Detailed Study and Analysis of Community Colleges in America

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of American community colleges, examining their history, evolution, context, and leadership. It delves into the vision statements, local environments, and open access policies of these institutions. The report explores the nature of associate degrees, certificates, and community service programs, along with governance and administrative structures. It assesses current trends in enrollment, academic programs, instructional techniques, and faculty issues, offering insights into the role of two-year institutions in American higher education. The report also examines the historical forces that shaped community colleges, including societal demands, workforce training needs, and the drive for equality in education. It discusses the impact of community colleges on student transfer rates and academic performance.

Running head: STUDY OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES
STUDY OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES
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STUDY OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES
Table of Contents
Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................2
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
History and Evolution of Community College................................................................................3
Context and Leadership in Community Colleges............................................................................5
Vision Statement of Community College........................................................................................5
Local Environment of Community Colleges...................................................................................7
Open Access to Diverse Population................................................................................................9
Examination of Nature of its National Network............................................................................10
The nature of Associate Degrees, Certificates, Occupational Education and Community Service
.......................................................................................................................................................15
Community College Governance..................................................................................................16
Administration...............................................................................................................................16
Professional, and Programmatic Dimensions................................................................................17
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18

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Executive Summary
In this paper, a comprehensive and overarching analysis and assessment of the most current
findings and updated information about the American Community colleges are described in
detail. How the community college have paved their way into the education system of America,
the services which they offer and the results they have over the community and students. In this
paper, latest data on curriculum, instructions, faculty and students are analyzed and assessed and
critique on the current trends of enrollment, academic programs and needs, instructional
techniques and methods, faculty issues and hiring practices are also discussed. The purpose and
role of two year institutions in the higher education of America will be analyzed.

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Introduction
Every Community College’s significant mission to transfer, personal satisfaction, general
development of education, literacy, career upgrading and job entry which can be examined
regularly and separately with the results which are daily communicated. The community colleges
of America also seemed to reflect upon the increasing authority of external power over each
individual’s life and the strange American citizen’s belief and thinking that individuals
legitimately cannot be healthy, ill, and observant religiously employed and educated unless any
of the institution sanctions or allows that aspect of the being. The intuitions of society which give
practical value to the society were formed. Perhaps, the simplest and overarching cause for the
increase and development of community college in America was the high demand of king that
was placed and kept on school at each of the level. All the personal or social problems were
supposedly to be solved by the school. In this paper, the history and evolution of the Community
College will be discussed which includes the vision, leadership and local environment, the
concept of courses and degrees (Bailey,et al., 2006).
History and Evolution of Community College
The community college of America dates back to the early annual years in the twentieth century.
Many forces of society gave their contribution in raising it. Out of those, the most significant
factors were the requirement for the workers who were trained to execute the expanding
industries of the nation, the extended duration of adolescent age which led to mandatory
custodial care for the young for an extended period of time and drive and need for equality in the
society which would supposedly be increased if high number of people had the access of higher

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education and knowledge. The community colleges of America also seemed to reflect upon the
increasing authority of external power over each individual’s life and the strange American
citizen’s belief and thinking that individuals legitimately cannot be healthy, ill, and observant
religiously employed and educated unless any of the institution sanctions or allows that aspect of
the being. The intuitions of society which give practical value to the society were formed.
Perhaps, the simplest and overarching cause for the increase and development of community
college in America was the high demand of king that was placed and kept on school at each of
the level. All the personal or social problems were supposedly to be solved by the school
(Barrow, et al., 2014). The legislature and courts have pressurized the schools to mitigate the
concept of discrimination through the merging of students all through the lines of ethics in the
various programs offered by them. The community colleges are given the expectation to solve
and clear the problems and issues related to unemployment with the process of preparation of the
students for the job. The means to award the subsidies to those businesses who train the own
workers can be considered as a direct approach, but community colleges have always preferred
to the pay the public fund for supporting the career and education of students in the schools. This
list can be extended for showing the responsibility to do something and take measures about
societal and individual ills, inequitable incomes, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism and drug abuse
which was assigned and accounted to the schools immediately after the issues were identified
and recognized. Schools were supposed even to amend the long extended issue of deaths on
highway. In the place of lowering the limit of speed and the need for compulsion to use the seat
belts of car in the year 1960, most of the states had enacted the laws which required the schools
to give the courses and education of driver courses (Bogue, et al., 1950).

