The Effects of Stop Smoking Initiative Among Young Adults in London

This research project examines the effects of the stop smoking initiative among young adults in London. The report begins with an introduction describing the research project, its significance, aims, objectives, and research questions. Chapter 2 provides a literature review on smoking and its impact, covering topics such as the health effects of smoking, awareness measures, and the prevalence of smoking among young adults in London. The methodology section outlines the research approach, data collection methods, and analysis techniques. The findings are then presented, including an interpretation and analysis of the results. The conclusion summarizes the key findings and provides recommendations. The research aims to understand the impact of promotional campaigns and awareness drives, such as the stop smoking initiative, to develop strategies for improving future campaigns and curbing smoking tendencies among young adults. The study also assesses the level of smoking among young adults in London and the impact of smoking on individuals.

Research Project

Table of Contents
TASK 1A ........................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1
1.1 Research Project Description................................................................................................1
1.2 Significance of study.............................................................................................................2
TASK 1B ........................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................3
1.3 Smoking and its impact.........................................................................................................3
TASK 1C.........................................................................................................................................7
Formulate research specification.....................................................................................................7
1.4 Research methodology..........................................................................................................7
1.5 Gantt chart...........................................................................................................................10
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 3- METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................12
2.1 Match the resources efficiently in research question..........................................................12
2.2 Research investigation in accordance with the agree specification and procedure.............13
2.3 Record and collate data.......................................................................................................13
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS ...............................................................................................14
3.1Research evaluation techniques...........................................................................................14
3.2 Interpret and analysis of results...........................................................................................14
CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSION......................................................................................................18
3.3 Conclusion and recommendations......................................................................................18
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................20

Research title: “The effects of stop smoking initiative among young adults in London”
TASK 1A
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Project Description
Smoking was not an issue unless the awareness about cancer was on high emergence.
The increasing level of globalisation and more dependence of individuals on technology has led
to rise in loneliness and depression. People nowadays find it difficult to share their views and
opinions with each other due to lack of faith, trust and time. This automatically resulted in more
inclination towards activities that relieve the mind from stress and anxiety. Smoking, drugs,
alcoholism, etc. are some of these activities (Mahishale and et. al., 2015). There have been wide
scale campaigning regarding cessation of smoking amongst young adults. The Stop smoking
initiative was launched by NHS in UK. Being a premier health care organisation of the country,
it is the responsibility of this organisation to develop strategies which will reduce the tobacco
consumption or smoking habits of individuals in communities. One of these strategies is Stop
Smoking initiative.
People might consider that smoking helps in exiting the present stressful condition and
would not cause any sort of physical harm. But there are certain ill-effects of this particular
escape technique (Khan and et. al., 2014). People are disabled intellectually, emotionally and
sensory motors are affected. Furthermore, the lungs cater tobacco from the cigarette and there is
deposition of tartar in the respiratory channels. This blocks the flow of oxygenated blood and
makes the body prone to diseases. The more a person indulges in smoking, more is the risk of
cancer and death. The end results of an active smoker are very brutal and fatal. Despite of the
occurrence and emergence of various programs and activities regarding awareness of ill-effects
of smoking; individuals still engage themselves in active smoking (Rattan and et. al., 2013).
Rationale of study
Death is of two types i.e. preventable and non-preventable. England has witnessed
smoking to be the largest cause of preventable death. This means that amount of individuals
dyeing due to cancer and diseases caused by smoking could have been reduced if people were
made aware about the ill-effects of the same. There are various efforts made by the government
for creating awareness and stopping individuals to engage in smoking. Hence, there is a
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requirement to explore and recognise the effects or impacts certain awareness strategies have on
the young adults of UK especially London. This city is a growing hub for individuals to sustain
their life so that better growth in terms of personal and professional development. Hence, this
research has been formulated so that one can understand the impact of promotional campaigns
and awareness drives like stop smoking initiative amongst the young adults in London. This
helps in creating strategies and developing tactics for improvising future such campaigns and
drives to curb smoking tendency amongst young adults.
1.2 Significance of study
Every activity conducted in the form of a research must hold some value or significance.
This study is based on analysing the effectiveness of smoking cessation initiatives on a particular
set of individuals residing in one particular area. The significance of this study is realised when
knowledge regarding impact assessment has to be catered. This research study helps in getting an
insight regarding the concussion of stop smoking initiatives. It also helps in estimating the flaws
or barriers which occur in the proper implementation of health promotion campaigns. The
findings that have been developed through this research can be assistive in formulating
conclusions for stop smoking initiative within London region.
