Investigating Green Construction Technology and Environmental Planning

This report delves into the impacts of green construction technology and environmental planning on sustainable urban development, investigating both the advantages and the obstacles hindering its adoption. The study emphasizes the use of environmentally friendly innovations in building construction, aiming to conserve energy and reduce carbon emissions from the construction industry. The research identifies key challenges, including a lack of awareness, management issues, inadequate technology, and high costs associated with green technologies. Data was collected through questionnaires administered to stakeholders. The findings highlight a growing awareness among government and private sector stakeholders regarding green energy utilization, although the implementation of green building technologies remains low. The cost of green technology is identified as the primary barrier, while construction and contract management have a lesser impact. The report recommends strategies to subsidize costs, thereby promoting the adoption of green technology for sustainable construction and development. The report also covers literature review on benefits, green building construction and the environment, challenges, and factors promoting the adoption of green technology. Methodology, results and analysis, discussion and conclusion are also included in the report.

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INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF GREEN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
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Abstract
This paper investigated the impacts of green construction technology and environmental
planning for sustainable urban development. Also, the challenges that are hindering the
embracing of green construction are investigated. The green building technology take in the use
of environmental friendly innovations on the construction of building with an aim of saving on
energy and mitigating carbon emissions resulting from construction industry. The challenges
hindering the green technology adoption include the lack of awareness, management, and
inadequate technology in addition to high costs of the green technology.
The study involved the use of questionnaires to obtain information from various stakeholders
regarding the identified challenges. The study shows that currently the government and the
private company stakeholders are conscious about the use of green energy in environmental
conservations. However, the utilization of the green building technologies is very low. Also, the
cost of the green technology is the main challenge in the adoption of the green technology while
management of construction and contracts has little impact. It is suggested that various remedies
should be undertaken to subsidize the cost in order to enhance the adoption of green technology
for sustainable construction and developments.

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Table of contents
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................2
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................5
Background Information..........................................................................................................................5
Problem statement..................................................................................................................................7
Research Objectives.................................................................................................................................7
Main Objective........................................................................................................................................7
Specific Objectives.......................................................................................................................................8
Research questions..................................................................................................................................8
Importance of the Study..........................................................................................................................8
Literature Review.....................................................................................................................................9
Benefits of using green technology..........................................................................................................9
Green Building Construction and the Environment.................................................................................9
Green Buildings and Energy...................................................................................................................10
Challenges Hindering Adoption of Green Technology in the Construction Industry..............................11
Economics (Costs and Time)..................................................................................................................11
Technology (Lack of Technical Skills).....................................................................................................12
Lack of Awareness.................................................................................................................................12
Construction and Contract Management..............................................................................................13
Utilization of Green Technology to Promote Sustainable Development................................................14
Good Health and Wellbeing...................................................................................................................14
Affordable and Clean Energy.................................................................................................................14
Decent Works and Economic Growth and life cycle analysis.............................................................15
Green concrete vs standard concrete....................................................................................................16
Clay material..........................................................................................................................................17
Grass crete material...............................................................................................................................18
Wood, timber-Crete material................................................................................................................18
The Sustainable Cities............................................................................................................................19
The Climate Action.................................................................................................................................19
Factors Promoting the Adoption of Green Technology.........................................................................20

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The Availability of Knowledge on Green Technology.............................................................................20
Green Building Technology Implementation Capability.........................................................................21
The Management Support for the Green Technology...........................................................................22
The Availability of Interest on the Green Technology............................................................................23
The Government Policies and Incentives...............................................................................................23
The suitable types of green technology.................................................................................................24
Methodology.........................................................................................................................................27
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................27
Data Collection......................................................................................................................................27
The Current State of Green Technology................................................................................................27
Challenges Hindering the Green Energy Adoption.................................................................................27
Results and Analysis and Discussion......................................................................................................28
The Current State...................................................................................................................................30
Challenges of the Green Technology Adoption......................................................................................30
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................34
References List.......................................................................................................................................35

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Introduction
Background Information
Urban areas face a series of issues and difficulties because of their great expansions resulting
from massive population growths, which expands weight on the available infrastructure and
consequently the exhaustion of the natural resources (Weber and Sciubba 2019). Accordingly,
the sustainability idea came up to address these difficulties and guide urban advancement, to
guarantee the resource sustainability and minimize environmental issues (Siedentop & Fina
2014).
Utilizing present day technologies can decrease a considerable amount of problems facing the
urban areas and guide the path of transformation of these urban areas into sustainability (Rice
and Hancock 2016). These technologies help urban communities to accomplish a suitable way of
life and simultaneously keep a green environment and resources. Innovations are used to make
various forms of production increasingly proficient, discovering answers for different dangers
that may influence the capacity of urban areas to contend, for example, the utilization of land and
urban transportation systems (Aliyu and Amadu 2017, Chen 2014). Also, the management of
wastes, the air quality, social legacy of urban areas, urban transportation systems (Wu, Zhao and
Ma 2019), reasonable vitality, agricultural activities, current building materials and designs and
feasible water utilization are among the features increasing urban competitiveness (Hu 2015).
These strategies are known as green technologies which are the structures to help make urban
areas reasonable and give occupants a decent personal satisfaction (Fu, Xiao and Wu 2017). For
instance in bigger and valued urban areas, the technological advances into urban development
plan strategies has improved a significant number of the serious issues. Previously, technology
has not been as significant as it is currently relied on in the urban planning for the achievement
of sustainability.
Right now, there are more difficult challenges facing urban areas and technology is needed not
only for the solution of technical challenges revolving around water, energy and construction
materials but also in the development of urban infrastructure such as transportation and
communication systems and housing in line with the green technology and sustainable

