ENGIN5201 Surface Water Hydrology Assignment: Problems 1 & 2

This assignment solution for ENGIN5201 Surface Water Hydrology addresses two key problems. The first problem defines system science and explains why hydrology at the catchment scale is considered an open system. The second problem delves into the Indian Ocean Dipole, frontal systems, and sub-tropical ridges, describing their characteristics and influence on the weather patterns in Victoria. The solution incorporates research from the Bureau of Meteorology and other sources, providing a comprehensive understanding of these climate systems and their impact on the region. The document includes proper citations and references to support the analysis.

Running head: SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY
SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY
Problem 1
Systems science is a multi-disciplinary subject which helps to provide some
knowledge regarding the nature of the systems (Xu et al. 2020). According to system
scientist, world is nothing but system of systems. This subject helps to develop some inter-
disciplinary foundations which are applicable to many areas such as biology, psychology,
medicine, computer science, business management and many others. It helps to cover
traditional science subjects such as cybernatics, complex systems, information theory,
linguistics and many others (Zheng and Ding 2020). It has lots of applications in the area of
social as well as natural sciences such as control theory, operation research, systems biology,
systems dynamics and many others.
In case of hydrology at catchment scale is considered as the open system because in
this case, the system can create or destroy the water on a large scale (Zhao et al. 2020). It can
also perform some external interaction.
Problem 2
Indian Ocean Dipole is an irregular modification of the surface temperature of a sea.
For that reason, western part of the Indian Ocean is little bit warmer (positive phase), then
colder (negative phase) than the east zone of the ocean. It provides an aperiodic oscillation in
the temperatures of sea, among positive, neutral as well as negative phases (Masunaga et al.
2020). The responsibility of the positive phase is to observe larger than average sea
temperature and larger than precipitation in western region of the Indian Ocean. The IOD has
a huge impact on the monsoon in India. A positive IOD happened at 1997-98 and another
happened at 2006.

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SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY
Frontal Systems occurs because of the clash between opposing warm and cold air
masses (Zheng and Ding 2020). The boundary which is responsible for making the air masses
from cold to warm or vice-versa of air mass transitions is called either cold front or warm
front. There are three types of Frontal Systems such as front- warm, cold and occluded.
Within the more continental region of the globe, the passage of frontal system can carry out
sudden modifications.
A Sub-tropical ridge is a huge belt containing high pressure at 30ºN in Northern
Hemisphere and 30ºS in Southern Hemisphere (Zhao et al. 2020). It can be segregated by
clam winds. Air flows are moving outside the centre towards the upper and lower altitudes of
every hemisphere. It has the ability to generate trade winds and westerlies.
Indian Ocean Dipole affects the rainfall and temperature of the Victoria, Warmar than
the average sea surface temperature can give a huge amount of moisture for the frontal
systems and less while crossing Victoria (Xu et al. 2020). Positive IOD causes less rainfall in
various parts of Victoria. Negative IOD causes more rainfall in various parts of Australia.
In Victoria, there is a general east to west movement of the high pressure systems
(Masunaga et al. 2020). These high pressure systems are scattered with the low pressure
systems which causes a huge amount of showers at Victoria.
Sub-tropical Ridge is responsible for making the weather dry in the Victoria.

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SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY
References
Masunaga, R., Nakamura, H., Taguchi, B. and Miyasaka, T., 2020. Processes Shaping the
Frontal-Scale Time-Mean Surface Wind Convergence Patterns around the Kuroshio
Extension in Winter. Journal of Climate, 33(1), pp.3-25.
Xu, H., Goldsmith, Y., Lan, J., Tan, L., Wang, X., Zhou, X., Cheng, J., Lang, Y. and Liu, C.,
2020. Juxtaposition of Western Pacific Subtropical High on Asian Summer Monsoon Shapes
Subtropical East Asian Precipitation. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(3),
p.e2019GL084705.
Zhao, S., Stuecker, M.F., Jin, F.F., Feng, J., Ren, H.L., Zhang, W. and Li, J., 2020. Improved
Predictability of the Indian Ocean Dipole Using a Stochastic Dynamical Model Compared to
the North American Multimodel Ensemble Forecast. Weather and Forecasting, 35(2),
pp.379-399.
Zheng, G.H. and Ding, M.H., 2020. Identification of the degradation coefficient for an
anomalous diffusion process in hydrology. Inverse Problems, 36(3), p.035006.