Aims
Aim is a like a milestone which is developed by the researcher for gaining a particular
path of working. The research study cannot get desired quality outcomes unless there is proper
aim and objectives defined. The main of this research study is:
“To assess the effects of stop smoking initiative within young adults of London.”
Objectives
Objectives are considered as the directive milestones which ultimately lead to the aim of
the project. Since, the aim is defined, the objective has to be in accordance with this aim. The
effectiveness of research is increased with these objectives and goals. Below mentioned are the
objectives of this research study:
 To assess the level of smoking young adults currently in London.
 To assess the impact smoking can have on a person.
 To understand the different effects of stop smoking initiative.
Research Questions
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Research questions are like building blocks which help in getting or collecting
information with more accuracy and precision when considered the quality of research. The
entire research is guided by following questions:
 What is the impact of smoking?
 What are different measures which are taken up for spreading awareness regarding ill-
effects of smoking?
 What is stop smoking initiative?
 What is the impact of stop smoking initiative over the young adults in London?
TASK 1B
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
1.3 Smoking and its impact
Tobacco is a by-product of the plant which is known as tobacco, formed when the plant is
curing. Smoking is the process in which a human being inhales and exhales the smoke which is
produced on burning tobacco. According to Schreuders and et. al. (2017), religious rituals and
medicinal purpose was considered as the primary reason for consumption of smoking in the
earlier ages. But currently, smoking has become a style statement or lifestyle symbol for
individuals to develop their standard of living. Hamad and et. al. (2014) stated that tobacco
involves nicotine which is an alkaloid with poisonous attributes. Apart from this poisonous
substance present in abundance, the smoke of tobacco has various other components like carbon
monoxide, acrolein, ammonia and tar. These have critical impact over the respiratory system of
human body.
The development or settlement of cancerous substances in the various tracts and systems
of the body causes adverse effects which include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
emphysema, stroke, impotency in males and several other cardiovascular diseases. The major
area which is affected by cancer includes mouth and larynx. According to Harrington and et. al.
(2015), there have been growing concerns of individual groups and organisations for spreading
the awareness regarding bad effects of smoking. People indulge in these activities for escaping
from stress and anxiety. Despite of the presence of various regulations and disciplinary actions to
curb smoking people still indulge in these activities whenever found spending their leisure time.
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Just like water and food consumption, the smoking and alcoholism has also become an integral
part of the daily habits of individuals.
According to Health matters: smoking and quitting in England (2015), the major side
effect of smoking is insomnia, drowsiness and weight gain. As the body loses its balance
position or equilibrium standard, the significant negative causes are felt in the form of
depression, loss of concentration and obesity. There is severe pressure over heart and the outer
appearance of individual gets deteriorated. Skin texture worsens, breath of the individual
becomes stagnant, immunity declines, athletic performance and stamina is also adversely
affected. Mahishale and et. al., (2015) stated that there is a requirement of individuals to
understand these effects and their inclination towards death. Smoking leads to no development of
growth but in fact deteriorates the natural conditioning of body. Be it hookahs or tobacco gums,
individuals will experience only negative impact over their body especially the young adults
when considering smoking.
Measures for spreading awareness regarding ill-effects of smoking
The NHS has evaluated that amongst 5 adults 1 person smokes regularly. This implies
that nearly 1 lakh individuals falling in the age group of 11 and 15 are active smokers. On the
other hand, about 17% deaths are caused due to this dangerous phenomena. But the NHS aims to
make UK tobacco free by 2025 (Health matters: smoking and quitting in England, 2015). This
aim can only be achieved when there are steady efforts made to reduce the impact and increase
awareness.
To assess the level of smoking in young adults currently in London
Smoking is found to be the greatest concern for the people of London which is the habit
prevailing among young adults. Majority of the young people try smoking first and then they
become regular smokers. According to, Sohanpal and et.al, (2016), after attaining the age of 24 it
is very difficult for the people to quit smoking. Approximately 8 million people have a bad
smoking habits in London of which around 90% people starts smoking in teenage itself.
Memon and et.al, (2016), presented the fact that, around 12.71% of young people in
London who are 15 years old smoke regularly or occasionally. Some of the studies reveal that
nine out of every 10 people commence smoking as and when they attain the age of 18.
According to the government of UK, around 570 children starts smoking every day. Figures
revealed that 27% of the children under the age of 16 has tried cigarette at least once. Smoking
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habits among young people starts to emerge in early teens and take a form of addiction till late
teens or early twenties.
Kalkhoran and Glantz (2016), shown that the amount of nicotine in the body is increasing
till the people attain the age of 40 if cigarette is consumed on a daily basis. Level of smoking in
London can also be assessed on the basis of variations in status of socio-economy. People with
higher socio-economic status are more likely to smoke at a very younger age, say at the early
adolescence as compared to people with lower status. It is proved that these people are expected
to smoke on a daily basis as this maintains strong relationship with the higher class of society.
