Critical Use of Evidence to Inform Decision Making: Substance Abuse

This report addresses the clinical issue of substance abuse and addiction, particularly its impact on young adults in the UK. It highlights the scale of the problem, its effects on individuals' lives (including job opportunities, criminal activity, and mental/physical health), and the rationale for further research. The report explores various interventions, such as simple, classical, family system, and crisis interventions, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based practice in addressing this issue. The PICO framework is used to formulate a research question focusing on pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for young adults with mental health issues related to substance abuse. Finally, the report outlines eligibility criteria for research, including inclusion and exclusion criteria related to language, research methods, and participant demographics. Desklib provides access to this and other resources for students.

Substance abuse and addiction

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Clinical issue and rationale.....................................................................................................1
Research question...................................................................................................................1
Eligibility criteria....................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................2
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................3

INTRODUCTION
Drug abuse and addiction have high impact on the society. Thera are large number of
population who get affected within UK. There is high impact on the large population where it is
essential to provide better interaction with better delivery of effective care. There is different
impact which may include loss of job opportunity, increase in criminal cases and other that are
associated with create negative health impact. There is also high risk of getting mental and
physical illness. There is discussion about the different negative impact on young people which
may lead to create better impact on the young people in UK (East and et. al., 2018).
MAIN BODY
Clinical issue and rationale
Substance abuse refers to the illegal drugs which are effective and can lead to create high
impact on the individual. There is also need to ensure about taking care of effective response
which are associated with using of illegal drugs or any prescription drugs which are used for
other purpose rather than it has been prescribed for (Stevens, 2019). This may also include the
over use of drugs which can lead to impact on the individual health and can influence in better
and effective response that are associated with different problem like physical, social, emotional
or job related. There is some negative impact or drug or any substance where individual is not
even able to stop using those substances even after getting negative psychological or physical
harm.
There are large number of population who are facing medical issues like getting better and
effective response which are associated with misuse of drugs and its addiction. There are about
3.2 million people within UK who have misused drug that lead to create negative impact on large
population. There are about 313,971 people who have misuse the drug which lead to create high
impact on the large population (Guy and et. al., 2019).
There is high impact of drug abuse and substance abuse on the young people within UK.
This can lead to create high impact on delivery of better and effective response which are
associated with their quality of life. Drug misuse or addiction can lead to create high negative
impact on young people health that are associated with ensuring about taking care of better
response towards their quality of life. There are some of the impact which may include physical
and mental health, homelessness, unemployment, criminal activity. These are some of the
1

negative impact of misuse of drugs that lead to impact their quality of life. There are large
number of young people who get addicted to the substance use of misuse of drug which are
generally towards getting high (Story and et. al., 2019). This lead to impact their life towards
study and getting employment. This also lead to increase the risk of getting involved in criminal
activity. Due to higher use of drug, it may lead to create impact on the large population which
may also lead to create high impact on their life of young people within UK (Sobczak and
Goryński, 2020).
Drug misuse can lead to create high negative impact on the large population which are
associated with the clinical issues. There is need to ensure about taking care of all the
intervention that should be consider in effective way that can have better impact and allow to get
better and effective response that may help young people to get rid of drug abuse of addiction.
There are some of the intervention which may include simple intervention, classical intervention,
family system intervention, crisis intervention. These are some of the intervention that can be
highly effective and may have better response towards taking care of people health who may
have any addiction and drug misuse (Swann and et. al., 2020). Here, Simple intervention may
include get support from their loved ones and getting better care and love from either their family
member or their friend that are associated with ensuring better and effective care about positive
response towards the negative health impact of drug abuse or substance abuse. Classical
intervention can also lead to create the opportunity where healthcare professional provides better
response and educate patient and their family to avoid access use of drug and other matter. This
can be effective and can help in improving better and effective response that are associated with
improving in their health (Drug misuse prevention: targeted interventions, (2017)).
Family system intervention is another intervention which can help to provide support to
their family that can help in getting better learning about use of compulsion, struggle and co-
dependency. Through this, it can help in getting better and effective help in and allow to perform
better implementation in getting better guiding to family that can help in improving family
insight and support (Rømer Thomsen and et. al., 2018).
Crisis intervention include delivery of better intervention that may include need for rehab
that can help in to improve the drug abuse or addiction. This may include use of medication,
meditation, planning, care-focused, notes and proof. Clinical practice is addressing the clinical
2

