ENG2002 Assignment 2: Sustainability Risk Assessment and Reflection

This assignment, ENG2002 Assignment 2, comprises three parts: a Sustainability Risk Assessment (SRA) report, a socio-economic essay, and an e-portfolio of reflections. The SRA report focuses on the environmental, social, and economic impacts of the Amazon rainforest fires, discussing issues like deforestation, carbon emissions, climate change, air quality, and the potential loss of biodiversity and indigenous communities. The essay examines the socio-economic factors contributing to the low cost of petrol lawnmowers in Australia, considering aspects like manufacturing productivity, sales taxes, and market competition. The e-portfolio reflects on the course content and the student's learning experience, incorporating screenshots of forum contributions. The assignment references various sources, including scientific articles and reports on sustainability and environmental impact assessment.

PART I – Sustainability Risk Assessment (SRA) report 1
Introduction 1
Environmental aspects 2
Social Aspects 4
Economic Aspect 5
Conclusion 9
PART II Socio-Economic Essay 10
PART III- E-PORTFOLIO of Reflections 12
References 14
PART I – Sustainability Risk Assessment (SRA) report
The Burning of the Amazon – SRA Report
Introduction
The burning of the Amazon Rainforest in raising worries for researchers around the globe. The
fires in the rainforest are not a normal event, they are turning into a considerably more typical

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occasion; an 85% expansion from the earlier year. The fire in Brazil's Amazon rainforest has been
consuming at the most elevated rate. There have been around 72,843 fires in Brazil in 2019 itself,
with the greater part in the Amazon rainforest. This shows an 80% expansion in fires during a
similar period in 2018. There's a focus on these fires with the cases that 20% of the world's
oxygen begins in the Amazon Rainforest. In the previous three decades, land use in the Brazilian
Amazon has been described by the serious abuse of common resources which has brought about a
mosaic of human-changed natural surroundings without adequately improving personal
satisfaction and pay dispersion for the neighbourhood populace. On the off chance that the fires
proceed, it is evaluated that 38 species will go terminated in the region and the rainforest will
transform into a Savannah which would mean lost numerous extraordinary creatures in the zone,
as per the Science article. (Line Carpentier, Vosti and Witcover, 2000) Ensuring the Amazon, similar to
any woodland, is just as fruitful as the endeavours of every one of the individuals who contact the
backwoods in any capacity.
Environmental aspects
These fires are no mishap. They are a consequence of the strategies that have debilitated
ecological security in the area. Brazil's environmental protection agency by 95%, empowered the
free from the land for agribusiness, neglected to stem the unlawful logging trade, and has required
the destruction of the close to 1 million Indigenous individuals living inside the forests. The major
ecological impacts are:
Generation of Carbon Dioxide
Fires discharge pollutants, including particulate issue and poisonous gases, for example, nitrogen
oxides, carbon monoxide, and non-methane natural mixes with the air. Along these lines, in an

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unreasonable chain of occasions, the fires are both producing a lot of carbon dioxide, while
simultaneously wrecking a great number of trees that would be taking in the carbon dioxide and
securing nature. The extra carbon dioxide will trap heat inside. Our air because of the nascent
repercussions could transform the environmental course that results in the subliming of huge ice
sheets and various other cataclysmic repercussions of environmental change. It's moreover been
evaluated that the Amazon creates a portion of its precipitation. Less downpour indicates dryer
plants, which are progressively infirm and cause considerably more fires.
Local heating
Deforestation impacts the local Amazonian climate. In the areas of forest that haven't been
influenced by human unsettling influence. These undisturbed timberlands have lost under 5% of
their overhang spread, affirming their relative strength. The backwoods that had lost their
unblemished arrangement in view of human unsettling influence, for example, logging and fire.
The climatic changes, especially in temperature and precipitation, over these huge swathes of
backwoods somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2013. While local-level precipitation was
unaffected, the flawless timberlands move more water to the climate through a procedure known
as evapotranspiration than regions that have been deforested. Evapotranspiration can be thought
of as the timberland perspiring – as water dissipates from the leaves and the ground it cools
nature. (Pacheco, 2015)
Accelerated climate breakdown
Higher temperatures improve the probability and power of dry spell during the dry season, as they
increment plant interest for dampness when water is rare. Expanding temperatures and dry season

