Investigating Term-Time Employment's Influence on University Students

This report examines the impact of term-time employment on undergraduate students' university experiences. It begins with a rationale highlighting the importance of understanding how work affects academic achievement and student goals. The literature review explores themes such as social class, student loans, part/full-time employment, and attainment, drawing on various research studies. The research methodology section details both qualitative and quantitative approaches, including questionnaires and interviews, along with sampling techniques and data analysis methods like thematic analysis and statistical data analysis. Ethical considerations are also addressed, emphasizing informed consent, confidentiality, and the avoidance of harm to participants. The report aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between term-time employment and student success, offering insights into its various dimensions.

Researching Lives
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Contents
RATIONALE..................................................................................................................................3
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................6
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................9
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Topic: How term time employment affects undergraduate student’s university experience.
RATIONALE
Research is a process that use for identifying relevant data or information about the topic
where how it can be found out accurate result or outcome. The purpose of research is to build
understanding towards employment that affects on undergraduate students because academic
achievement directly influenced for student to achieve goals and objectives.
Term-time employment affects on the undergraduate student in terms of growing
phenomenon because they have received attention from policy maker and government which
provide facilities to groom themselves by engaging with professional fields. The research will
help for identifying the university students, who are engaging in term time employment and less
active in academic performance. In this way, research study is able to provide brief idea about
possible causation but suggested that student may benefits from taking term time employment.
Researcher will help identifying requirement of student where they become attracted
towards activities for self-grooming in order to achieve success. The researcher will be collecting
information about the project where analysing in depth knowledge about the employment.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Theme 1: Social Class
As per the view of Minaya (2016) high job demands have been analyzed with individuals
who have higher social class. Low Job control is frequent with individuals who have lower
social class. The student employment has been enhancing among the colleges and schools. In the
United Kingdom, the many students employed has increased from around 850000 in 1960 and in
2009 it increased around 3.9 million. According to The national center for educational statistics,
in 2012 around 72% of part students and 41% of full time students were employed. The
increasing number of student’s employment largely impact on the students (Impact on student.
2007). To eliminate and reduce that impact, it is very necessary to understand the impact of
employment on students. As per the author employment directly gives their major impacts on the
level of academic achievement.
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Theme 2: Student Loans
As per the view of Goldrick-Rab and Benson (2016) student loan is that type of loan
which is being given students for their higher secondary post-graduation. Laws can differ from
country to country. The main purpose of this research is to examine and identify the nature of
employment and academic performance among presently employed students. Also, to examine if
there is linked between the number of working hours of student and its impact on them. This
research will help to identify the relationship between employment and academics among
students. It also assists to provide guidelines regarding balancing the employment and academic
situation (Family income and educational Attainment. 2004)
According to the Scott-Clayton and Minaya (2016) The employment among the students
is increasing day by day. It will directly affect their academic performance. The increasing
employment among the students also improve their social class. Students become able to
increase their standards in the society by defining that they have an ability to earn and pay.
Theme 3: Employment (Part/full time)
As per the Matthews, Dorfman and Wu., 2015 rapidly increasing employment create its
diverse impact on college students. With the huge employment, student devote their major time
on job activities and by this their social circle become reduced. With handling both education
and employment, they become unable to indulged in social activities and operations. It increases
students’ workloads and they have to manage their extracurricular activities, employment
responsibilities and academic requirements to balance their lifestyle. According to the Broton,
Goldrick-Rab and Benson (2016) employment diversely effected academic achievement of
students. The increase in working hours was the most negative factor. As per the Hovdhaugen
(2015) per week approximately 29% students worked for 30-39 hours and 39% of students
working full time. It will frequent and negatively affect the student's academic progress.
According to the Barczyk and et.al (2017) employment also generate its positive impacts
on the students, it improved the student’s ability to response and deal with other people. The
effective employment activities also enhance their communication skills. But as per the Logan,
Hughes and Logan., 2016 employment also generate its negative outcomes, the students who are
associated with employment activities are cut down with social activities because they have no
time to engage with these activities (Lower income student and part time work. 2018).
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Theme 4: Attainment
As per the Wood, Harrison and Jones (2016) employment helps the students to receive
higher education because of the effective employment student becomes responsible and able to
earn some money for their education and fees. It promotes the students towards fulfilling the
requirements that are essential for graduation (Educational attainment for student from single
parent. 1988). It will also improve their time management activity and it helped them to organize
and manage their academic work more efficiently and effectively. The employed students are
become more able to complete their degrees without any trouble. They also able to mitigate their
loans through employment. According to the Bettinger and et. al (2017) if once a student
indulging in the employment activities they will wholly divert towards this and they become
unable to complete their bachelor’s degree. Because student spend their more hours on job and
less time on study.
