining the
payment facility of reparation and passing the reparation bills. Management practices and
theories are effective in providing a huge contribution in completion of the investigation work in
appropriate manner. BPR model is effectively applying model which is effective in improving
the government services in Sri Lanka.
Business process re-engineering is defined as a process which describes the method to develop
the management performance by making appropriate changes in the schedule of the available
management. This model is effective in re-engineering the process of payment of reparation and
design it in more effective manner so that delivery of government facilities can be made in
appropriate way. The present area of study helps in developing the management base skills and
knowledge of learner and also provides guidance to conduct their future projects in effective
manner.
Research objectives
 To identify the inadequate payment of reparation to the victim affected in Sri-Lanka.
 To review the payment mechanism distributed to the victims.
 To analyse the challenges in context of payment of reparation for the Victims of the
Conflict in Sri Lanka.
Research Questions
 How to examine the inadequate payment of reparation to the victim affected in Sri-
Lanka?
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 How to review the payment mechanism distributed to the victims?
 What are the major challenges occurs in context of payment of reparation for the Victims
of the Conflict in Sri Lanka?
LITERATURE REVIEW
The inadequate payment of reparation to the victim affected in Sri-Lanka.
Reparation simply means to consider all the legal responsibilities of a state, or
individual(s) or group to repair consequences of violations. which could arise due to their
negligence or directly committed it. Reparation ultimately assist to the victims for attaining the
most appropriate services to them. They also express to victims and society more generally that
state is committed to address the main reasons of past violations and ensuring that they do not
happen again. The government enforced reparations process via administrative programs as the
outcome program. At the time of such incident, need of the victims could change over the time.
Reparation program could be used in order to identify the inadequate payment of reparation to
the victim which were affected in Sri- Lanka. State would make an appropriate mechanism in
order to know the victims compensation so that they could fix the compensation criteria and
distribute accordingly (Jayawardena and Pinto-Jayawardena, 2016). Now, this can simply been
said that the appropriate committee would make certain payment of reparation to the victim in
order to satisfy them and act accordingly. Now, new office of reparation would help out in a
transparent and inclusive manner which ultimately assist to address the issues on inadequate
payment to the victim.
The payment mechanism of reparation distributed to the victims.
As per the opinion of Moffett, 2014, Reparations needs to be created and implemented
with links to other transitional justice initiatives like as trials, truth telling procedure and
institutional reform. Reparation on its own can be construed as ‘buying victims’. Reparations is
an essential part of transitional justice and it focusses on recognising and remedying losses from
abuses or disasters. It is one of the four pillars of transitional justice which construct the other
three: justice, truth and non-recurrence. In many post-war and post-conflict settings like as
Colombia, Guatemala and Sierra Leone, reparations have been introduced to assist victims by
way of providing material and symbolic support to assist with rebuilding their lives. With the
help of traditional procedure of payment of reparation, distribution of government facilities have
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not reached in appropriate manner and it is essential for the government of Sri Lanka to use an
appropriate mechanism in respect to providing potential benefits to the victims and their families.
Business process re-engineering is the most effective method which is appropriate in making
improvement in the distribution of the government facilities like payment of reparation.
The challenges in context of payment of reparation for the Victims of the Conflict in Sri Lanka.
As per the views expressed by Michelle Maiese, 2018; There is an effective and growing
awareness which addressing the past injustice is a critical part of the process of healing and
reconciliation. In order to provide effective benefits of payment of reparation to the victims, the
government of Sri Lanka has created an act which is REPPIA and it is effective for rendering
potential benefits to the victims who are affected through the disaster. Different kind of
challenges are faced by the people in the context of payment of reparation for the victims of the
conflict in Sri Lanka. Some are described as below:
 Issue of application form like individuals are not able to fill the forms in appropriate
manner. Due to lack of sources the people are nit very much aware about the services
which are offered by the government of Sri Lanka so they are failed to taking benefits of
the facilities.
 Issue with providing evidentiality forms, in this victims are not able to provide relevant
information in regards to the issue as original information are miss placed due to disaster.
 Another challenge which is faced by people is that due to emergence of fake identify
actual victims are not able to gaining the justice and remuneration of the services which
are offered by the government in the form of payment of reparation.
METHODOLOGY/ RESEARCH DESIGN
Type of Investigation
This considered to be the most essential part of research work and in this the potential
concern of the investigator is to make sure that the research needs to be completed by applying
appropriate tools and techniques. There are two measures that act as a basis for conducting
research work. The first one is Qualitative research where investigator will focus on analysing
the theoretical aspect of issues in an effective way. While second one is Quantitative study where
researcher will be using mathematical and statistical tools and techniques for analysing huge
amount of data in appropriate manner. In the current research work, Qualitative method is chosen
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as it will assist in understanding of the effectiveness of Payment of Reparations for the Victims
of the Conflict in Sri Lanka through conducting proper theoretical frame work.
