Statistics Assignment: Analysis of Empirical Research Studies

This statistics assignment analyzes five empirical studies from various academic journals. Each study's null and research hypotheses are identified and examined. The assignment delves into the methodologies and findings of each study, including topics such as informal patient payments in healthcare, bioethical research, technological development indicators, artificial intelligence, and firm performance in transition economies. The analysis covers the hypothesis statements, literature review, and the relationships between variables. The assignment also includes an analysis of data collection methods, potential biases, and the overall structure of the research, and a review of the literature cited in each study. The assignment aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of empirical research design and statistical analysis.

Running head: STATISTICS 1
Empirical Study
Students’ Name
Course
Institution
Date of Submission

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1. Article: Empirical studies on informal patient payments for health care services: a
systematic and critical review of research methods and instruments(Stepurko, and
Pavlova, 2010).
Null hypothesis: The informal payments do exists on nations of all economic development
levels and various parts of the world.
Research hypothesis: No informal Payments exist in high-income nations such as Australia,
North America, and North-West Europe.
2. Article: Empirical research in bioethical journals. A quantitative analysis(Borry, and
Schotsmans, 2006)
Null hypothesis: Patients in the last decade were the most frequent study subjects in
bioethics empirical research.
Research hypothesis: Patients in the last decade were not the most frequent study subject in
bioethics empirical research.
3. Article: An Empirical Analysis of Technological Development and Innovation Indicators
(Cavdar and Aydin, 2015)
Null hypothesis: Whether the indicators of technological development, that are used as
a proxy for development, innovation, and economic growth of nations, are affected by the
employed variables in the analysis.
Research Hypothesis: Indicators are important in describing the technological innovation
and development clearly and is vital for better understanding of the effect of programs and
policies on technological innovation and development and the economy and society in general.

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4. Article: Artificial intelligence: an empirical science (Simon, 1995).
Null hypothesis: Whether Artificial Intelligence is a science.
Research hypothesis: Artificial intelligence deals with computers, therefore is
regarded as part of computer science. Artificial Intelligence is also part of cognitive and
psychological science. In particular, it deals, with the phenomena or features that come by when
computers carry out the tasks, and if carried out by individuals, it will be considered as needing
intelligence thinking.
5. Article: INNOVATION ACTIVITIES AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: EMPIRICAL
EVIDENCE FROM TRANSITION ECONOMIES(Abazi-Alili, 2014)
Null hypothesis: Whether there is a relationship between firm performance and
innovation activities, therefore, performance-innovation relationships.
Research hypothesis: The productivity of labor is influenced by the innovation activities
intensive development.
Question 2
An Empirical Study of Machine Learning Algorithms Applied to Modeling Player Behavior in a
first Person Shooterî Video Game.
Due to the FPS complexity, there are some hurdles of implementations to the collection
of data. Since the used data was sampled at every one hundred milliseconds rate, there were
many sets of outputs that looked the same. In the case of five hundred milliseconds, nothing has
changed, then the sample recorded is only one of the total samples. Nevertheless, in case one of
the characteristics has effects on the samples will always be recorded. This is crucial. However,
important action/features in the sample might be missed.

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Events without corresponding action in the samples were disregarded. A section of such
events might have proven important; in case no action is stated, it could imply to stand still.
Nevertheless, rare events that include going prone, opening doors, and climbing ladders in the
samples were not encoded. It can be assumed that, for the same reason, remaining situations
(non-classified dictate any given action, so they excluded prior beginning learning.
The Effects of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics on Business and Employment: Evidence from
a survey on Japanese firms.
The data that was employed in this article originated from the Survey of Economic policy
and Corporate Management. The survey was carried out from September to December in 2015
to various private and public Japanese companies operating in both service and manufacturing
industries. A total of three thousand four hundred, and thirty-eight responded to the study
survey, and the rate of response was twenty-two points nine percent. The firms breakdown by
industry were: services 390 (12.5%),, %), retail 409 (12.8%), wholesale 600 (13.6), ICT 130
(3.9%), manufacturing 1,800 (5.0%), and other industries were 123(2.2%). The inquiry of the
survey was wide-ranging; however, in this study, the focus was on three questions ion robotics,
AI, and Big Data, as well as the characteristics of the big firm available from the study survey,
including employee composition, firm size, and industry.
Question 3:
1. Empirical studies on informal patient payments for health care services: a systematic and
critical review of research methods and instruments;
Hypothesis: The informal payments do exist on nations of all economic development levels
and various parts of the world.

