Engineering Annotated Bibliography: Renewable Energy Sources

This annotated bibliography delves into the realm of sustainable engineering, specifically focusing on various methods of renewable energy generation. It provides a comprehensive analysis of existing research, examining diverse approaches such as solar, wind, geothermal, and other non-conventional sources. The paper assesses the role of renewable energy in environmental protection, CO2 mitigation, and the development of hybrid renewable energy systems. It further explores the application of these technologies in off-grid electricity generation and city-integrated renewable energy systems for urban sustainability. The bibliography includes studies on energy storage, life cycle assessments, and the environmental Kuznets Curve, offering a multifaceted perspective on the advancements and challenges within the field of sustainable energy.

Running Head: ENGINEERING
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Annotated Bibliography
Sustainable Engineering
(Student Details: )
12/12/2019

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‘Different ways to generate renewable energy in sustainable engineering’
Introduction
This paper is focused on writing an annotated bibliography while conducting a literature
search over a topic within the scope of engineering. While producing an annotated
bibliography, this discussion will explore an area of engineering for further exploring from
the future perspective. To do so, the topic has been chosen in the field of core engineering
research practices. The topic on which this annotated bibliography is going to be made is
‘Different ways to generate renewable energy in sustainable engineering’. In this context, this
annotated bibliography will be majorly based on the explicit and systematic identification,
interpretation and evaluation of the already existing engineering research in the field of
sustainable engineering. As we know, the whole world is migrating towards sustainable
practices in the field of energy generation and use context. It is because all of the natural
resources are depleting at a high rate and in the near future humans will be out of energy
sources. In this way, here this paper is going to research how to generate renewable energy
with diverse ways and methods in the context of sustainable engineering. Thus, energy
production with the help of non-conventional resources such as geothermal, solar, nuclear,
wind, tidal and many more, will be discussed throughout the annotated bibliography.
Annotated Bibliography
Evans, A., Strezov, V. and Evans, T.J., 2009. Assessment of sustainability indicators for
renewable energy technologies. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 13(5), pp.1082-
1088.
This study is focused on conducting an assessment of sustainability indicators for modern
renewable energy technologies. The paper has employed non-combustion based renewable
electricity generation technologies so that such technologies can be assessed against a wide
range of sustainability indicators of sustainable engineering. The study has used data from the
literature while using indicators to assess every technology in several aspects. In addition to
that, the authors have researched several renewable electricity generation technologies in
terms of availability of renewable sources, the price of generated electricity, land needs,
greenhouse emissions, social impacts and water consumption. In this way, this research has

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been proved successful as authors have ranked different renewable energy technologies
against every sustainability indicators for sustainable development.
Shenhang, Y.U., Ying, S.U.N., Xiaona, N.I.U. and Chuanhui, Z.H.A.O., 2010. Energy
Internet system based on distributed renewable energy generation [J]. Electric Power
Automation Equipment, 5(30), pp.104-108.
The chosen research study in the field of engineering is based on the energy internet system.
The energy internet system has been discussed on the basis of distributed renewable energy
generation. The authors have found that a modern energy internet system is typically
constructed based on distributed renewable-energy production. Apart from this, such an
energy internet system always allowed the high speed, real-time, grid-paralleling and bi-
directional access to electrical power data in relation to renewable energy sources. As per the
authors, the energy internet system is a combination of IEMS, energy storage, distributed
renewable energy sources, as well as intelligent terminals. Therefore, the research study has
successfully explored the key fields of energy internet such as energy storage technology,
power electronic converter technology and control strategies.
Potter, C.W., Archambault, A. and Westrick, K., 2009, March. Building a smarter smart grid
through better renewable energy information. In 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference
and Exposition (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Denholm, P., Ela, E., Kirby, B. and Milligan, M., 2010. Role of energy storage with
renewable electricity generation (No. NREL/TP-6A2-47187). National Renewable Energy
Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States).
The study has been emphasized and researched on finding the role of energy storage with the
help of renewable electricity generation. In this sustainability-oriented era, use renewable
energy resources like solar and wind, are reducing human’s dependence on fossil fuels as
well as greenhouse gas emissions into the electrical sector. In this way, this engineering
research wind energy and solar photovoltaics have been discussed as a key source of
renewable energy. It has been found that the variability of such renewable sources has led to
issues in relation to the reliability of the electric grid.
Bhat, I.K. and Prakash, R., 2009. LCA of renewable energy for electricity generation systems
—a review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 13(5), pp.1067-1073.