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developments (Broere 2016).
Green technologies are inventions that are very friendly to the natural environment that
frequently include the efficient energy for production, reusing and use of inexhaustible resources.
(Jonas and Littig 2015). It is known that green technologies lessen waste and contaminants, asset
utilization and increment the productivity of administrations in the city or urban areas. There are
different techniques of green innovation that can be fused into the spatial planning procedure to
help find better approaches to accomplish sustainable developments by diminishing the negative
effects of different monetary and human activities on the ecosystem and environment as a whole.
For instance, advancing green cars can upgrade access to administrations and help diminish
contamination levels and wellbeing disparities of the city's populace; the utilization of treated
wastewater in open water and green nurseries help to lessen by and large water utilization. Urban
communities should take a gander at round advancement models that reuse water and waste and
produce vitality in them, with the goal that sewage can be utilized, for instance, to develop fish,
plants or reused strong waste to make methane. These activities help to minimize the harmful
ecological effects improve the city's scene and improve personal satisfaction.
Structures, vitality, and transport are the biggest wellsprings of CO2 emanation and through plan
procedures and advancements to improve building development, urban vehicle proficiency, and
innovation to produce vitality, water the board and waste administration, the measure of outflows
can be diminished. Contingent upon the green advancements, this will diminish the pace of
vitality and normal assets utilization. There are four eco-advancements that might be used by city
organizers and different callings the urban arranging and structure:
Environmental Technologies envelop an expansive scope of innovations identified with vitality,
water, and waste, while Information Technologies that incorporate a wide scope of PC based
equipment and programming and ecological detecting advancements for social affair of natural
information. Geographic Information systems accommodate the capacity, change, control, the
board, perception, refreshing, questioning, and detailing in related databases of geo-referenced
information in an unthinkable configuration, and joins the Urban Information System that
encourages land use investigations, the planning of advancement and ecological plans, and so on.
At last, Communication Technologies are utilized for the exchange of ecological information,
data, learning, and choices in wired or remote situations.

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These green innovations are one of the most significant and powerful devices for accomplishing
practical improvement in urban communities by adding to the greening of monetary,
administration and urban segments and safeguarding common assets since they empower
organizers to pick the best pathways to limit the negative impacts of advancement and amplify
the advantages.
Problem statement
The world is confronting numerous natural and monetary issues coming about because of fast
urbanization and over-abuse of accessible assets just as because of the sensational increment of
the populace and relating increments in the quantity of urban areas. Mechanical and modern
improvement assumes a major job in these issue. The development business produces the best
natural effects among the various enterprises. Green structure plans and principles are created to
improve building activity vitality and typified vitality efficiencies, and limit vitality and
squanders (Kwok et al., 2011). Green structure practices can assume a key job in accomplishing
maintainability in the development business (Chatterjee, 2009).
Research Objectives
Main Objective
The main objective of this research is to investigate the impact of green construction technology
and environmental planning for sustainable urban development

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Specific Objectives
Research questions
1. What are the real benefits of using green technology?
2. What are the factors or challenges hindering adoption of green technology in the
construction industry?
3. Does utilization of green technology promote sustainable development in the construction
industry?
4. How can adoption of green technology in the construction industry be promoted or
improved?
5. What are the most suitable types of green technology?
Importance of the Study
This study researches the environmental sustainability of structures and how its evaluation can
be improved by utilizing the various building green technologies. By looking at some current
structural environmental appraisal plans and the development of the green building technologies
in the individual areas, it is believed that better comprehension of their interrelationship can be
gotten and viable procedure to incorporate them can be created for environmental sustainability.

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Literature Review
Benefits of using green technology
The benefits of green energy can broadly be looked at in terms of cost savings, environmental
benefits and other benefits that arise from the adoption of the green energy in various parts of the
world. The costs savings advantages are associated greatly with the energy savings in building
constructions while the environmental benefits arise from the use of techniques that help in the
reduction of CO2 emissions (Soni 2015).
Construction of buildings by use of various green technologies such as the use of green
techniques in ventilations, the installation of solar thermal water heating systems in new
buildings and the use efficient building insulation methods significantly saves energy costs in the
operation of the buildings. The techniques that are employed in the green ventilations include the
design for open spaces and natural airflows in the buildings. This eliminates the need for the
traditional electric powered ventilation systems thus mitigating the energy costs initially realized.
The installation and use of the solar thermal water heating systems greatly cuts the energy costs
(electricity) consumption in residential buildings. Though the initial installation costs are high,
the operation costs are very small thus and benefits are realized within short periods because of
zero costs in water heating services.
The use of green technology in the construction of buildings employs a number of techniques
that are very friendly to the environment therefore reducing the negative impacts of such
developments to the environment. Building materials are made from recycled products including
wastes while the temperature in the buildings are controlled using green roofs thus reducing the
carbon emissions from the overall structure into the natural environment.
Green Building Construction and the Environment
The continuation of the earth can only be guaranteed through sustainable development which
eventually results into healthy living conditions of the earth’s organisms. Currently, the entire
world is faced with serious climatic changes which has resulted into shortage of natural resources
and energy (Hsieh et al., 2011).According to Al-Kaabi et al. (2009), many nations have adopted
the use of green technology especially in the construction of buildings with the aim of preserving
the natural resources and sustaining the environment in the urban areas. Sustaining the
environment is all about the reducing the extent of environment degradation resulting from