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Context and Leadership in Community Colleges
The ideas and notion which permeate the high education in the early period of the century led to
development and growth of all these new community colleges all through the country of
America. Science was observed to be seen as an enhancing development as the more the
individuals who may learn the principles of science, the more quick will be the development of
the nation. Many new and latest technologies demand skilled and educated executers and
operators. In order to train them, schools are required. The mobility of the individual was kept at
the topmost esteem as well as the belief was famous that the people who implemented over
themselves very diligently may enhance and advance most quickly. The information source
about many of the colleges are different as they may not or may involve few of the branch
campuses of two years in public universities and the schools which were accredited by Nation
based Technical and Trade schools and not by Associations for Region based accreditations and
various other technical institutes categories (Crisp, et al., 2014). The Community colleges of
America is defined as an institution which is accredited to the Associate in Science and
Associate in Arts as the highest degree. This definition involves the complete two year colleges
and many technical based institutes which include both private and public. It removes most of
the areas for vocational schools which are publically supported and centers of education for adult
and many trade colleges and proprietary business which are given the accreditations by the
Nation based Association for Technical and Trade (Fike, et al., 2014).
Vision Statement of Community College
Many studies are conducted about the students and children who want to get transferred from tej
community colleges for the institutions who grant baccalaureate. As the students come, they

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seem to perform well gradually like native juniors, though it may take long duration to get the
bachelor’s degree. Second continuous finding states that the students who get transferred with
high quantity of credits of community colleges do much better that all those who perform with
less number. The concept of transfer gives shock, the initial decline in the average of grade point
which is seen for past decades still continuous to be apparent (Crain, et al., 2015). The
consequence that the students who get transferred to the universities had a tough time and
duration which can be surmised only. Probably the native students and children were tied to the
informal network which advised them over which the courses and professors were likely and
mostly to yield the favorable results and outcomes. Transfers have completed satisfactorily their
requirement of the distribution at the community colleges of America but it did not do the same
as well when it entered and get into the specialized courses and programs at the universities.
The growth of the community colleges in America must be kept in the arena of the development
of high level education in later stage of twentieth century and the enrollments for secondary
school expanded quickly in 1900. The need and demand to access the college also raised. The
proportion of the students who graduated from the high school increased from 30 percent to 75
percent and approximately 60 percent of graduates from High school entered the college in the
year of 1960. In another way, approx. 40 percent of the eighteen year old students entered the
college in the year 1960 which was up as compared to five percent in the year 1910. Rubinson
has resisted that the increase of schooling in United States which he predicted with the help of a
model where the proportional variation in getting enrolled at any level of the schooling which is
simple working of the quantity of the individuals in relevant group of age in the earlier schooling
level. Green (1980) has put it very simply by stating that the major significance of the year of the
schooling is the ticket to the advance to further level (Cohen, et al., 2003).

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Local Environment of Community Colleges
The states may have arranged the accommodation for the maximum number of people who seek
the attendance of the college by simply having expanded the capacity of university. One of the
significant reasons for establishment of community college is that many of the prominent
educators in early twentieth century and nineteenth century required the abandoning of
sophomore and freshmen classes by the universities and also to relegate the means of teaching
the adolescents to the new institutional set, which was termed as Junior Colleges. Proposals
which the junior colleges must relieve the burden of university to provide general level education
to the young individuals were formed in the year 1851 by the President of Michigan University
(Jepsen, et al., 2008). He convinced that University may not become the real professional and
research Centre for development until they abandon their low divisional preparatory work. Rest
of the educators like William Rainey Harper from Chicago’s University and others gave
suggestions like emulations of the systems which were followed in the Universities of Europe
and Secondary schools. The universities of Europe will be accountable for higher level
scholarships and the low level schools will give the vocational and general education to the
students I the age group of nineteen and twenty (Chang, et al., 2005). Also, Harper resisted that
in place of doing wastage of money by conducting superficial work, the weaker college of four
year may better become the junior colleges. In reality, by the year 1940, 150 out of 203 colleges
which had enrollments of about 1900 or less students, approximately 40 percent of them perished
and 15 percent of them became the junior colleges. In California, the probability can be to have a
feasibility to limit the Stanford and the Californian University to the upper divisional and
professional and graduate studies due to the widespread and early development of the junior
level colleges in the state. Those proposals were several times made especially by the President

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of Stanford Jordan but were not implemented successfully (McCabe, et al., 2000). The
organizations which provide formal education in United Sates of America had undertaken
originally from the both ends and corner of the continuum. Starting from eighteenth century, the
elementary schools and four year colleges were established. And after that, in the nineteenth
century decades, the middle years arranged for the accommodation for the colleges which
organized the private preparatory schools and after that the public secondary schools were also
built. In the starting of twentieth century, the space was tilled. Had the universities closed down
their low divisional and surrendered the sophomore and freshman to the dual year colleges as
these new formed institutes who may have been a part of the convention. But it did not as well as
the community colleges endured adjunctive that was well in the middle of the century. Their
gesture of standing away in the traditional high level education initially with the exclusivity of
the students and then with the academic and scholarship freedom for the professors was bad and
good for the American Community Colleges. In the beginning, the Community colleges gained
good support from the influential leaders of university who welcomed a better institution that
may reject the students who were poorly prepared and only send the best to the upper divisional
level. It later enabled to capitalize on good amount and quantity of money that was available and
present for the programs and events in career based education to get the less of well prepared and
educated students and children who sought extended education as well as to organize the
continuous education actions for the people from all the age group. However, also it doomed the
community colleges to status of choice of institutions and organization. In various notably states
Texas and Florida as well as Illinois upper divisional universities were formed for the reason that
the American Community College may feed the students all across the junior level, although
some of the innovative structure had already survived.