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are as of now moving the plant creation of the Amazon, and numerous trees will die as conditions
rupture the cutoff points at which they can endure. Dry seasons additionally seriously lessen
populaces of fish, waterfowl and dolphins, and make life progressively hard for local individuals
who rely upon little-scale farming for endurance.
Climate change represents the biggest natural risk at any point known to man; it is a worldwide
emergency that requests global activity. In this manner, consider engaging with or supporting
climate activism. Two gatherings driving this development are the Sunrise Movement and the
People's Climate Movement, two of which are pushing for the section of the Green New Deal, an
arrangement bundle that plans to all the while changing the U.S. economy and battle climate
change. (Castello and Macedo, 2015)
Social Aspects
The spontaneous effects of the fires for individuals living in the zone. Around 34 million
individuals live in the Amazon, the World Wildlife Fund gauges, including around 385 gatherings
of indigenous individuals. Those impacts are extensive also:
Air quality
If the woodland keeps on consuming, it will discharge a tremendous measure of carbon dioxide
contamination into the air. Evening time levels of particulate issue, sufficiently little to hold up in
the lungs, have been found at amazingly significant levels close to the rainforest. There's
additionally smoke. The smoke ventures far. There is such a lot of smoke, it stops all the air
traffic. As the smoke gathered, the Brazilian city of Sao Paulo, with almost 12 million inhabitants
(Fearnside, 2016)
Weather Patterns

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Rainforests add water to the air when plants discharge water from their leaves during
photosynthesis. At the point when woods consume, there is less dampness discharged into the
environment, which can mean less precipitation. There could be effects to the precipitation
designs as far away as the U.S.
Prescription
Quinine was the principal successful medication to treat intestinal sickness and originated from
cinchona trees. Numerous anticancer medications originate from rainforest plants. Mixes from
rainforest plants are utilized in medications to treat hypertension, glaucoma, tuberculosis, and
other medical issues. (Kuplich, 2018)
Psychological wellness
Everything on Earth is biting the dust, the Amazon forest is consuming, everybody is sad. The
uneasiness driven by climate crises is a genuine medical problem. People are quite frustrated and
afraid. This is torturing their mental and physical wellbeing.
There is a pressing need to discover harmony between monetary advancement and protection.
People can join together and find harmony. A decrease in meat utilization can support nature and
balance in society. Conserving nature by stop littering and using eco-friendly items can also help
nature.
Economic Aspect
Past the human and biological effect, there are tremendous ramifications for business as well. Few
of them are listed below:

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Trade deals in question
The European Union is as of now arranging a trade manage a few Latin American organizations,
for example, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, negative reports from the Amazon could
make these arrangements slow down. (Kintisch, 2015)
Supply Risk
Numerous organizations' stockpile contacts for Brazilian articles and materials. Brazil stands
second on the planet for meat and soy and generation. This in turns brings deficiencies and
increased costs. Trade of sourcing techniques ought to be regarded to decrease hazard.
Pharmaceutical stock
It is evaluated that 31% of the pharmaceutical medications sold in the U.S. are coming from 39
Amazon plants. These are all in danger.
NPV
Net Present Value of a woodland essentially gauges the present worth. As of now, the NPV of a
hectare of forestland costs around between $5.8 and $9.2 mn. The significant donor of NPV of a
forest comprises of Timber. Yet, this sum shows something beyond the value of timber. Expanded

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deforestation and logging of the Amazon Rainforest have corrupted their value
(Lapola et al., 2020)

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The time has come to follow up on an individual, political and proficient level. The gift to
beneficent causes, for example, The Rainforest Action Network, Amazon Watch, Rainforest Trust
or the Rainforest Alliance. This will centre basic resources for indigenous networks and other
local accomplices attempting to ensure the life-continuing biodiversity of the Amazon against the
flood of fires right now consuming over the area.
The governments should propel themselves. At the ongoing summit in France, the G-7 countries
resolved to give in any event 20 million euros ($22 million) in crisis subsidizing to help with
endeavours to forestall fires in the Amazon. Many organizations as of now have maintainability