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current development activities so as to pass a cleaner environment to the next generations in the
face of the earth (Kamana & Escultura, 2011).
Studies reveal that the construction industry is responsible for a big percentage of greenhouse
gases that are emitted into the atmosphere The industry has realized a ponderable expansion over
the recent past years and is expected to continue to rise over the coming years therefore the need
for control of emissions both from the construction process and the general operations of
buildings (Wu and Low,2010).The various environmental indicators are normally used in the
assessment of the environment impacts from construction activities and consequently used in the
making of relevant decisions.
The assessment of such environmental indicators requires the incorporation of a number of
disciples and stakeholders including engineers, architects and the environmentalist with the
development of tools for evaluation of the effective of the technology in the building designs.
The methods and sustainability parameters of assessments are also expected to provide
frameworks for the design of buildings that minimize the environmental impacts resulting from
construction activities. It is important to note that the environmental and climatic changes have
serious impacts on the performance of buildings and the occupants of such buildings including
high temperatures and low work performance respectively.
A number of regulations are put in place by nations or regions to regulate the construction
industry especially in building so as to align to the used of green technology for environmental
sustainability. In Europe, there are regulations making it mandatory for use of green technology
for new buildings including the Net-Zero-Energy-Buildings regulations 2018-2020. Generally,
the reduction of carbon emissions from buildings and the general construction industry by the
adoption of the green technology is a great benefit to the environment.
Green Buildings and Energy
Generally, the green technologies in buildings are aimed at reducing the consumption of energy
in the operation of the buildings. Studies show that the lot of energy is consumed by the
traditional buildings in their day-today operations. The remedy for eradication of these issues
will be the use of green building technologies .One of the noteworthy element in the idea of
green building technology is utilizing renewable or sustainable power source. Solar and wind
based energy are irregular energy sources, so these sources must be joined with different storage

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gadgets. While batteries or potentially super capacitors are a perfect decision for transient energy
stockpiling, regenerative hydrogen-oxygen power devices are a promising contender for long
haul storage of energy. A green structure energy framework should comprise of sustainable
power source, the storage systems and proper managements, where the assortment of sources and
gadgets for storage can be overseen appropriately (Jiang and Rahimi-Eichi, 2009).
The Kyoto convention invited the developed nations to diminish the ozone harming substance
discharges by at least 5% to handle environmental and climate changes. A portion of the
proportions of the governments to accomplish this objective are to encourage the green
technology in new building developments in fulfilling low energy criteria. This will result into
efficient energy use in buildings, the development of concepts for sustainability and renewable
energy sources promotion. Also, various countries are providing incentives to the citizens that
are adopting the green technologies in the construction of buildings. Such incentives include the
tax discounts by the governments to the citizens.
Challenges Hindering Adoption of Green Technology in the Construction Industry
The environmental problems most important issues in the construction industry and must be
clearly addressed for sustainable construction and developments in urban areas. The faster
economic growths rapid urban developments are major contributors of the problems that are
currently experienced in the construction industry and energy conservations in buildings (Zhang
et al. 2014).Also, the higher population densities in conjunction with the unavailable reusable
sources are among the factors causing the challenges towards the adoption of green construction
technology (Liu, et al, 2012).In general ,the various challenges that are hindering the full
adoption of green construction are categorized into four including the economic ,management
awareness and technology.
Economics (Costs and Time)
The cost efficiency forms the main factor of concern during the decision making process for the
implementation of a green construction technology (Meryman et al., 2014) .The projected extra
costs on the utilization of a green construction strategy also hinders their adoption (Ofori, et al,
2013).The control of costs of equipment still remains the biggest challenge in many countries
like China in the development of green construction technologies. There is a significant increase

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in the initial cost of equipment necessary for the green technologies such as the energy and water
saving devices (Liu, et al, 2012).
Time is a very important factor in the construction projects which heavily relies on the project
schedules to avoid delays which could otherwise lead to extra costs of the project. The delays
heavily affects the reputation of the companies and contractors involved in the construction
projects therefore things that may cause such delays like solar installations are highly avoided.
This means that the integration of the green construction elements in buildings as well as their
structural integrity must be examined in details to avoid unnecessary delays in construction
projects (Hwang, et al, 2013).
Technology (Lack of Technical Skills)
Sometimes the general design of a structure such as the architectural appearance of a building are
affected by the incorporated green construction technique. This may not affect the general
function of the building but the aesthetic appearance are of great concern to the clients or owners
of the construction project. The regulations that have been set on general aesthetics of a building
pose a lot of challenges to the engineers during the adoption of the green construction technology
which results into the degradation of the general aesthetic tic appearance of the building. This
means that there is need for the establishment of appropriate technology that can ensure the
incorporation of the green construction techniques into building without affecting the
appearances especially in the urban areas.
It is important to note that for successful accomplishment of the green construction, modern
equipment, materials and technology must be put in place. The performance uncertainty of the
equipment and technology and sometimes the materials significantly affects the adoption and the
efficiency of the green construction technology (Shi et al. 2013).A number of number of
countries like Australia are still in the process of establishing the appropriate green technology
and the necessary specifications for full adoption in the implementation of green construction
techniques in the construction industry. Also, a lot of technological misunderstandings and gaps
still exist in green construction industry, this makes the inadequate green technologies to be a
main barrier in green construction for sustainable developments in urban areas.
Lack of Awareness

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The knowledge on the green construction technology is limited among the public, engineers and
the policy makers. This is also reflected on the available knowledge on the environmental issues
including conservations and pollutions. This means that the environmental awareness must be
enhanced in terms of the need for the green technology as the solution to environmental
problems. Civil engineers has a big role to play in the creation of awareness on the need, costs
and benefits of green technologies to the public, the owners and the policy makers (Bilec et al.,
2017). Also, disagreements is a barrier that has been identified among the construction industry
professionals in the initiation of changes in construction methods and codes with regard to the
accommodation of green construction technologies (Meryman , et al. 2014).
Construction and Contract Management
Meryman, et al, (2014), the adoption of the green construction technologies is greatly influenced
by the support levels coming from the construction senior managements. The top management is
known to make decisions which then flows down to the junior employees, there if there is no
environmental conservation interest among the management, then there will be no conservation
efforts in the company or industry. The managers or contractors must liars with the suppliers in
order to obtain information on the green construction materials for various environmental
regulations during the early construction stages (Shen, et al, 2010).Also, a lot of uncertainties
are likely to be witnessed due to the conflict of interest among the construction stakeholders with
the high costs of green construction materials (Shi, et al, 2013).Generally, there are a number
of challenges that are faced by project managers during the green construction technology
implementation including construction technical difficulties, higher construction and material
costs and the risks arising from different forms of contracts for the same project delivery. Also,
the adoption of current green technologies and the use of recycled materials involves very long
time for planning and approval due to unfamiliarity problems, longer implementation periods
and high interaction and communication among the members of the project team also forms the
managers’ green technology problems (Hwang, et al, 2013).
According to Zhang, et al, (2011), green construction materials are always 3-4% more
expensive than the conventional materials making the cost of projects to be about 25% higher.
This poses serious challenges to the managers in terms of budget control which may result to
complete failure of the project especially when there are also other technical difficulties in the

