University of Sunderland SSC312: Substance Use and Society MCQ

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UNIVERSITY OF SUNDERLAND
SSC312 SUBSTANCE USE AND SOCIETY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONNAIRE
Please choose one of the answers from the list given and mark with a
horizontal pencil line on your corresponding pink EDPAC sheet
1. The Crime Survey for England and Wales most recent statistics
on drug prevalence (2014/5) tells us that:
a) Drug consumption amongst young adults has decreased over the last
decade
b) Drug consumption amongst young adults has increased over the last
decade
c) The use of Ecstasy amongst young people increased in the last year
d) Deaths involving heroin have increased
e) Only (b) is untrue
2. A ‘problematic’ view of substance misuse is one which includes:
a) The view that all drugs are bad for you
b) A medical perspective of drugs
c) A social perspective of drug use
d) Terminology such as addiction; peer pressure; personality defects;
poor-upbringing
e) Answers (a) & (d)
3. A problematic view of drug use would be one which informs what
sort of policy intervention?
a) Prohibitionist & abstinence based
b) Harm reduction
c) Motivational interviewing
d) Free- will approaches
4. What is meant by the ‘clinical iceberg theory’?
a) That the number of problem substance users that we know about
from surveys and official statistics is only a small proportion of those
who really exist.
b) That usually people have far more symptoms than they actually
present with
c) It refers to the ageing of the U.S. population and how in the future
health services will be faced with a myriad of health related
problems
d) None of the above
5. A more liberal approach to drugs would be one which acknowledges:
a) Drugs can be used relatively safely
b) The drug normalization thesis
c) Harm reduction policies

d) All of the above
6. Risk factors implicated in experiencing problematic substance use
can be:
a) Substance misusing or substance dependent parents
b) Poor family structure/cohesion, including inconsistent parenting
and/or boundaries
c) A history of abuse (be it physical, sexual or emotional)
d) People from poor/deprived communities, labeled as being a social
problem
e) All of the above
7. Mind-altering substances have been used by human beings for
thousands of years. Drugs have been used to:
a) See visions or gain a higher insight
b) Dull the pain of ritual mutilation in initiation ceremonies
c) Help cope with thin air at high altitudes
d) Relax during celebrations
e) All of the above
8. Examples of depressant drugs include:
a) Crack cocaine, Alcohol, Nicotine & Caffeine
b) Opiates, Alcohol, Sedatives
c) Crack, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Caffeine, Nicotine
d) All of the above
9. Examples of stimulants include:
a) Methadone, benzodiazapines, anti-depressants
b) Crack, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Caffeine, Nicotine
c) Caffeine, Alcohol, Codeine, Heroin
d) All of the above
10. In a typology of substance use, Silbereisen et al. (1995) described:
a)Experimental; controlled; problematic; addicted usage
b) Everyday; occasional; weekly; regular usage
c) Experimental-recreational; regular-heavy; problem; dependent
usage
d) Recreational; heavy; problematic; addicted usage
e) None of the above
11. What do we know about drug prevalence?
a) Canada, USA, Switzerland & Greenland have higher Cannabis use
rates than England.
b) UK rates of Cannabis use are among the highest in Europe
c) Cocaine is the most used illicit drug in the UK, closely followed by
Cannabis
d) Both (a) and (b)

12. In terms of drug use by young people from the 1960s to the start of
the millennium, we have seen:
a) A gradual decline in prevalence of illicit drug use
b) A plateauing out of drug use in the 1980s
c) A steady climb of lifetime prevalence of self-reported drug use
d) None of the above
13. The Crime Survey for England & Wales (CSEW) shows that the illicit
drugs which were most prevalent used by adults aged 16-59 in
2011/12 (in order of prevalence) were:
a) Caffeine, Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, Amphetamines
b) Heroin, Cocaine, Crack Cocaine, Amphetamine, Cannabis
c) Cannabis, Cocaine, MDMA, Amylnitrate, Amphetamine, Ketamin
d) None of the above
14. Shane Blackman has written about the links between popular
music/youth sub-cultures & illicit substance use. Which of the
following is an incorrect depiction of this?
a) 1950s Beat movement, Heroin use & Cannabis use
b) 1960s Mods & Amphetamine/Speed
c) 1960s Hippies - LSD, & Cannabis use
d) 1980s Sink estates & heroin
e) 1990s Dance culture & Ecstasy/MDMA
15. In ‘Illegal Leisure’, Howard Parker et al (1995) described how drug
use has become normalized for many young people in current day
society. By this he meant that:
a) Non drug-trying adolescents would be the deviants
b) A re-shaping of class & gender roles in post-modern society, plus
globalisation& consumption have played a part
c) For many young people taking drugs has become the norm
d) All of the above
16. Shiner and Newburn (1997) were among the main critics of Parker’s
normalization thesis. In their article ‘Taking tea with Noel’, what were
their main criticisms?
a) That Noel Gallagher, in his interview with NME was always high on
illicit drugs
b) That Parker et al. made up their findings
c) That many young people still hold very anti-drugs views
d) That the location of Parker’s work and the framing of his questions
skewed his results
e) Both (c) & (d)
17. In ‘Crossing the Rubicon’, MacDonald & Marsh (2002) identified
which types of attitude towards drugs amongst young people?
a) Observing the straight law
b) Recreational (normalized) users
c) ‘Enter the dragon’: those whose drug using career turned to
dependent heroin use