Research Philosophy
A research philosophy is a belief in regards to the way in which data about a phenomenon
needs to be gathered, analysed and used. The element epistemology in against of doxology is
encompasses on the different philosophies of the research. Research philosophy is determined as
a summary of the investigation experience and the research interest, involving past, present and
future affects. This section is categorised among two major types such as positivism and
interpritivism research philosophy (Powers and Proctor, 2016). Positivism is consist as an
approach to social science which is based on natural phenomenon and their properties. On the
other side, interpritivisim philosophy is based on the Interpretivists argue that only arises through
the qualitative interpretation of and intervention in reality which can be understood in effective
manner. In the present research work, Interpretivism philosophy has been used by the researcher
as a tool to state about the ways that can be used for dealing with qualitative factors and stating
about thing from different point of view. It acts as a basis for whole study and without it
researcher will be misguided.
Research Design
This is a section which will state about as how study work can be conducted in an
effective manner. Research design is a way which assist investigator in outlining a blueprint
according to whole research work will be conducted. This piece of work will focus on utilising
exploratory mode of design as it will emphasis on analysing the effectiveness of payment of
reparation for the victims of conflict in Sri Lanka. It will assist researcher in describing as how
qualitative aspect can be understood. There are other methods too, like exploratory and
experimental but they will not be used in current study as the present research work is based on
case study or in this theoretical frame work is created through the use of qualitative analysis
(Seneviratne, 2012).
Relevant concepts in the Research
The present study is based on effectiveness of Payment of Reparations for the Victims of
the Conflict in Sri Lanka. This investigation includes various concepts and the following are re
discussed in terms of what is relevant and appropriate in the present case.
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Compensation: The payment of money by the state in recognition of the false and losses.
Rehabilitation: The restoration of a victim’s physical and mental health involving the provision
of psychosocial care.
Satisfaction: This element of reparations is more symbolic in nature and involves an apology,
recognition, depository and other forms of the memorialization of the past and victims.
Rehabilitation of Persons, Properties and Industries Authority (REPPIA): It is an Act may be
cited as the Rehabilitation of Persons, Properties and Industries Authority Act (Sliwa and Wiig,
2016).
Operationalisation of variables
In a research project, research aim is consist to be the key element as the whole activity
of research is based on the aim of the research. An aim is a combination of dependent,
independent, moderating, intervening variables etc. The research into consideration is based on
the effectiveness of payment of reparation for the victims of conflict in Sri Lanka. In this
independent variable is reparation, dependent variable is victim of conflicts (Vanhullebusch and
Pushparajah, 2016).
Research Problems
Researcher face multiple issues at the time of conducting an investigation. As the present
research work is based on a case study and it is critical for the investigator to gather appropriate
statistical information in regards to the specified area of study (Somasundaram, 2014).
Researcher faces issues at the time of gathering real data like lack of information about the
victims, the process of payment of reparation, details of affected people, detail of their injury and
damages of property or business losses etc. Time management is also considered to be the major
problem of the researcher as the allotted time for the proposal is less and it is important for the
researcher to conduct all the research activities in appropriate manner. It is the major obligation
of the investigator to design an appropriate time frame in which all the activities are assigned as
per the priority of task.
DATA REQUIRED AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Unit of Analysis
It considered to be the major key of research which is being analysed in a particular area
of study. At present, the analysis is done on determining the effectiveness of Payment of
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Reparations for the Victims of the Conflict in Sri Lanka. In this study, the appropriateness of
payment of reparation for the benefits of the victims who are effected by the issue that are faced
by people in Sri Lanka.
Methods of Data Collection
This is a fundamental piece of an investigation as in a research data and information
plays significant role in carry out the research activities in appropriate manner. In a research
work data is being gathered through primary as well as secondary source of data collection.
Primary method is effective in gathering the data through self administrated questionnaire as it is
effective in summarising the data that are gathered by analysing the opinion of victims of
conflicts in Sri Lanka (Torne, 2017). On the other side, secondary source is effective in gathering
data and in formation thorough different sources like books, journals, article, case study and
previous research work.
Data Sampling
This is a section that will focus on getting right people to respond to questions which are
put up in this research work. There are two different approaches which will be used, such as
probability and non-probability. In former one, respondents will be chosen as per want of
researcher while in later concept, investigator will set a specified way that will be used for
choose people. In this present research work random sampling method has been applied by the
investigator as, in this report information is gathered through the victims who are facing the issue
of payment of reparation. A brief sample size of 555 is used for conducting research work that
will assist in understanding of analysing the effectiveness of Payment of Reparations for the
Victims of the Conflict in Sri Lanka.
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