issues through providing the intervention which can help to provide better health and avoid the
risk of misuse of drugs or substance use.
It is essential to answer the research question which can help to provide better various
information about the substance abuse within young people which are related with mental illness.
This can also help to provide different intervention which can allow to reduce the risk of
substance abuse along with its addiction.
Research question
PICO FRAMEWORK
P(Population): The number of young adults aged between 20 to 30 years generally
involve the mental health issues due to consuming substance misuse and addiction within UK.
I(Intervention): The interventions that are used can specifically focus over various
pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions which can effectively help to provide
the medications and the drug therapies as well as regimens in such a way which can help to give
reduce the complications linked the impact of substance abuse and addiction on mental well-
being across UK.
C(Comparison): There are other management also available which are mainly applicable
to overcome the consumption of substance abuse and addiction with help of Cognitive
behavioural therapy as well as the various other activities. In addition to this, there is a self-
management care plan for the young adults that can include a healthy lifestyle alterations and
multiple other pathways which can help the young adults to avoid the consumption of substance
misuse that can impact over mental well-being.
O(Outcome): The pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions along with
the self-management as well as the effective care therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy
to overcome the mental health issues among young adults caused by substance abuse and
addition as well.
Population/ patient
group
Interventions or issues Comparison Outcome
 Impact of
substance
abuse over
 The impact of
cognitive
behavioural
 Provide proper
education.
 Conduct the
 Enhanced
conditions or
the well-being
3

young adults.
 Impact of
addiction on
mental well-
being of the
young adults.
 Influence of
cognitive
behavioural
therapies to
treat the mental
well-being
issues among
young adults.
therapies to
overcome the
mental issues
among young
adults
generally
caused by
substance
misuse.
 Provide
behavioural
counselling to
reduce the
impact of
substance
abuse among
young adults.
 The medical
applications or
devices used to
treat the
withdrawal
symptoms or
can deliver the
skills training.
 Long-term
follow-ups to
overcome the
relapse.
 Pharmacothera
py must be
programs that
can aware
about
needle/syringe
exchange
harms.
to overcome
the misuse of
substance and
addiction that
can impact the
mental well-
being of the
young adults
 effectively
improved the
cognitive
development of
the young
adults having
mental well-
being issues.
4

given to young
adults to assist
in the treatment
of addiction.
The above explained framework is quite relevant to the search question as it can provide
a description about the target audience along with the impact of substances abuse and addiction.
The PICO framework can help to effectively distinguish that what possible interventions as well
as the therapies can be provided to a person to overcome their mental issues which are caused by
the misuse of substances and addiction as well. In addition to this, it is identified that the
cognitive behavioural therapy is generally more commonly used types as a care treatment for the
addiction which is often used during the substance rehabilitation. Furthermore, a general
behavioural healing or a therapeutic method generally been adopted into multiple ways of an
effective techniques. From the above PICO search table, it is get to know that the
pharmacotherapy can effectively be used to overcome the degree of the withdrawal symptoms, to
effectively carry off the desire as well as to overcome the possibilities of relapse by simply
blocking a drug or an addictive effects of a person's behaviour.
Eligibility criteria
While conducting the research, it is well determined that the topic is well related with the
substance abuse and addiction. The target group for the research process is selected as the young
people. In accordance to the research process which is generally show the aspect which require
some of the context which may require in order to provide the context that show the criteria
which is taken in order to make the functional factor that show the research process have some of
the protocol which is undertaken in order to make the devise plan which is showing the process
of research process. The eligibility criteria are used to undertaken with the research process
which follow the protocol and guideline which must be outline while review the primary
research for the concept of data collection and selection for the report. The eligibility criteria
usually consider the RCT, cohort and various study design which is undertaken in order to make
the process of research smooths and functional which show the configuration which is
appropriate for the design or research process (Beckerman, and Fontana, 2019).
5

Each study protocol usually how the guidelines are used to taken which cannot show the
participation in the study. Therefore, such guidelines which is mainly known as the eligibility
criteria which help to describe the characteristics which must have the shared fraction which may
show the factor that help to show the criteria which is differ from the study to study. The study is
usually consisting of age, gender and many more which may follow the brief context of study
which may allow the researcher to plan the survey or the study design accurately which is
contributed within the study.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria: The inclusion criteria are defined as the characteristics
properties which may show the prospective which is showing the subject which is well related
with the consideration in the study. There are various of criteria which is undertaken within the
report which is showing the right path for the process of research. In addition, there are some of
the aspect which is undertaken within the study and included in the research process is well
known as the inclusion process. In addition, the exclusion criteria which is showing those
characteristics which may show the impact where appropriate protocol are used to follow and the
process are used to evaluated where the study is neglect and ignored which defined as the
disqualify prospective subject form the inclusion of study (Damari, Azimi, and Shahrabi, 2019).
Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria
 The English language is required for
the research process.
 Primary method is chosen which is
helpful for the research process.
 Younger people is taken under the
study who addicted towards the drug
and substances use.
 In addition, the substance is taken
which is showing the aspect which is
related with the drug and abuse which
may provide and based on the study
design.
 The inclusion of the appropriate study
has been taken which is analysed as the
 Rather than the English language is not
included within the study.
 The secondary method is excluded
from the study.
 In this, the older people and children is
also excluded from the study of
research process.
 The addiction which is not related with
the drug is also not included in the
study.
 Cohort study design, literature review,
systematic review and other study
design is based on the secondary is
excluded from the study (Jackson,
6