d) All of the above
18. MacDonald & Marsh also coined the following phrase in relation to
Heroin:
a) A poverty drug
b) A hotspot drug
c) A chaotic repertoire leading to acquisitive crime
d) A junkie’s drug
19. Office for National Statistics (2013) data for England and Wales tells
us that the region displaying the highest amount of Binge drinking is:
a) The South West
b) The South East
c) The North East
d) London
e) Wales
20. Which model of addiction would propose that ‘Drugs can act as
positive reinforcement in that they cause pleasurable sensation’?
a) The disease model
b) The free will model
c) The psychological model
d) The moral model
e) The genetic model
21. Evidence-based psychosocial interventions include:
a) CBT, MI, relapse prevention therapy, community reinforcement
approaches, family therapy
b) Abstinence, detoxification, 12 steps programmes
c) Needle exchange, drug consumption rooms, harm reduction
d) Poster and media anti-drug campaigns
e) All of the above
22. The organization assigned to work with and treat drug users in
prison inthe UK is called
a) CARAT
b) KPI
c) NOM
d) MDT
23. What are the negative aspects of substitute prescribing for opiate
users?
(a) It is very difficult to come off methadone as it is highly addictive
(b) There is a risk of overdose
(c) It is not a treatment for addiction
(d) It is expensive
(e) All of the above

24. Which of the following is an example of a NPS (new psychoactive
substance)?
a) Mephadrone
b) MDMA
c) Subutex
d) Bupronorphine
e) None of these
25. In what context is the ‘Economic necessity model’ (McSweeny et al,
2007) used?
a) In a description of heroin as a poverty drug
b) In explaining the drugs-crime nexus
c) The need for policy makers to save money when implementing
national drugs strategies
d) The distribution of vouchers given to recovering problematic
substance users as a system of reward
26. According to Professor David Nutt’s dangerous drug list (2009)
which drugs are most harmful (as listed in order of most dangerous
first-outlined below):
a) Alcohol, Street methadone, Cocaine, Heroin
b) Tobacco, Alcohol, Heroin, Cocaine
c) Heroin, Cocaine, Barbiturates, Street methadone
d) Ecstasy, Alcohol, Heroin, LSD
27. Prochaska &DiClemente devised a model for recovery from
substance dependence called the ‘Cycle of Change’. What is the
correct order of this cycle?
a) Action, Pre-contemplation, preparation, Contemplation, Relapse,
Maintenance
b) Relapse, Contemplation, preparation, pre-contemplation, maintenance,
action
c) (Pre)contemplation, preparation, action maintenance, relapse
d) Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance,
(Exit?), relapse
28. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a structured psychosocial
intervention which:
a) Is suitable for service users in the action stage of the cycle of change
b) Looks at changing maladaptive thought processes &behaviours with a
focus on the here & now
c) Stands for Cerebro-bipolar treatment when treating service users with
a dual diagnosis
d) Is utilized for assessment, resistive behaviours& to solidify engagement
e) Both (a) & (b)

29. Motivational interviewing (MI) employs a 5 principle technique which
involves (in the correct order):
a) Self-efficacy, empathy, discrepancy, argumentation, resistance
b) Discrepancy, resistance, empathy, argumentation, self-efficacy
c) Motivational enhancement therapy, international treatment
effectiveness project, cognitive behavioral therapy, behaviouralcouples
therapy & solution focused therapy
d) Express empathy, develop discrepancy, avoid argumentation, roll
with resistance & support self-efficacy
30. Which of the following services are now available in the UK prison
service?
a) Detoxification
b) Treatment programmes
c) Drug-free units – also known as voluntary testing units (VTUs)
d) Counselling & referral & treatment services (CARATS)
e) All of the above