Some people believe especially boys that smoking helps them to remove fatigueness if they are
feeling stressed and smoking helps them to cope up with life. Most of the older people agree with
the fact that smoking makes people slimmer. It is found that smoking makes people to think
more positively in every aspect as compared to non-smokers.
Hoddinott and et.al (2015), reports suggested that most of the people who are older are
more likely to agree with the fact that smoking remains to be the reason of early deaths. Ismail
and et.al, (2015), argued that young people smoke more because they live with one or more
smokers and these people likely to smoke openly if they live in the smoking environment. Very
less people among young adults feel that there is a risk in smoking and increases the risk of
medical problems.
To assess the impact, smoking can have on one person
Smoking can have many impacts on young people and their minds as well. UK studies
showed that there are greater and dangerous effects on the young people. This age bracket of 12-
16 years of age, people have a very high chance of perceiving wrong habits due to the
association of various types of people such as friends, relatives etc. this increases the risk of
starting to adapt wrong habits more easily (Lang and et.al 2014). Various marketing companies
which advertise cigarettes, tobacco, nicotine etc. provokes teenagers to adopt these habits. Young
people easily adopts by seeing the actors, stars etc. who smoke. Some of the youngsters who
suffers from the stress whether it is related to their school, studies, job, etc. are more likely to
adapt these wrong habits which may lead to addiction. According to, Lawrenson, Roberts and
Offord (2015), approximately 1200 deaths occur each day. Smoking among youth may lead to
stopping the development of lungs. This means that they are likely to be more fatigue as
compared to non- smokers. According to “WHO”, persons who smoke are likely to get early
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symptoms of heart problems and brain stroke. It is confirmed by the study that person lives seven
years less than his average life because of smoking. They are likely to remain in stress all the
time and suffers from physical and psychological stress. It is also presented that young persons
who smoke suffers from the problem of breathing three times less than the non-smokers.
It is very common that every people knows that smoking causes cancer. It includes
various types of cancer like mouth cancer, blood cancer, bladder cancer, upper throat cancer etc.
Young persons who smoke cigarette have an increased chance of getting heart as well as blood
cells damaged. It contributes in weakening of heart cells which young persons in London doesn't
understand. Some studies in UK revealed that smokers have a comparatively weak immune
system and strength than non-smokers. Smoking doubles the risk of getting lung infection
(Boggon and et.al, 2014).
In London, 80% of the smokers die before attaining the age of 70. It is likely to cause
restlessness, irritation, difficulty in concentrating on a particular thing, craving, anxiety etc. and
it has impacted very massive crowd of young people among UK and to get rid of these
symptoms they smoke on a regular basis so that they can feel normal.
To understand the different effects of stop smoking initiatives
It is concluded that only 19% of the people gets success in quitting smoking in London.
Various initiatives needs to be adopted by organisations, government etc. to encourage young
adults to stop smoking. Various therapies, services, smoke-free environments should be provided
to the young adults so it would become easier for them to stop smoking cigarettes. In London
most of the people use electronic cigarettes for smoking so it becomes completely difficult to
encourage them to smoke (Denman and et.al, 2015).
People who stop smoking for around 48 hours starts feeling that things smells and tastes
much better as there is no nicotine exists in the body. It helps in improving in eliminating
anxiety, stress and to fight with depression. Smoking has always been a huge concern for the
government of UK. Around 100000 people die because of smoking habits by the young people.
Only 2/3 of the smokers openly tells that they want to quit smoking. Large number of campaigns
are organised for the people which help them to quit smoking.
Robson and et. al., (2016), argued that to stop smoking is not that difficult. People who
used to be addictive but stop smoking before the age of 35, are expected to live more by 8 years.
Various stop smoking initiatives are taken by the government of UK which ultimately effected
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the young generation people very much in a positive as well as negative manner. Stop smoking
initiatives take up by the government had a negative impact on some of the residents of London.
They resists these changes and never supports government or any organisation contributing in
quitting smoking. But their family members as well as their relatives who remained very much
stressed by smoking habits of their children supported the government and organisations and
forcefully sent their children to participate in these types of campaigns. Also various
rehabilitation centres were opened up by the government which forced the families residing in
London to admit their children so that they can get rid of these drug addictions.
Various smoking cessation programmes were introduced so as to help smokers to quit at
a very early age. These initiatives taken up by the government in London encourages more and
more young people to use the other way to smoke as they are that much addicted that they even
can't abide by the rules and regulations made rather they ask government to withdraw the
initiatives by adopting various illegal measures like strikes, curfews etc. for the new decisions
taken by the government in respect of increased smoking (Sohanpal and et.al, 2016).