Mendoza, Malcolm and Parish (2015) state that employment has also impact on grade
point average and attainment. It creates both negative and positive impacts on students. It says
that hard work always develops best academic character because it improves various skills of
students such as time management skills, provide them outside experience and gave them more
satisfaction regarding their work. As per the Brooks and Youngson (2016) the good management
between student's working hours and credit hours created students to be more managed or
organized. Employment provided job knowledge, skills and experience of variety of jobs, make
responsible person, money for education and personal expenses. According to the author it led to
reduced academic performance and also affected student's grades. Employment diversely
affected student's higher education. It also increases student's expenses and costs during the
searching the jobs. It enhances risk of dropping out, reduce academic performance and delayed
graduation rates. As per the Nuñez and Sansone (2016) sometime, part-time students able to
control or deal with that situation but the full times students become unable. According to the
Mayhew and et.al. (2016) today, money is major thing in education. So that, students may take
loans to complete their education. Many student works with education. Employment helps them
to pay their debts within a specific period. But as per the Behle and et.al (2015) it takes lot of
time of student. It will also develop more stress in student's mind. (Term-time Employment and
student Attainment in higher education. 2018) Employment also generate major problem and
student become unable to support their study and education. It decreased attainment level of
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education. As per the international research the employment gives an opportunity to the students
to quit their degrees and graduation program.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It is based on the specific procedures and technique that must be used to identify, select,
analyse and process information in proper manner.
Research method
It is a process of analysing, collecting and interpretation data in order to understand
overall concept of project (af Wåhlberg, 2017). There are two different ways to divide approach
for conducting research on basis of Qualitative and Quantitative research method.
Qualitative research is mainly based on theoretical existing information or data which
related to the research topic. Researcher mainly involves the relevant collection of data which are
developed level the depth study from high involvement (Alvesson and Sköldberg, 2017). This
type of research method is considered the social phenomenon which being investigation from
participants in research. By using qualitative research technique to propose an effective strategy
for describing, interpreting and explaining the data. This type of research method is organised
within different paradigm that consists of ground theory, ethnography study and other type of
content analysis. At the time of premises on inductive rather than deductive reasoning. The
researcher will be using questionnaire for gathering relevant data or information related the
research topic. The method useful for identifying opinion of respondents which help for building
a depth analysis in research project.
Quantitative research methodology is a type of approach that mainly involves collection
of data in the form of mathematical concepts. In order to identify statistical value which asserts
that originated in terms of physical model. The researcher mainly used mathematical mode for
data analysis and also trend to pertain quantitative research. The investigator will select the
interviews for data collection where it will be conducted interview session to find out solution
where each respondent sharing their own thought, idea and belief on research.
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Sampling
It is defined the process of selecting subset of particular population which are interested
for purpose of making observation (Meyer and Morin, 2016). It is generally inferring basic
pattern, behaviour within specific population. It mainly consists of size of research members,
who will participate within research project.
The investigator has chosen simple random sampling which possible for selecting
participants according to requirement. It mainly involves the randomly selected respondents
through sampling framework but it consists of large frames, which useful for choose random
number by computerized techniques. The sample size of participant is 60 respondents where
each people share their own idea through experience by using questionnaire. by using interview,
investigator has chosen 2 people for respondent and asked question about research topic and
subject.
Data analysis
It is defined as a process of systematically applicable in research project that can be used
logical and statistical technique to generate accurate result or outcome (Aithal, 2017).
In qualitative research, the investigator will choose thematic analysis which usually
applied in set of text, words such as transcripts of interview. Through thematic, researcher
closely examine the entire data that use in research project. It is the most common approach
based on the idea, thoughts, patterns and topic which shows specific meaning. Thematic analysis
is the popular analysing method in qualitative data which mainly focused on the large number of
data set and its pattern. The investigator will choose thematic approach because it is based on
theoretical flexible and easy to understand the concept of research project. Research question
being addressed the answer which useful for finding solution in proper manner.
In quantitative, it will be used statistic data analysis which mainly involves large number
of data collection and also uses for validation. It is also most suitable procedure that perform
different statistical operations. It is another kind of quantitative research method which seeks to
qualify data and applies in the form of statistical analysis. This type of data analysis includes
survey and observation. The analysis consists of large numbers which can be performed through
SPSS.
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Ethical consideration
Research is considered the suitable pillar of knowledge that constitutes an integral part of
progress. It should be required for considered the ethical and moral values which help for
maintaining decorum during research analysis (Wildemuth, 2016).
 It should be required that participate fully informed about evaluation which being
conducted. Research member need to aware about the purpose of project where how to
determine findings. It also used the additional information which helpful for further
expansion.