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activities and objectives. There are as of now more than 700 organizations who produce
Rainforest Alliance Certified items, who are perceived for ecological, social and financial
supportability. In any case, to be manageable we have to structure items that consider the
universes contracting supply of normal resources, and developing populace. Guarantee that the
materials and bundling we use is morally sourced and ecologically neighbourly. Also, drive
around the economy that limits squander, reuses by items and lessens the carbon impression
across assembling and coordinations forms. (Gullison and Hardner, 2018)
Conclusion
Around 60% of the Amazon can be found inside Brazil's borders, which influences the country in
an enormous way over the district. As anyone might expect, the fires have international attention,
the predicament of the Amazon and have increased pressure on Bolsonaro's ecological strategies.
Utilizing planes to put out wildfires in the Amazon is not a run of the mill strategy for firefighting
in tropical woodlands, and is probably going to get costly. The huge scale fires in regions cleared
by deforestation are best contained with wide firebreaks made with bulldozers — difficult in
remote districts. If the fires enter the woods itself, they require various strategies. They can
typically be contained by clearing thin fire breaks in the leaf litter and fine fuel, But this is serious
work over enormous scales, and fires would reach too far too soon and get too huge. Fires that
have been purposefully set, as per the findings in Brazil, can be significantly increased and hard to
control contrasted with unexpected wildland fire. They're intended to be intentionally dangerous.
(Limb, 2014) The best fire battling strategy in the Amazon is to forestall them in any case — by
controlling deforestation and overseeing rural exercises.

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PART II Socio-Economic Essay
In Australia, why is it possible for me to buy a new petrol lawnmower, for less
than $160 ?
Lawnmowers are progressively fit into small blocks and pieces of grass. With the method for
Suburban house sizes are expanding and keeping in mind that the land size diminishing, cutters
might be reasonable for little patios. However, those on conventional squares may battle with a
lawnmower. Since there are regular downtown yard and a little simple plot, it is in every case
simple to advocate a cordless lawn mower as the first and most advantageous port of call. Moving
into the house and having your very own cut of land is a piece of Australian dream yet there is a
grass to be lawned to be moved also. Aside from the Barry over the street who cuts in thongs and
short football shorts each Sunday, relatively few individuals appreciate yard cutting and need to
spend at any rate conceivable on their trimmer. Customers spend at any rate $515 all things
considered, it is little miracle that a significant number of them need to spend less. Also, the truth
of the matter is that you can, with some controlled grass trimmers costing under $300 worth the
cash. Fundamental reasons supporting this marvel:
● High profitability in assembling
● Low sales taxes on certain hardware
● Incredible challenge
There could be different clarifications for the lawnmowers being accessible at such a low cost.
Anyway, the principal reasons would be profitability in assembling, sales tax and rivalry.
Australia underpins productivity. With that impact, the makers are beneficial. Subsequently, the
expense of the yield is low, prompting low costs. Australia has an approach of charging either no

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or low sales tax on certain equipment. The administration accepts such strategies will empower
efficiency and development in specific parts, for example, farming and development.
Subsequently keeps the cost of lawnmowers low. Australian firms in all business sectors are
extremely focused. A grasscutter purchaser has the choice to look over numerous brands. Rivalry
keeps costs low. A few models are drifting around the Australian Retail space not exactly the $
300 - to set a benchmark for what comprises modest. Modest cutters may be perfect for the
advanced rural lawns and have restricted highlights
All the oil cutters sold in Australia have four-stroke motors which make the costs low contrasted
with different nations, Types of Australian grass, less amazing engines and all things considered
will, in general, be somewhat less expensive than others.
Trimmers profit by faster activity having no emanations. They have the sheer capacity to simply
take care of business and they frequently highlight all the more dominant engines, with driving
torque figures and cutting widths.
PART III- E-PORTFOLIO of Reflections
There are various things that I have analyzed concerning myself this quarter. I have found that I
don't overthink my papers while I am writing them, and quit endeavouring to make them
incredible, writing ends up being significantly more straightforward for me. This process not