descriptive and explorative which
provide the quality of research process.
Janssen, and Gabrielli, 2018).
The above table used to show the eligibility criteria which is based on the inclusion and
exclusion criteria. In addition, the criteria are helpful in order to provide the make plan which is
useful for the researcher to maintain the ethical and professional behaviour which is show the
aspect that is generally show the minimum factor and consideration which is related with the
research process. The inclusion may provide the aspect which show the considerate behaviour
which allow the researcher to make the plan that is beneficial for the collection and selection of
data and information (Maughan, and Becker, 2019). The exclusion is also showing the aspect
which is may provide the knowledge regards with the criteria that may show the aspect where the
research process shows the exclusion for the properties which is not outline within the study. The
inclusion and exclusion are usually prepared when the appropriate study design and research
method are used to chosen. In this research process, the primary research is used to taken which
may provide the study design which is based on the new research. The new research is used to
make the study design that provide the aspect which show the proper method and design that
allow the research to plan the study design that is show the aspect that show the proper design
and primary research. In this, they are showing the aspect which is provide the concept that is
devise make the new plan which is well implemented that show the context which provide the
rationale which may create the aspect that provide the context which support the primary
research (Seitz and et. al., 2019).
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that there are large number of population
who get affected through the drug addiction or drug overuse. There is high negative health
impact on the young people within UK. There are various consequences of drug addiction or
drug misuse which can lead to create high negative impact on the young people. There is need to
get ensure about taking care of better health. There is various intervention which can be effective
and help in getting better improvement.
7

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Beckerman, A. and Fontana, L., 2019. Issues of race and gender in court-ordered substance
abuse treatment. In Drug courts in operation: Current research (pp. 45-62). Routledge.
Damari, B., Azimi, A. and Shahrabi, N.S., 2019. Status of substance abuse literacy in
manufacturing and production sites in Iran: Results from a nationwide survey. Medical
journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 33, p.7.
East, K., Hitchman, S.C., Bakolis, I., Williams, S., Cheeseman, H., Arnott, D. and McNeill, A.,
2018. The association between smoking and electronic cigarette use in a cohort of young
people. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(5), pp.539-547.
Guy, A., Davies, J. and Rizq, R., 2019. Guidance for Psychological Therapists: Enabling
conversations with clients taking or withdrawing from prescribed psychiatric drugs (an all-
party Parliamentary Report for Prescribed Drug Dependence publication).
Jackson, K.M., Janssen, T. and Gabrielli, J., 2018. Media/marketing influences on adolescent and
young adult substance abuse. Current addiction reports, 5(2), pp.146-157.
Maughan, B.C. and Becker, E.A., 2019. Drug-related mortality after discharge from treatment: a
record-linkage study of substance abuse clients in Texas, 2006–2012. Drug and alcohol
dependence, 204, p.107473.
Rømer Thomsen, K., Callesen, M.B., Hesse, M., Kvamme, T.L., Pedersen, M.M., Pedersen,
M.U. and Voon, V., 2018. Impulsivity traits and addiction-related behaviors in
youth. Journal of behavioral addictions, 7(2), pp.317-330.
Seitz, N.N., Lochbühler, K., Atzendorf, J., Rauschert, C., Pfeiffer-Gerschel, T. and Kraus, L.,
2019. Trends in substance use and related disorders: Analysis of the epidemiological
survey of substance abuse 1995 to 2018. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 116(35-36),
p.585.
Sobczak, Ł. and Goryński, K., 2020. Pharmacological aspects of over-the-counter opioid drugs
misuse. Molecules, 25(17), p.3905.
Stevens, A., 2019. ‘Being human’and the ‘moral sidestep’in drug policy: Explaining government
inaction on opioid-related deaths in the UK. Addictive behaviors, 90, pp.444-450.
Story, A., Aldridge, R.W., Smith, C.M., Garber, E., Hall, J., Ferenando, G., Possas, L.,
Hemming, S., Wurie, F., Luchenski, S. and Abubakar, I., 2019. Smartphone-enabled video-
observed versus directly observed treatment for tuberculosis: a multicentre, analyst-
blinded, randomised, controlled superiority trial. The Lancet, 393(10177), pp.1216-1224.
Swann, O.V., Holden, K.A., Turtle, L., Pollock, L., Fairfield, C.J., Drake, T.M., Seth, S., Egan,
C., Hardwick, H.E., Halpin, S. and Girvan, M., 2020. Clinical characteristics of children
and young people admitted to hospital with covid-19 in United Kingdom: prospective
multicentre observational cohort study. bmj, 370.
Online
Drug misuse prevention: targeted interventions, (2017) [Online] Available through <
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng64>
8