 It must ensure that maintain confidential data or information related the project where it
also controlled pain, anxiety and invasion of privacy. It is important for research
members don’t harm from other people. it is necessary thing to handle type of challenge
within research project.
 The researcher ensure that participants don’t assess irrelevant content which are being
generated risk. It also keeps maintain evaluation as simple manner to focus on intention,
what type of data gathered and collected (Pruzan, 2016).
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
af Wåhlberg, A., 2017. Driver behaviour and accident research methodology: unresolved
problems. CRC Press.
Aithal, P.S., 2017. ABCD Analysis as Research Methodology in Company Case
Studies. International Journal of Management, Technology, and Social Sciences
(IJMTS).2(2). pp.40-54.
Almalki, S., 2016. Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Data in Mixed Methods Research--
Challenges and Benefits. Journal of Education and Learning.5(3). pp.288-296.
Alvesson, M. and Sköldberg, K., 2017. Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative
research. Sage.
Barczyk, C.C., Hixon, E., Buckenmeyer, J. and Ralston-Berg, P., 2017. The effect of age and
employment on students’ perceptions of online course quality. American Journal of
Distance Education. 31(3). pp.173-184.
Behle, H. and et.al., 2015. Reassessing the employment outcomes of higher education.
In Researching higher education (pp. 114-131). Routledge.
Bettinger, E.P., Fox, L. and Taylor, E.S., 2017. Virtual classrooms: How online college courses
affect student success. American Economic Review. 107(9). pp.2855-75.
Brooks, R. and Youngson, P.L., 2016. Undergraduate work placements: an analysis of the effects
on career progression. Studies in Higher Education. 41(9). pp.1563-1578.
Broton, K.M., Goldrick-Rab, S. and Benson, J., 2016. Working for college: The causal impacts
of financial grants on undergraduate employment. Educational Evaluation and Policy
Analysis. 38(3). pp.477-494.
Fletcher, A.J., 2017. Applying critical realism in qualitative research: methodology meets
method. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 20(2). pp.181-194.
Hovdhaugen, E., 2015. Working while studying: the impact of term-time employment on
dropout rates. Journal of Education and Work. 28(6). pp.631-651.
Logan, J., Hughes, T. and Logan, B., 2016. Overworked? An observation of the relationship
between student employment and academic performance. Journal of College Student
Retention: Research, Theory & Practice. 18(3). pp.250-262.
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Matthews, P.H., Dorfman, J.H. and Wu, X., 2015. The impacts of undergraduate service-learning
on post-graduation employment outcomes. The International Journal of Research on
Service-Learning and Community Engagement. 3(1).
ayhew, M.J., Rockenbach, A.N. and Wolniak, G.C., 2016. How college affects students: 21st
century evidence that higher education works. John Wiley & Sons.
Mendoza, P., Malcolm, Z. and Parish, N., 2015. The Ecology of Student Retention:
Undergraduate Students and The Great Recession. Journal of College Student Retention:
Research, Theory & Practice. 16(4). pp.461-485.
Meyer, J.P. and Morin, A.J., 2016. A person‐centred approach to commitment research: Theory,
research, and methodology. Journal of Organizational Behaviour. 37(4). pp.584-612.
Nuñez, A.M. and Sansone, V.A., 2016. Earning and learning: Exploring the meaning of work in
the experiences of first-generation Latino college students. The Review of Higher
Education, 40(1), pp.91-116.
Pruzan, P., 2016. Research methodology: the aims, practices and ethics of science. Springer.
Scott-Clayton, J. and Minaya, V., 2016. Should student employment be subsidized? Conditional
counterfactuals and the outcomes of work-study participation. Economics of Education
Review. 52. pp.1-18.
Wildemuth, B.M. ed., 2016. Applications of social research methods to questions in information
and library science. ABC-CLIO.
Wood, J.L., Harrison, J.D. and Jones, T.K., 2016. Black males’ perceptions of the work–college
balance: the impact of employment on academic success in the community college. The
Journal of Men’s Studies. 24(3). pp.326-343.
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Online:
Term-time Employment and student Attainment in higher education. 2018. [online] Available
through:< https://jpaap.napier.ac.uk/index.php/JPAAP/article/view/294>
Impact on student. 2007. [online] Available through:<
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02680930801924490>
Lower income student and part time work. 2018. [online] Available through:<
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13639080.2018.1498068>
Family income and educational Attainment. 2004. [online] Available through:<
https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article-abstract/20/2/245/344281?
redirectedFrom=fulltext>
Educational attainment for student from single parent. 1988. [online] Available through:<
https://link.springer.com/article/10.2307/2061290>
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