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simply shows everyone how I have progressed as a writer, but also clears the answers concerning
myself as a writer. It contains my best works, yet moreover my mistakes, and through the work, I
am prepared to see the setbacks that I routinely make while writing. For instance, over-
summarizing things and writing about something before I grasp it myself. Anyway, there are
similar things that I comprehended capacities honourably for me in my writing. Not in any
manner like what I thought toward the beginning of the quarter. In this ENG2002 Module 7, I
have taken in various things about myself as a writer and have finally found a technique for
writing that works best for me.
As a student of mechanical engineering, we have to fathom and be convinced through our future
masterwork. All through our vocations, we should try to ensure that this relationship is significant
and productive. Precisely that point will gain respect for ourselves and our work will be regarded
and respected. For experts to meet their commitments towards the society they ought to have the
alternative to recognize how authoritative issues, culture, money related viewpoints and the law
impact their work and how their work impacts on different sections of the system and the physical
condition. We ought to deal with the issue of long stretch sustainability. The course is to outfit us
with the opportunity to make aptitudes that would help us with progressing and shield our work
inside society.The course of engineering sustainability and society, engineering critical thinking
and investigation and materials innovation included the utilization of inventive and imaginative
reasoning and methods to take care of issues and find novel materials that can be utilized in
existing applications in a maintainable way.
Finding epic materials and innovation and their utilization in existing applications with
diminished expense and improved effectiveness is fundamental for mechanical engineering with

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the presentation of complex issues that have never been experienced previously. Investigating the
potential advantages of rising advances was a major goal of the materials innovation, engineering
research methodology and innovation, sustainability and society courses educated all through
various modules of the program. The essential of engineering research methodology was to set us
up to build up a comprehension of, and a portion of the aptitudes that may help us in our
undergrad research venture. The courses helped in understanding the guidelines of research and
set up a one of a kind endeavour in my major area of interest. I had the alternative to propose and
legitimize an appropriate research plan for a particular research issue, to pick and apply legitimate
philosophy, to condemn how a lot of closures are maintained by data and evaluate investigate
recommendation, and to apply the methodology for composing clear and all around conveyed
specific papers and reports.
References
Line Carpentier, C., Vosti, S. and Witcover, J. (2000). Intensified production systems on western
Brazilian Amazon settlement farms: could they save the forest?. Agriculture, Ecosystems &
Environment, 82(1-3), pp.73-88.
Fearnside, P. (2016). Effects of Land Use and Forest Management on the Carbon Cycle in the
Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 12(1-2), pp.79-97.
Pacheco, P. (2015). Agrarian Reform in the Brazilian Amazon: Its Implications for Land
Distribution and Deforestation. World Development, 37(8), pp.1337-1347.

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Limb, M. (2014). Leaders must act now to prevent irreversible effects of climate change, say
scientists. BMJ, 349(nov04 9), pp.g6654-g6654.
Kuplich, T. (2018). Classifying regenerating forest stages in Amazônia using remotely sensed
images and a neural network. Forest Ecology and Management, 234(1-3), pp.1-9.
Castello, L. and Macedo, M. (2015). Large-scale degradation of Amazonian freshwater
ecosystems. Global Change Biology, 22(3), pp.990-1007.
Gullison, R. and Hardner, J. (2018). Progress and challenges in consolidating the management of
Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories. Conservation Biology, 32(5), pp.1020-
1030.
Kintisch, E. (2015). Amazon rainforest ability to soak up carbon dioxide is falling. Science.
Lapola, D., Pinho, P., Quesada, C., Strassburg, B., Rammig, A., Kruijt, B., Brown, F., Ometto, J.,
Premebida, A., Marengo, J., Vergara, W. and Nobre, C. (2020). Limiting the high impacts of
Amazon forest dieback with no-regrets science and policy action.