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Open Access to Diverse Population
Community colleges have the procedures to pass the students who may have dropped or failed
out of sophomore and freshman classes in the high level institutions. In a group, the students of
Community colleges were operated undoubtedly too few degree as well as tend to confuse the
reasons and causes for the low and junior level failure and dropout. These factors are found
rarely in the community colleges. Some of the two year institutions have the residence halls and
in most of the states, especially the people with a hierarchy based public high level education
system and the students of community college are of less ability and most of them are part
timers, therefore, the combination of institutional and individual factors at level of community
college who executes the distinctively to lower the probability where any student is able to
complete dual year and give to institutions who grant baccalaureate. Determination of the intra
institutional ways who affect the dropout gives only small part of story. Efforts of the college to
enroll and recruit the sizable quantity of students should also be noted. Community colleges are
made the tremendous labors and efforts to get in a variety of students. They have established
recruitment centers of off-campus and have also sent a van that was staffed with the counselors
in the parks and shopping centers. They have given the advertisement in the newspaper as well
as conducted the solicitations in the telephone. Few of the campaigns of advertisement were
planned sophisticated and carefully because the marketing plans were used by the enterprises of
private business. Marketing is defined as an integration and consolidation of activities of
promotion with the programs which were designed specifically for specific segments of
population and at times offered the convenience of places to the groups. It is significant for the
managers of the college to get to know the marketing and convince other members of the staff
about its significance and put over all the elements of the institutions into the stance of

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marketing. It is also necessary to organize the task force of marketing to work with the
instructors and other members of the staff in promoting and devising the new programs.
Attracting the students to degree credit programs has remained as a high priority for the
institutions where the fiscal survival and existence was directly tied to the number of individuals
in the classrooms. Certainly, these efforts have given their contribution to maintain the
enrollments, but they are also intended to attract a good number of sizeable students only with a
casual commitment with the studies at college level. The procedures of admission alone, which
led the students to get into the classrooms at their own will, gave contribution to the rate of
dropout. The reasons which led to dropout of students from the college considered rarely the
strength of the initial commitment, but it likely seems that any student who give the petition for
the admission may take a bulk of entrance test and also signs for the classes for about six months
prior to the term is committed more genuinely to attend than the one who may appear on first day
of the class with no preliminary planning.
Examination of Nature of its National Network
Curriculum tracking in the colleges has fallen and risen along with time. All through the years,
the American Community Colleges administered typically the test for achievement to the
matriculate as well as attempted for placing the students in the courses which were presumed to
be consonants with the abilities. The students were disallowed to get transferred to the
occupational r remedial program which was a practice that led to rising of the thesis of “cooling
out”. If any of the institution is required to demonstrate the usefulness and importance to the
society, it expects the consistent support in return. When in a school, the people are not given
any obligation to attend it and the college still enrolls huge population segments , the

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administrators may also argue and comment that it should be offering and providing something
of the value to all those who are making investment of their own money and time. They also can
argue that enrollment of high percentage of population is a good cause of society as the more the
individuals are given the exposures towards schooling; the more is likely that the intellectual
leaders may emerge from that segment. If the distribution of intellectual ability and intelligence
in the population is on a probability basis, the intelligent people may come forth even if more of
them are given high access to the schooling. Because of that, any of the restricted system of
education run in opposition to the social policy either the restriction is because of scholastic test,
race, sex and wealth. In order to answer the question regarding the values which is the American
Community College to those individuals who may not transfer or graduate to a degree of
baccalaureate which grant the institutions? By the deliberate intent and their nature, the America
based community college becomes the institutions having open access. They recruited vigorously
the students working off Campus, commuting students and part-timers. In order to get the
attraction of the students, they restricted many of the punitive system of grading, class attendance
requirements, academic probation and any other regulation which was architecture for more
traditional students. In summary, the purpose of collegiate enterprise requires the students to pass
through the degree of baccalaureate and then the American Community College is not successful
by the design. The place of community college in aggregate scheme of high level education
makes sure that minimum percentage of the matriculates, majority and minority will give the
universities as well as to get the Baccalaureate. It gives its acceptation for poorly prepared
students as well as encourages the commuter and part time status. The students assume the
institutions being as readily accessible to drop out and in with no penalty. They also know that it
is not required to complete the program after leaving the secondary school. As the arbiters of