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implementation.
Utilization of Green Technology to Promote Sustainable Development
The impacts of the green technology in construction industry on the sustainable development can
be looked at by looking at the various goals of sustainable developments. The goals of the
sustainable development are the indicators of the success of the green technology. The
sustainable development has a number of goals including the use of affordable and clean energy,
economic growth through decent working conditions aversion of the rapid climatic changes and
promotion of the development of sustainable urban centers and cities (Walz 2017).
Good Health and Wellbeing
This is the main goal of sustainable development which are greatly achieved through green
technology in construction. The design of building affect the overall health of the occupants of
the building spaces given that there is need for quality indoor air circulation (Almeida 2012).
Certain illnesses like lung and respiratory diseases result from the poor quality of the indoor air
and environment as a whole which may eventually result into death (World Health
Organization).
The use of green construction technology in the building industry results into construction of
buildings with green features like the better natural lighting and good air quality. This results into
improved health and the performance of the occupants through the elimination diseases resulting
from poor ventilations. Also, the green building enables the use green materials which are
basically recycled materials results into the reduction of carbon emissions and consequently the
air pollutions (Huang and Chen 2015). Reduced air pollutions means good health and the
wellbeing of the world population. Air pollutions is major characteristic of the urban areas and
major cities, posing serious challenges to the dwellers. Reducing such pollution levels in the
cities can significantly improve living standards and reduce the mortality rates among the
dwellers.
Affordable and Clean Energy
The green technology provides the cheapest forms of energy through the solar thermal and power
energies. Also, efficient energy saving strategies are realized from the green buildings including
commercial office buildings and private homes. The use of solar thermal water heating systems
is a very cheap way of heating water for domestic use in urban areas. The solar power is

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generated and used for powering homes and sometimes stored for future use .Also, the renewable
energy sources like the solar used in green buildings, are much cheaper than fossil fuels such as
the coal and oils. In Australia it is estimated that the solar energy accounts for about 22% of the
total power production in the country. In addition, the solar energy will completely replace the
coal energy by 2025 (IEA 2019).
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates for that installed home solar
systems in the African, electricity can be generated at only $56 per year per household. This is
much cheaper when compared to the energy generated from fossils such as diesel and kerosene
(IRENA 2019). The energy generated through the renewable sources are very due to the limited
carbon emissions. Studies show that carbon emissions from the manufacture of green equipment
is very low compared to the fossil fuels. Finally, the storage methods of the generated energy
provides a guaranteed security of the energy.
Decent Works and Economic Growth and life cycle analysis
As the interest for green buildings develops universally, so does the workforce required to
convey them, and this is another objective that green structure can fundamentally add to. For
instance, the Canada’s green structure industry rose to about 300,000 all-time employments in
2014. In addition, the life-cycle of a green buildings (see figure 1) from origination to
development, activity impacts a wide assortment of individuals, giving considerably more
chances to comprehensive employment (Darko et al. 2018).
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is a "cradle to-grave" approach for surveying modern frameworks.
"Support to-grave" starts with the social affair of crude materials from the earth to make the item
and finishes exactly when all materials are come back to the earth. The objective of life cycle
analysis (LCA) is to: Measure or generally portray every one of the information sources and
yields over an item's life expectancy and Indicate the potential natural effects of these material
streams. Evaluation of the life cycle (LCA) is an exhibition-based way of studying the impact on
quality of building material decisions. When considered throughout the lifetime of a building–
from the selection of raw materials through assembly, transportation, installation, usage, repair
and transition or reuse–wood performs above all cement and steel in terms of traditional vitality,
Consider elective methodologies that improve those effects. When making purchasing decisions,
it is important to take into account the entire life cycle of goods, systems, and the entire building.

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Only through LCA will measure and contrast the broader environmental picture across their life
cycle and find alternatives that support both people and society. The Green Building Councils,
for example, South Africa have created approaches to incorporate increasingly complex financial
issues, for example, joblessness or absence of aptitudes into green structure rating frameworks
making further motivating forces for organizations to think about these criteria in their
advancements.
Fig
Figure 1: life cycle analysis in green construction.
Green concrete vs standard concrete
The environmental assessment of concrete made from recycled aggregates through the LCA
approach is a strategic issue and a major challenge because of limited natural resources. Concrete
recycling operations have three main advantages, i.e. reducing the demand for new resources;
reducing the cost of energy production; and recycling waste that would otherwise be land filled.

