Annotated Bibliography on Sustainable Tourism in Greece

This annotated bibliography examines the multifaceted aspects of tourism in Greece, drawing from various sources to provide a comprehensive overview of the industry. It delves into the economic significance of tourism, highlighting its contribution to Greece's GDP and employment, while also exploring the challenges and opportunities associated with its growth. The bibliography analyzes the impacts of tourism, encompassing both positive aspects like job creation and infrastructure development, and negative consequences such as environmental concerns and economic disparities. It also investigates strategies for sustainable tourism, including infrastructure development, digital marketing, and the preservation of cultural heritage. The analysis covers topics like attracting tourists, climate change interactions, and the role of government policies in fostering responsible tourism practices, offering insights into the future of tourism in Greece.

Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annotated Bibliography (Greece Tourism)
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Table of Contents
Sustainable Tourism Industry....................................................................................................2
Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor.........................................................................3
Greece Today.............................................................................................................................4
Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management............................................................................6
Attracting the Tourists................................................................................................................7
Achieving sustainable tourism outcomes for Greece.................................................................8
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................9

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Sustainable Tourism Industry
Mfa.gr (2018). [online] Available at:
https://www.mfa.gr/usa/en/about-greece/tourism/for-sustainable-tourism-industry.html
[Accessed 28 Apr. 2018].
According to the data released by Association of Greek Tourism Enterprises (SETE),
the tourism department is the major contributor of the Greek economy. The tourism sector is
raising competitiveness at the global level. The tourism accounts for around eighteen percent
of the Gross Domestic Product and employs around 900,000 employees that accounts for one
fifth of the entire workforce. Greece saw a significant increase in the number of international
tourist arrivals from 15,000,000 to around 16,000,000 million, which marked a ten percent
increase in the tourism sector. In the year 2017, the country has witnessed 17,000,000
international tourists, which is almost twice the population of Greece. Moreover, the country
has the most number of international airports than other countries, which proves the point that
the infrastructures are well developed to increase the tourist heads.
However, there are certain factors and issues related to the tourism and destination
development at Greece. The increase in the number of tourists as well as the evolving profile
of modern day’s travelers, demand for new infrastructure projects as well as ideas. In Greece,
the investors can find a wide range of opportunities, most beautiful places in the world as
well as a friendly environment. It is true that the country’s tourism destinations and
infrastructures are well developed, however; Greece has made commitments of establishing
itself as a twelve month destination spot. The country’s Mediterranean climate is ideal for the
activities like trekking, hiking or simply enjoying the weather. Moreover, it has been
estimated that more than one million Europeans consider Greece as their second home
destination, which is a positive factor.

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However, the major sectors which can be expanded to invite the most number of
tourist heads are; developing the integrated resorts, residential real estates, sport tourism and
golf courses, health tourism, wellness, new and upgraded marinas, agro-tourism products,
thermal spas, conference centers, culinary tourism and other thematic offerings in relation
with the country’s historical rich heritage. The government officials of the country should
incorporate new laws for making investments in the Private sectors, Entrepreneurship,
Regional Cohesion and others. The newly implemented Public Private Partnership scheme of
the country provides with significant opportunities to the investors to take part into new
infrastructure projects like thermal springs or marinas. These implications of the policies will
help the country in developing its tourism and destination spots.
Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor
Dritsakis, N., 2004. Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: an empirical
investigation for Greece using causality analysis. Tourism Economics, 10(3), pp.305-316.
According to Dritsakis (2004), the growth of tourism largely refers to the overall
evaluation of tourism industry. This is considered to be a crucial factor in the overall
productivity of the national economy. The growth of tourism is being achieved by the rational
exploitation and evaluation of the tourism resources. This can be done by an increase in the
tourism productivity as well as qualitative improvement. In addition to this, it is important to
analyze the issues that are related to the tourism and destination development by adjusting the
tourism products with the desires, demands and needs of the tourists. The government
officials of Greece need to recognize the importance of tourism sector in the social progress
as well as economic growth of the country. If the country remains under-developed, it will
get negatively impacted.