TASK 1C
Formulate research specification
1.4 Research methodology
It is considered as a systematic, theoretical analysis of the different methods being
applied to a particular field of study. It involves different methods i.e. qualitative or quantitative
in regard to conduct the research. Thus, it helps in attaining desired goals and objectives. Here, in
the present study it identifies the effects of stop smoking initiative among young adults in
London which helps in overcoming such bad habit of smoking and thus undertake effective
measures in regard to overcome such situation (Harrison and Reilly, 2011). However, the
suitability and feasibility of research is totally dependent upon the different tools and
methodology that is being used in order to carry out the research. Through evaluating the
research proposal, it clearly depicts that the formulated aims and objectives helps in collecting
the required information in an effective and efficient manner.
Data collection
It can be assessed that the data collection process is significant and thus helps researcher
in regard to collect information about the selected topic. It involves two data collection methods
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such as primary and secondary. In order to conduct primary research, there are different ways of
collecting data such as survey, focused group, observation method, questionnaires and interview
(Hill, 2007). In the present study, method of survey has been used. On the other hand secondary
research is conducted through using different sources such as newspaper articles, journals, online
publication etc. Thus, in the present study secondary data source is being used to identify the
effects of stop smoking initiative among youth in London. The present study undertakes
secondary data collection sources that helps in collecting information through different sources
such as articles, literature, online blogs, government reports etc. However, main purpose of
selected secondary data collection method helps in evaluating the study in diverse manner
through different perspectives. Thus, reviewing different journal and literature helps in
developing broad concept about the chosen topic so that it could give benefit to scholars in terms
of enhancing their knowledge.
Research approach
There are two different types of research approach such as deductive and inductive
(Ihantola and Kihn, 2011). Inductive research approach is termed as to use research questions to
narrow the scope of study while deductive approach is termed as it usually begins with
hypothesis. The present study selects inductive research approach as it helps scholars to
frequently refer to different literature as it is grounded with theories and obtain responses so that
study could be carried out in an effective way. Implementing inductive approach helps in
examining different theories in order to position the literature within study.
Research philosophy
There are two types of research philosophy i.e. interpretivism and positivism.
Interpretivism philosophy is being adopted in regard to carry out qualitative research. Another
research approach is positivism philosophy which is adopted when carrying out quantitative
research. Here, in the present research, interpretivism philosophy has been adopted that results in
identifying the effects of stop smoking initiatives among young adults in London and obtain
desired results because qualitative study is being carried out (Krishnaswamy, Sivakumar and
Mathirajan, 2009). Thus, selecting interpretivism research philosophy helps in interpreting the
data or information so that different articles could be reviewed. It is the best way through which
focus could be developed upon different theories and attain desired results.
Data analysis
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It is one of the crucial part of study and thus helps scholar to analyse the data that has
been collected with the help of evaluating the sample. However, it helps in identifying the way
through which data could be evaluated so that interpretation could be done in an effective way.
Data can be analysed through qualitative and quantitative research techniques In qualitative
research technique, scholar chooses thematic analysis and thus carry out the research (Foster,
2015). In quantitative analysis it helps in measuring the responses with the help of particular
statistical tools such as SPSS so that mathematical calculations could be done. Present study
undertakes qualitative analysis by utilizing thematic analysis technique in order to interpret
different themes so that research could be done effectively and efficiently (Kuada, 2012).
Therefore, carrying out thematic analysis helps in reviewing the study upon different grounds
and then obtain crucial information so that selected topic could be evaluated.
Ethical consideration
It is essential for research to consider effective ethical practices which are relevant for
carrying out research. However, researcher also requires collect authentic information through
getting access to the particular study and thus obtains information regarding effects of stop
smoking initiative among youth in London (Nalzaro, 2012). Also, it is essential for researcher to
conduct the research through considering proper ethical considerations and gain reliable
information from different sources. Hence, carrying out such ethical practices results in
implementing effective research and do not affect the purpose of the study. Following are the
different ethical considerations which is being considered as the part of research-
 Citing the work- In the current research project done by different authors has been taken
therefore it is essential to carry out proper citation of work done so that best results could
be attained. However, no matter has been copied and pasted from other researches.
 Restricted access- It is essential to assess that for completing the present research
different studies need to be reviewed that are available on different websites. However,
there was restriction of access found on several sites. Therefore, in regard to this prior
permission needs to be taken so that researcher could access to the relevant sites and
obtain required data. Plagiarism- Issue of plagiarism need to be identified by researcher so that no copy paste
from other research articles should be done.
Research limitations
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