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Creating "regular" concrete, with an essentially decreased natural weight over various
classifications of impacts, is a significant advance towards a feasible development industry.
Modern side-effects including fly debris and silica smoke or impact heater slag can be utilized to
supplant (enormous) bits of typical Portland bond, the customary solid cover segment. Care
ought to be taken to appropriately survey their ecological effect when assessing the nature of fly
debris (and silica smoke) and impact heater slag concrete. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is
ideally used to accomplish this goal. Accordingly, it is important to characterize a successful
utilitarian unit.
The distinction in quality and administration existence with the reference cement ought to be
considered in this reference unit. The necessary solid volume per unit of solidarity and
administration life or a steel-fortified solid piece with a predefined mechanical burden and
lifetime could be a helpful utilitarian unit.The portion of effects related with fly debris, silica
smoke, and impact heater slag ought to likewise be taken into consideration(Zhong, Wille, and
Viegas, 2018). Breaks down utilizing the issue arranged CML-IA sway strategy show that the
utilization of modern side-effects can be considerably less naturally well disposed if their effect
is distributed by monetary worth (fly debris: 1%; silica rage: 4.8%; impact heater slag:
2.3%).The favorable circumstances of cement with elevated levels of bond substitution may even
now be critical regarding carbon footprinting, however this may never again be the situation for
(eco)toxicity, fermentation, and eutrophication. In any case, much relies upon the nearby supply
of the side-effects and the subsequent financial advantage.Clay material
Clay bricks have been commonly used in building houses for thousands of years, as 36 is an
inexpensive product that uses low-cost raw materials (clay, sand and water) and a simple 37
manufacturing, firing process. After their introduction in the 1980s, however, and due to
construction of 38 systems based on concrete block exterior enclosures, the demand for clay-
based bricks has started to decline to 39. Nevertheless, due to the constraint of 40 insulating
items, the manufacturers encountered technical obstacles, in addition to which their weight
restricted their use to low height buildings(Zhong, Wille, & Viegas, 2018).
The most significant environmental impacts of brick production and use are contribution to
global climate change, use of non-renewable resources and emissions of respiratory disease-
causing substances All three of these impacts stem from the use of fossil fuels, mainly coal,
either directly in the kilns during the manufacturing process or indirectly as energy during the

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brick's usage stage.
Grass crete material
Grasscrete, the green alternative for parking lots, driveways and access roads for cars and fire
trucks to traditional concrete surfaces. For businesses and developers, the advantage for
Grasscrete is that it channels at about a similar rate as a standard yard on a similar site. Solid
nearness has little effect on seepage; soil and slant are the control factors that likewise make it
helpful for disintegration control. To organizations and manufacturers, the advantage to
Grasscrete is that it channels at about a similar level as a typical garden on a similar site. Solid
nearness has little effect on seepage; soil and incline are the control factors that likewise make it
helpful for disintegration control(Verbeeck and Hens, 2010).
The thought is basic, Grasscrete's surface territory is 47% concrete and 53% openings (to be
loaded up with grass). Grasscrete is a lasting strengthened solid structure for a wide range of
regions, regardless of whether foot or wheel, that require traffic. For territories not expose to
ordinary vehicle traffic, grass can normally develop and cover a great part of the
pavement.Grasscrete is made by pouring cement over "Formers," a shape that leaves vacuum in
the solid. There are two kinds of Grasscrete Formers. A reusable plastic instrument that must be
utilized for totally grassed or disguised establishments or the more typical single-utilize Molded
Pulp Former utilized for a wide range of Grasscrete(Martin and Perry, 2019).
The Molded Pulp comprises of 100% reused paper from both post-mechanical and post-
purchaser waste sources. The mash is put away in a shape framed water slurry and vacuum. To
shape a strong item, the form is then air-dried. This material depends on the equivalent
biodegradable substance that is ordinarily found in nurseries produced using plant pots.
Wood, timber-Crete material
Timber's life cycle research tracks the piece of wood from processing, manufacturing,
construction and life of the material to recycling and disposal. Life cycle analyses of common
alternative building materials (such as concrete and aluminum) showed that during
manufacturing many other materials require greater energy inputs.Generally, this energy comes
from non-renewable fossil fuels. In comparison, wood products are generally manufactured
requiring much less fuel(Hamidi & Bulbul, 2014).

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Timbercrete is a unique combination of cellulose, cement, sand and binders to improve block
strength and prevent excessive water penetration. Although still an evolving technology –
Timbercrete is sufficiently beneficial to be likely to play a role in ongoing sustainable
development. Made from superfluous sawmill waste from plantation timbers combined with sand
and binders such as Portland cement and a non-toxic deflocculating additive, it is cured by sun
and wind and has a lower energy embodied than conventional fired bricks.
The Sustainable Cities
It is estimated that nearly sixty percent of the world’s total populace will live in urban regions by
2030, thus guaranteeing they are economical is of vital significance (McGrane 2016). Green
buildings are the establishments of urban communities, and green structures are accordingly key
to their long haul sustainability. Regardless of whether it's homes, workplaces, schools, shops or
green spaces the constructed condition adds to the make-up of networks, which need to be
sustainable to guarantee a high caliber of life for all (McGrane 2016).
Indeed, in numerous nations, Green Building Councils have moved past the affirmation of single
green buildings and have created instruments that encourage the development of green
neighborhoods and areas. Countries like the Philippines GBC, have helped urban communities
like Mandaue to create and actualize strategies that advance economical building uses crosswise
over whole urban areas or communities. The utilization of agricultural wastes in the manufacture
of green construction materials has also eased the pressure on the management of wastes in
urban areas. Currently agricultural wastes such as wheat husks are compressed into the ply-
boards for building finishing.
The Climate Action
Buildings in different cities are responsible for more than thirty percent of global greenhouse gas
discharges, making them a major contributor to environmental change. In any case, green
buildings may be able to fight it by a similar method by providing one of the most financially
savvy solutions to do as such by effective green technology initiatives.