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The hypothesis has been stated in the decorative form, i.e., the informal payment does exist
in nations of all economic development levels as well as various parts of the world. It is an
action that makes a statement or a fact. The hypothesis posits a relationship between
variables; these variables are informal payments and nation.
The literature review: Informal payments are a crucial feature of systems in various
nations around the globe. In a nation such as Kazakhstan, informal payments are
representations of an important part of health care providers' income. Different authors have
explained informal payments by insufficient funding, cultural perceptions of the health sector as
well as the lack of accountability and control in the system of health care. The hypothesis of
this study is testable.
2. Empirical research in bioethical journals. A quantitative analysis
Null hypothesis: Patients in the last decade were the most frequent study subjects in
bioethics empirical research
The hypothesis: Patients in the last decade were the most frequent study subjects
compared to others. The hypothesis is stated in a declarative form, however does not
posit the relationship between variables.
Literature Body; Ever since Arnold and Brody stated that a new kind of ethics paper has
emerged, several authors have claimed that the interests of ethicists in empirical data are
still growing.
3. Article: An Empirical Analysis of Technological Development and Innovation Indicators
(Cavdar and Aydin, 2015). Null hypothesis: Whether the Ever since technological
development, that kind of proxy for development, innovation, authors have growth of that

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interests affected by the employed variables are the analysis. The hypothesis stated in
hypothesis form, and there is a posited relationship between variables.
Literature Perspective In this case, literature review identifies a crucial role that
technology and science play in promoting economic development, and growth in both
industrialized and developing nations is highly rich. A crucial theoretical development,
according to New Growth Theory in the 1980s cited by Lucas (1988) and
Romer(1989), states that the progress in technology relies on human capital and research
and the advance of science and technology is a most vital factor on the social
development and economic growth.
4. Article: Artificial intelligence: an empirical science (Simon, 1995).
Null hypothesis: Artificial Intelligence is a science. The hypothesis is stated in a
declarative form. There is not posit relationship among the variables.
Literature: Artificial intelligence commonly known as AI, started in the 1950s as research
into intelligence nature. Artificial intelligence used computers as a tool to carry out the
simulation; thereby, intelligence is offering a means for examination of each deal.
5. Article: INNOVATION ACTIVITIES AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: EMPIRICAL
EVIDENCE FROM TRANSITION ECONOMIES(Abazi-Alili, 2014)
Null hypothesis: Whether there is a relationship between firm performance and innovation
activities. The hypothesis is stated in a declarative form, and it posits a relationship between
variables, that is fim performance and innovation activities. According to the Theory of
Economic Development by Schumpeter Mark I, it is the small companies or startup that conduct

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innovation. According to another different view by Mark II of Democracy, Socialism, and
Capitalism, it is the large(established) firms that generate the progress of technology.
References

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Abazi-Alili, H. (2014). Innovation activities and firm performance: Empirical evidence
from transition economies. Journal of Contemporary Economic and Business
Issues, 1(2), 5-18.
Borry, P., Schotsmans, P., & Dierickx, K. (2006). Empirical research in bioethical
journals. A quantitative analysis. Journal of medical ethics, 32(4), 240-245.
Cavdar, S. C., & Aydin, A. D. (2015). An empirical analysis of technological
development and innovation indicators. Procedia-Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 195, 1486-1495.
Simon, H. A. (1995). Artificial intelligence: an empirical science. Artificial
Intelligence, 77(1), 95-127.
Stepurko, T., Pavlova, M., Gryga, I., & Groot, W. (2010). Empirical studies on informal
patient payments for health care services: a systematic and critical review of
research methods and instruments. BMC Health Services Research, 10(1), 273.