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This research is focused on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of renewable energy for
modern electricity production systems. This review paper has covered many sustainable
development practices with the tools and methods for comparing and measuring the
environmental effects of human activities for different goods and services. The authors have
discussed the environmental impacts on our societies as land usage, emissions into the
environment and overconsumption of natural resources. Thus, this research paper has
successfully reviewed already existing CO2 LCA and energy LCA of the energy generation
systems based on renewable resources.
Bajpai, P. and Dash, V., 2012. Hybrid renewable energy systems for power generation in
stand-alone applications: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5),
pp.2926-2939.
The research paper has explored power generation techniques with the help of hybrid
renewable energy systems in stand-alone applications. The research has highlighted the need
of looking out for renewable energy resources like wind, sun, geothermal, biomass and ocean
energy sources. While researching different renewable resources, the authors have found
these non-conventional sources as cost-effective, eco-friendly and sustainable alternatives for
non-renewable or conventional energy sources. In this way, the engineering research into the
sustainability field has explored developments in modeling of hybrid energy sources, power
conditioning units, backup energy systems, and energy flow management techniques.
Sen, R. and Bhattacharyya, S.C., 2014. Off-grid electricity generation with renewable energy
technologies in India: An application of HOMER. Renewable Energy, 62, pp.388-398.
In this research study, a novel way of generating renewable energy has been discussed with
the help of off-grid electricity generation. This has been executed with an application of
HOMER. Here, HOMER is a software that has been used for exploring alternative
technologies for rural India. In addition, this paper has identified the optimal system by using
software like HOMER. It has been found that research has successfully analysed hybrid off-
grid systems for an application that can offer affordable and reliable power. In this way, this
study has presented a post-HOMER analysis and hence discussed sustainability-related
problems.

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Panwar, N.L., Kaushik, S.C. and Kothari, S., 2011. Role of renewable energy sources in
environmental protection: A review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15(3),
pp.1513-1524.
In this chosen study, the authors have explored the importance of renewable energy sources
into environmental protection. In this context, it is well-aware that renewable technologies
are the cleanest sources of energy. Besides, if these technologies are used optimally then
renewable resources can effectively minimize environmental effects while producing
minimal secondary wastes. It has been found that renewable technologies are key strengths of
sustainable engineering based on current as well as future social and economic needs. Thus,
non-conventional energy resources like wind and biomass energy have been discussed
successfully. This paper has successfully researched CO2 mitigation while using a water
heater, solar cooker, biofuel, dryer, hydrogen and improved cookstoves.
Sinha, A. and Shahbaz, M., 2018. Estimation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2
emission: Role of renewable energy generation in India. Renewable energy, 119, pp.703-711.
With the help of this research study, the authors have estimated the environmental Kuznets
Curve (EKC) in relation to CO2 emissions. In this way, through estimating this curve the
paper has identified and demonstrated the role of renewable energy generation in a chosen
country as India. First of all, authors have estimated EKC for CO2 emissions in the chosen
country for the period 1971-2015. Besides, the paper has recognized that renewable energy is
majorly included in the quadratic and linear EKC framework. With the help of existing
literature on EKC, the research has focused on identifying the optimal sustainable path for an
economy like India.
Kammen, D.M., and Sunter, D.A., 2016. City-integrated renewable energy for urban
sustainability. Science, 352(6288), pp.922-928.
This paper has majorly focused on city-integrated renewable energy for generating affordable
and clean energy for the purpose of urban sustainability. In addition to that, this study seems
useful for preparing for an urban influx of 2.5 billion people by the year 2050. It has been
observed that it has become critical to generate energy from renewable resources and then
create modern cities that are liveable, resilient and low-carbon. It can be said that global cities
not only contribute towards earth’s climate change through emissions of greenhouse gases

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but also are vulnerable to the impacts of extreme weather conditions as well as climate
change currently.