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The large amounts of the saved carbon emissions is averting a considerable climatic changes
across the world. This means that the use of green technology is intensified, then the rapid
climatic changes currently facing the world can be reversed.
Factors Promoting the Adoption of Green Technology
There are many key factors that can be considered in the adoption, promotion and successful
implementation of the green building technologies. The factors can be looked at in different
categories including the availability of management support, the interest, knowledge, the costs of
the technologies and capability of green technologies.
The Availability of Knowledge on Green Technology
The abundant knowledge structure is a basic factor for the fruitful reception of the green building
technologies. Countless new innovation identified with green technologies rises every time and
experts are expected to give more consideration to the new innovation of green technology. In
the interim, they ought to also extend the learning and idea of green technology in designs. The
technology of green design incorporates the choice of green structure materials, the assessment
of the environmental execution and the plan of costs and techniques (Ahn et al. 2014). Planners
need to include the information and purpose of structure in the use of green building technology
appropriately. The designers’ errands are significant to the various periods of the project’s life
cycle and the necessities of partners or stockholder (Ding 2015). Other than gathering the
fundamental engineer’s requirements, the plan unit likewise needs to think about different
elements, for example, the capacity to finish the task. Because of the vulnerability of the decision
and usage of green building technology, it will definitely influence the designer’s will to
incorporate the green building technology. In this manner, a great knowledge structure and rich
previous involvement in green building technologies use can ensure the discerning and powerful

Green Construction Technology 21
use of such technologies.
The designers are required to have a wide dimension of knowledge so as to enable the smooth
adoption and promotion of the green building technologies. Such dimension of knowledge
include the aesthetic standards, the social environment, the knowledge of engineering design and
cultural concepts which are meant for the appropriate selection of good green building
technology (Yin 2018). The knowledge structure additionally expects the experts to have the
essential learning of building designing wellbeing. The acknowledgment of green structure is
certifiably not a solitary kind of work or a specific connection.
The planners need to not simply have the green ideas and innovations when dealing with
configuration, however ought to likewise get a handle on green building and technology for
other expert sorts of work, for example, Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC).
The amount of knowledge possessed by the designer ensures that there is effective adoption and
implementation of the green technologies. The knowledge also helps in the elimination of some
unfavorable factors like the high costs that are likely to hinder the implementation of the adopted
green building technology projects. Finally, with the best knowledge structure, the green
technologies can be easily researched on, adopted and successfully implemented.
Green Building Technology Implementation Capability
The effective cooperation among the construction project in needed for successful adoption and
implementation of the green building technologies (Kumaraswamy et al. 2014).The adoption of
the green technologies may fail due to lack of interest among the project tem involving the green
building technologies. It is therefore important that the project team display a vast experience in
the documentation, collaboration and the application of the green technology (Williams and Dair
2012, Hwang 2013, Hwang and Tan 2012).
The process of construction are always different depending on the sector involved. The buildings
may also be different in terms of costs and time which are also based on the size and complexity
of the project involved therefore the construction and implementation process with the green
technology may be very unstable (Berardi 2013).
The relationship between the various stakeholders such as the client, contractors and suppliers is
always the construction projects are always short lived (Qian, Chan and Khalid 2015).The
suppliers and contractors always show very little interest in the completed project since they do

Green Construction Technology 22
not benefit from it directly as the client. This can greatly influence the adoption and
implementation of the green technologies which are always installed at the end of the building
like the solar heating systems. The designers may also avoid the incorporation of the green
technologies given that other stakeholders have no interest. According to the studies by (Darko
and Chan 2018), there is lack of information on the design and installation of most green
technology equipment for buildings. The designers must therefore collaborate with the key
stakeholders like the engineers when working on the green building technologies for successful
adoption of the specific green technology (Berardi 2013, Svenfelt 2013).
It therefore means that the capabilities of the professionals to install the various green building
technology equipment is very important in the adoption and implementation of the green
technology. There has been a rising demand for the green technology in the buildings across
different countries of the world .To meet the demand and efficient installations, training is
necessary for the acquisition of skilled workers for the job (Darko 2017). The capable
professionals combined with designers who have vast knowledge on green building techniques in
a construction company eliminates all the difficulties and enable the adoption and smooth
implementation of building with green technologies (Darko et al. 2017, Ozorhon & Cinar 2015).
Generally, the experts like the engineers must have the capabilities needed for the installation of
the green technologies in buildings.
The Management Support for the Green Technology
As earlier stated, the successful adoption and implementation requires good coordination of
resources and corporation among the construction stakeholders. Also, uncertainties resulting
from high costs and the integrity of the technologies makes the designers very reluctant to adopt
them. This means that the adoption of the technology can only be dictated by the goals of the
construction company and its management structure which must support the need for adoption of
the technology for its implementation (Rodriguez-Nikl 2015).This means that the support to the
green building designers by organization management is very important. The organization’s
management has the sole mandate of making decisions on whether to adopt or improve an
already existing technology (Darko & Chan 2017). It is worth noting that the support from the
management may be in form the provision of resources for the development of the technology or
the motivation support to the designers (Zhao, Hwang & Lee 2016).
The management of various organizations can provide support by providing training to the

Green Construction Technology 23
respective designers on the new green technologies or on advancement of existing one in the
construction industry. Such trainings require a lot of financial resources therefore the
management must be fully committed. Generally, the support from the organization’s
management is important in expanding the knowledge of the designers on the available green
technologies and consequently facilitate the adoption and improvement of the green technology.
The Availability of Interest on the Green Technology
The adoption and implementation of a green technology greatly depends on the interest by the
engineers and other stakeholders like the architects or designers. The interest and willingness by
the stakeholders of the is therefore important in the adoption and implementation of a technology
( Fox 2016).The interest on the technology may depend on various factors such as the level of
environmental benefits and the initial and installation costs. The interest from the stakeholders
also depends on the available information on the technology. The information may include the
unique features of the technology like installation procedures, costs and the environmental
benefits. In most cases, engineers does not consider the green equipment as part of the building
elements during constructions therefore very little interest on the technologies. The necessary
information should be provided to engineers by the manufacturers of the green equipment. Also,
standards need to be developed for the incorporation of the green technologies into early stages
of the building designs to improve the integrity of the equipment and eliminate existing
uncertainties. When the uncertainties surrounding the adoption of the green technologies are
eliminated, the interest from various stakeholders like the architects and engineers is improved
facilitating the adoption and improvement of the technology (Ahn 2013, Darko 2017).
The Government Policies and Incentives
A number of studies demonstrates that the initial cost of installation of green building
technologies is one of the significant problems that hinder its adoption, and it has been a vital
and critical factor influencing the utilization of green technologies both in developed and
developing nations. The green technologies costs higher than conventional building technologies
(Kibert 2016, Gou 2013). Numerous professionals agree that the utilization of GBTS can expand
venture costs by about ten to twenty percent (Chan 2018).
For instance, as a green substitute for ordinary pressed wood, compacted wheat-boards cost
around ten times higher than the amount of the normal ones ( Hwang 2013). The significant
expense of adopting the green technology can enormously block their reception. Also, there are