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The country needs to check on to factors like infrastructure development, networking
and others in order to develop their potential of tourism as effectively and quickly as possible.
Moreover, Greece is a developing country and thus; it should see the tourism sector as the
most potential unit to cover its foreign currency needs. The overall contribution of the
tourism to the country’s economy is limited to the impact of foreign exchange. Moreover, it
affects the sector of employment, along with the consequences of reducing the tendency to
emigrate. This in turn, retains the people within the country. In addition to this, the business
sector, through their expansion in the agricultural and industrial production of meeting the
increasing tourism market, should take activities like domestic and international trade into
consideration. This includes the transportation, banking, telecommunications, travel agencies
and others.
The income from the tourism sector seems to get distributed over the wide population
range. It also helps in enhancing the income of the residents in the less developed regions that
heavily relies on tourism, especially during the summer seasons. Therefore, it is considered to
be a critical factor in strengthening the periphery development in countries like Greece. In
addition to this, there is a close link between the income effects and employment,
undoubtedly, but at the same time, there are distinctions. Moreover, there is also a
proportionate relationship between the income that is derived from employment and the
income being derived from tourism. However, these policies are not of equal magnitude and
not being created simultaneously.
Greece Today
Enterprisegreece.gov.gr (2018). [online] Available at:
https://www.enterprisegreece.gov.gr/en/ [Accessed 28 Apr. 2018].

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Tourism is being linked to many science and disciplines and moreover, it is connected
with economics, sociology, psychology, geography and physical education. The industry of
tourism is one of the fastest and largest growing sectors of the world. The sector contributes a
huge chunk to the global Gross Domestic Product. It even surpasses the food industry, oil and
natural gas export industry and the automobile industry. Therefore, it is considered to be the
major source for the transition in the developing countries. Along with increasing
competition between global tourists’ destinations, this particular industry is growing and
leading. Moreover, in the developed countries, tourism industry contributes to the countries’
economy along with other sectors like agriculture and telecommunication. However, just as a
coin has two sides, tourism has both positive and negative impacts over the country’s host
community.
The beneficial impacts are mainly the creation of employments and huge job
opportunities. Moreover, it also stimulates income and trade opportunities for the host
community. Tourism will particularly benefit the developing country, Greece by providing
many individuals with jobs and additional income opportunities. The country will get hugely
benefitted by this and the development of the infrastructures will be available for the non
tourism users. In addition to this, tourism will add up to the regional development of the
place. It will help in increasing the government tax revenues of the region. To boost the
tourism industry, huge money will be invested to preserve the country’s local heritage and
therefore, it will provide better facilities, education, leisure and recreational activities to the
host communities.
However, the negative impacts of tourism basically include the problems that are
related to the foreign capital investments. The tourism sector requires huge investment and at
times, the foreign investors may not wish to invest on developing countries like, Greece, until
and unless they are completely sure of their profitability. There are seasonality issues as well,

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like seasonal jobs as well as large themed park hotels. Moreover, it also invites leakage of
expenses out of the host communities. In addition to this, inflation plays a bigger role in this.
It increases the prices of the commodities as well as lead to the over-investments and fall of
prices. Therefore, it can be said that the tourists put the local resources as well as the host
communities on great pressure.
Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management
Mason, P., 2015. Tourism impacts, planning and management. Routledge.
In the words of Mason (2015), the positive economic impacts of tourism are
employment, entrepreneurship development, income, investment, increased standard of
living, infrastructure development and others. Several researches have revealed the fact that
tourism sector emphasizes more on the demands of the tourists and their motivation, rather
than the local communities. The social impacts are divided into two major categories, that is
the impact from the development of the tourism industry as well as the impact over the tourist
and host interactions. The employment opportunities attract the younger people more into the
areas of tourism industry development. It helps in improving the quality of lives through
improvements and developments of the infrastructures. Moreover, the tourism industry helps
in providing with socio-economic benefits to the country.
However, the negative factors that impact the overall tourism industry of Greece are
mainly the dependency, high priced commodities, income disparities, increased land prices
and seasonality. The tourism sector needs to implement and incorporate some strategies as
well as plans for using their destination for the purpose of future sustainability. Moreover, if
the destinations are used in the same manner, Greece will face some difficulties in making
visits as well as sustain on their behalf. To minimize the negative impacts of the country and
to increase the positive changes, the Tourism Development Board needs to use some

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innovative strategies and employ them to the local communities of the destination. This will
help in improving, enhancing as well as developing the employment in the hosting
destination.
The tourism development officials need to plan for improving the environmental
practices at the destinations, so as to reduce pollution. This will help in keeping the natural
places attractive and clean. In addition to this, the visitors must be guided for preserving the
natural characteristics of the destinations. The companies of the country must be encouraged
to contribute to the environment by reducing wastes’ discharge and pollution. The strategy
for supporting the environmental factors should enhance the country’s image as well as
reputation of the local community. Moreover, rather than going forward to the modern
lifestyle, the organizations should guide the visitors in feeling the ethical and cultural values
of the destination spots at Greece. Several strategies or policies should be incorporated, like
developing infrastructures and marketing techniques, to make sure that the growth leads to
positive impact in the tourism department of Greece.
Attracting the Tourists
Weforum.org (2018). [online] Available at:
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/05/how-to-attract-the-tourists-of-tomorrow/
[Accessed 28 Apr. 2018].
Greece heavily depends upon the tourism trade and takes it as a major economic
activity. Sustainable development consists of the environmental conditions of the
destinations, which is a major tourism product blended with ecological, economic and social
sub systems. The World Tourism Organization proposes some achievable policies which can
add up to the tourism development for Greece. The policies are mainly the infrastructure
development, utilizing the digital marketing platforms for promoting the tourism products,

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improving the under-resourced or under-developed areas and lastly, promoting the cultural as
well as natural heritage of Greece. These factors are going to yield positive tourism
outcomes.
Achieving sustainable tourism outcomes for Greece
Michailidou, A.V., Vlachokostas, C. and Moussiopoulos, Ν., 2016. Interactions between
climate change and the tourism sector: Multiple-criteria decision analysis to assess
mitigation and adaptation options in tourism areas. Tourism Management, 55, pp.1-12.
By developing the tourism infrastructure, the country can get huge benefits. The
tourism infrastructure mainly depends upon the range of institutions and devices comprising
organizational and material basis for the tourism development. These factors consist of four
basic elements such as, accommodation facilities, accompanying facilities, communication
facilities and food and beverage facilities. Moreover, the country needs to take into
consideration its under-resourced areas. It is important for the tourism board to incorporate
new strategies in order to develop those areas. This will contribute to the economic
development of the country to a huge extent and that too, in a positive manner.
In addition to this, Greece should utilize the digital marketing platforms for promoting
its tourism products. Giving regular updates and promoting the tourist sites will enable the
country gain competitive as well as comparative advantage. Moreover, today’s challenges
can help in introducing new opportunities for the country, in terms of technology, socio
economy and cultural forces. Furthermore, the country needs to promote its natural and
cultural heritage and make the tourists’ stay enjoyable. Thus, investments must be made on
these segments in order to achieve sustainable tourism outcomes for Greece. Therefore, by
analyzing these works in modern day’s tourism and travel industry, the country can get
hugely benefitted.

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Bibliography
Dritsakis, N., 2004. Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: an empirical
investigation for Greece using causality analysis. Tourism Economics, 10(3), pp.305-316.
Enterprisegreece.gov.gr (2018). [online] Available at:
https://www.enterprisegreece.gov.gr/en/ [Accessed 28 Apr. 2018].
Mason, P., 2015. Tourism impacts, planning and management. Routledge.
Mfa.gr (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.mfa.gr/usa/en/about-greece/tourism/for-
sustainable-tourism-industry.html [Accessed 28 Apr. 2018].
Michailidou, A.V., Vlachokostas, C. and Moussiopoulos, Ν., 2016. Interactions between
climate change and the tourism sector: Multiple-criteria decision analysis to assess mitigation
and adaptation options in tourism areas. Tourism Management, 55, pp.1-12.
Weforum.org (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/05/how-
to-attract-the-tourists-of-tomorrow/ [Accessed 28 Apr. 2018].