Green Construction Technology 24
numerous dangers and vulnerabilities in their adoption for example, inserting alteration, optional
advancement of procedure configuration, expanding task difficulty, etc. This causes the
architects to delay to embrace green technologies (Woerter et al. 2017).
Nonetheless, there are a lot of chances for green innovation reception, going from government
motivators, financed costs, and profitable government strategies. Governments, for example, the
Government of Australia furnish various sun based proprietors with limits and impressive money
related motivating forces. Also, various governments give different motivating forces, for
example, charge credits, contingent upon the size and type of heavenly bodies worked by
inhabitants. As indicated by Crago and Chernyakhovskiy (2017), these motivators have viably
expanded the interest for green structure advancements, for example, the usage of sun powered
warming and cooling frameworks by different governments in working over the world. This has
eventually prompted broad ecological decrease of CO2 emanations. Consequently great
government strategies on the green innovation and the utilization inexhaustible wellsprings of
vitality essentially advances the selection of a specific green structure innovation in development
for sustainable improvements.
The suitable types of green technology
The suitability of a green technology depends on various feature such as its effective in the
conservation of environment and provision of cheap and efficient energy to various users. The
general characteristics of the green technology is that they are low carbon technologies (Chel and
Kaushik 2018). This implies that the technologies are aimed at significantly reducing the levels
of carbon emissions into the atmosphere majorly from the construction industry which currently
stands as the largest CO2 emitter .According to the international journal of low-carbon
technology and the construction industry, the most suitable green construction technologies for
sustainable urban areas include:
 Natural ventilation and HVAC system
 Solar heating and cooling for the building environment
 Low and zero energy houses and buildings
 Moisture control in buildings
 Advanced energy storage technologies
 Integration of renewable energy systems in buildings
 Distributed energy systems and buildings

Green Construction Technology 25
The natural ventilations and HVAC utilized both the natural and the HVAC systems in
ventilating building. The natural ventilation can be defined green building strategy that is aimed
at improving energy efficiency of a building and the indoor thermal environment and quality of
air (Chen 2018).There has been numerous improvements into the these ventilation systems for
maximum energy savings at optimum ventilations for example the application of the integrated
control systems through Model Guide For Comparison (MGFC) (Homod, Sahari & Almurib
2014).
Working on a BIST framework depends in a group of measured framework gatherers who
initially ingest radiation before transforming it into heat vitality. Studies show that there is
expanding interest for this green innovation particularly in China and is indispensable for the
supportable improvements in urban zones and significant urban areas (Hashe 2017).
The Low and zero energy buildings is a green construction technology that provides for houses
with very low energy consumptions of up to two thirds lower than the conventional houses or
buildings ( Lepkova 2014). Some of the technology applied is the use of green roofs that uses
naturally vegetation to cover the roof surface to lowers the interior temperature of the building
during hot periods. The major advantages of this technology is the development of buildings
with lower costs of operations ,lower environmental impacts and improved energy security when
used in the urban community (Rajkovich 2014).
The use of advanced energy storage technologies greatly reduces the use of fossil fuels which are
responsible for a lot of carbon emissions. This green technology involves the development of
energy storage techniques such as the use of lithium-ion battery (Ziong 2017), in the storage of
energy majorly generated through solar power. The stored power is later used in the lighting and
powering of the green buildings. The tesla’s wall power battery is a typical example of the

Green Construction Technology 26
advanced storage technology in buildings that is currently in use (Sharma 2018).
Methodology
Introduction
This study employs both primary and secondary research methods where first hand data is
obtained from various stakeholders and the secondary data from the already done research

Green Construction Technology 27
studies. In addition, both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the study in
order to present the data .The obtained data is analyzed and presented in charts and graphs.
Data Collection
A survey was carried out among the various stakeholders in the construction industry in the
Queensland State of Australia with the focus on the challenges hindering the adoption of the
green technology in the state. A number of questions were formulated for use in questionnaires
in order to obtain the basic idea on the challenges that hinders adoption of green construction
technology. A total of 150 questionnaires were produced and distributed across the state with
focus in at least five construction companies with various stakeholders including the clients. The
questionnaire was dived into two sections with the first section focusing on the current state of
the use of the green technology in the construction industry while the second section looking at
the barriers in the adoption of the green technologies.
The Current State of Green Technology
To obtain data on the current state of the green technology in Queensland, a total of five
questions were formulated for the respondents and rated in a in a scale of 1 (very poor) – 5
(excellent).The questions include:
1. What are the current levels of the environmental consideration levels in the Australia’s
construction industry?
2. What are the level of Government environmental protection?
3. What are the levels of Government promotion to the adoption of green technology?
4. What are the level of stakeholders’ knowledge on environment and energy saving?
5. What are the current levels of green construction technology in the construction projects?
Challenges Hindering the Green Energy Adoption
To obtain data on the challenges hindering the green energy adoption in Queensland’s
construction industry, a total of four questions were formulated for the respondents and rated in a
in a scale of 1 (very poor) – 5 (excellent).The questions include:
1. At what level does the costs affect the use of green technology in construction?
2. At what level does the management of construction projects and contracts affect the use
of green technology in construction?
3. At what level does the lack awareness of green technology affect its adoption?

Green Construction Technology 28
4. At what level does the availability of technology and technical skills affect the adoption
of green technology?
Results and Analysis and Discussion
A total of 147 were filled and returned by the respondents during this survey to this survey.
Majority of the respondents were contractors (46.4%), followed by developers (16.8%),
engineering consultants (15.2%), government engineers (16.7%) and architectures (4.9%).
Looking at the experience of the respondents, 60.2% respondents stated that they had over 10
years of experience in the construction industry and another 39.8% had industrial experiences of
5 to 10 years.
N0. Questionnaire Questions SUMMARY RATING
1 out
of 5
(very
low)
2 out of
5 (Low)
3 out of
5 (good)
4 out of
5 (Very
good)
5 out of
5
(Exellen
t)
SECTION 1 : Current State
Q1 What are the current levels of the
environmental consideration levels
in the Australia’s construction
industry?
2 54 76 12 3
Q2 What are the level of Government
environmental protection?
0 60 72 13 2

Green Construction Technology 29
Q3 What are the levels of Government
promotion to the adoption of green
technology?
0 47 67 19 14
Q4 What are the level of stakeholders’
knowledge on environment and
energy saving?
1 14 47 79 6
Q5 What are the current levels of green
construction technology in the
construction projects?
22 87 21 12 5
TOTAL 25 262 283 135 30
SECTION 2 : Challenges
Q6 At what level does the costs affect
the use of green technology in
construction?
12 10 14 41 70
Q7 At what level does the management
of construction projects and
contracts affect the use of green
technology in construction?
10 60 45 17 15
Q8 At what level does the lack
awareness of green technology
affect its adoption?
4 21 16 45 61

Green Construction Technology 30
Q9 At what level does the availability
of technology and technical skills
affect the adoption of green
technology?
20 40 19 46 22
TOTAL 46 86 94 192 170
Table 1: Table of Results
The Current State
From the data it can be seen that majority of the people think that the level of environmental
considerations stands at the moderate level 76/147 x 100 =51.7% .Over 50% of the respondents
thinks that the environmental conservations good. Above 50% of the people think that the
government’s effort in the environmental protection and promotion of green technology are good
Also, the knowledge of the stakeholders on the existence of the various green construction
technology are good with 79/147 x 100 = 53.7% of the respondents considering it to be very
high. However, the levels of use of green technology still remains very low. About 87/147 x 100
= 59.1 % of the respondents think that the levels of utilization of the green technology in the
region is low with only 21/147 x 100 = 14.3% saying that the levels are moderate.
Challenges of the Green Technology Adoption
The cost as a challenge towards the adoption of the green technology,
Very low levels = 12/147 x 100 = 8.2%
Low level =10/147 x 100 =6.8%
Good levels=14/147 x100 = 9.5%
High levels = 41 x100 =27.9%
Very high levels = 70/147 x 100=47.6%

Green Construction Technology 31
8.2
6.8
9.5
27.9
47.6
Cost Challenges
Very Low Low Good High Very High
Figure 2: Cost Challenges Chart
The management of construction projects and contracts
Very low levels = 10/147 x 100 = 6.8%
Low level =60/147 x 100 = 40.8%
Good levels=45/147 x100 = 30.6%
High levels = 17/147 x100 = 11.6%Very High levels =15/147 x 100 = 10.2%
6.8
40.8
30.6
11.6
10.2
Management Challenges
Very Low Low Good High Very High
Figure 3 : Management Challenges Chart
The lack of awareness on the green construction technology

Green Construction Technology 32
Very low levels = 4/147 x 100 = 2.7%
Low level =21/147 x 100 = 16.3%
Good levels=16/147 x 100 = 10.9%
High levels = 45/147 x 100 = 30.6%
Very High levels =61/147 x 100 = 41.5%
2.7
16.3
10.9
30.6
41.5
Lack of Awareness
Very Low Low Good High Very High
Figure 4: Lack of Awareness Chart
Looking at the availability of technology
Very low levels = 20/147 x 100 = 13.6%
Low level =40/147 x 100= 27.2%
Good levels=19/147 x 100=12.9%
High levels = 46/147 x 100 =31.3%
Very High levels =22/147 x 100 = 15%

Green Construction Technology 33
13.6
27.2
12.9
31.3
15
Availability of technology
Ver Low Low Good High Very High
Figure 5: The Available Technology Chart
From the analysis it can be seen that the conservation efforts by the government are good .Also,
the construction companies are good in the environmental conservations except that the
utilization of the green building technology is very low. The challenges in terms of costs are very
high at 47.6%., challenges resulting from management of both projects and contracts are low at
40.8%, the lack of awareness of green technology adoption are very high standing at 41.5% and
the technological challenges are also high at 31.3%.The high costs of the green technology
implementation and lack of awareness explains why the levels of the utilization of the green
building technology is low.
Conclusion
In conclusion it is important to note that the engineers and architects are the major players in the
green construction technology but all the stakeholders including the government agencies must
be brought on board for successful adoption of the green building technologies. The green
technology in the construction comes with a lot of benefits including the mitigation of carbon
emissions and a considerable saving of energy. Generally, the cost of operation of buildings in
urban areas is significantly reduced by the adoption of green technology while the overall living
standards of the city dwellers is increased.
Based on the research and the analysis of the results, it can be noted that the consciousness in

Green Construction Technology 34
terms of environmental conservation is good from the government and the private sector. Also,
challenges hindering the adoption of green technology remains quite high. The cost of the
implementation of the green technology remains the biggest challenge. The unavailable technical
skills and lack of awareness are also quite big problems that need to be solved. However, the
management problems in various construction companies in the adoption of green technology is
very low. It therefore means that the government must find ways of reducing the cost of green
technology for it easier adoption in the construction industry.
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