Sustainable Tourism: Case Studies of Mauritius and Indonesia

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Sustainable Tourism Development
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction......................................................................................................................................5
Discussion 1.....................................................................................................................................6
1. Who are the tourism stakeholders in the destinations? How do the different stakeholders
benefit from the planning of tourism development?....................................................................6
2. Are there Public/Private Sector Partnerships identified in the development of tourism in
these countries? How do they work? What are the advantages and disadvantages of such
partnerships?................................................................................................................................7
3. Note the key steps of the tourism development process at the local authority level and the
national level................................................................................................................................7
4. How significant are interactive planning systems in the tourism development process?........8
Discussion 2.....................................................................................................................................9
1. There are both positive and negative impacts of tourism. Identify as many as you can in
both countries. What methods may be used to measure those impacts? Comment on their
effectiveness................................................................................................................................9
2. Examine issues of conflict of interest among the stakeholders. How would they get
resolved?....................................................................................................................................10
3. Sustainability also means achieving a balance. What would happen if they were not
balanced in a destination? What is meant by the terms ‘carrying capacity’, and ‘equilibrium’ in
regard to supply and demand?...................................................................................................10
4. Enclave Tourism is practiced in Mauritius and other places. What are the moral and ethical
issues of developing and promoting this type of tourism?........................................................11
Reflection with recommendations.................................................................................................12
Briefly examine the factors that could prevent or hinder sustainable tourism development in
those destinations.......................................................................................................................12
Compare current issues associated with tourism development in the two countries.................12
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................15
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References......................................................................................................................................16
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List of Tables
Table 1: Current Issues.................................................................................................................10
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Introduction
In this highly globalized world, it is difficult to promote sustainable tourism development in
major tourist destinations of the world (Benur and Bramwell, 2015.). It has been further
identified that it is important to promote sustainable tourism where tourist destinations contribute
positively to the society, environment, and economy of the country. Sustainable tourism
development in a country like the United Kingdom is increasing at a higher pace. It can be seen
in the Lake District in England, which is said to be a prime example of sustainable tourism
development. However, it has been identified that there are various tourist destinations in the
world where the economy is highly reliant on tourism.
One such tourist destination is Mauritius where enclave tourism is practiced, and the country's
economy is highly dependent on tourism. The report is based on tourism development and
planning at different levels as well as to measure the tourism impact on the selected county that
is the UK. The present report is developed to prepare a conference briefing for the Sustainable
Tourism Development Summit, which will be held in Jakarta, Indonesia. The writing gives
insight about various stakeholders associated with sustainable tourism development within
several destinations. Furthermore, it presents an understanding of the impact of tourism on the
economy, society/culture, as well as the environment.
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Discussion 1
1. Who are the tourism stakeholders in the destinations? How do the different stakeholders
benefit from the planning of tourism development?
Planning of tourism development benefits stakeholders in various ways. Primarily, it has been
known that the key stakeholders involved with the tourism sector of the tourist destinations are
government, travellers, and tour agents or local travel companies (Ghimire, 2013). These
stakeholders have different roles in maintaining the tourism stake by contributing to the planning
of tourism development.
Planning in tourism development helps in providing a quality environment to both residents and
travellers. It has been further determined that the mentioned tourism destinations such as
Indonesia, Mauritius, as well as the UK gets benefitted with proper planning or procedure.
Planning attracts more and more tourists to the destination which significantly benefits mostly
the legal bodies and local tour operators present within the destinations (Graci, 2013).
The below description provides details about how planning can benefit the stakeholders
associated with the tourists' destinations.
Government – Proper planning of sustainable tourism development helps the government, or
legal bodies can significantly generate more revenue with the help of more and more ticket
bookings to government authorized places, as well as transport revenue, will also rise due to the
promotion of sustainable development (Haddad et al. 2013).
Tourists/travellers – Tourists will apparently experience better vacation or tourists experience
as the tour operators and destination will be managed or organized according to sustainable
development for development. Coastal tourism area such as Mauritius is experiencing a boost in
lifestyle growth due to which a number of tourists are growing at a faster pace.
Tour operators – The above-mentioned tourism destination is already famous for the
availability of unique sight scenes and more. In the same context, it can be said that the number
of tourists will increase at a faster rate if the planning of sustainable development is up to the
mark. Furthermore, it can be said that businesses such as local accommodations, guides, food
and beverages will substantially experience an increase in revenue when the number of tourists
rises with proper planning of sustainable tourism development (Hall and Page, 2012).
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2. Are there Public/Private Sector Partnerships identified in the development of tourism in these
countries? How do they work? What are the advantages and disadvantages of such partnerships?
Public and private partnerships can be seen as a development indicator of tourism in the tourists
destinations. It has been further described that the public and private sector partnerships have
been identified in the tourism development of the tourist destinations. In the process of adopting
sustainable development, various parties have an array of roles and responsibilities as well as a
contribution to achieving inherent goals or objectives (Ishii, 2012).
Considering the case of increasing or promoting local tourism Indonesia, it has been known that
the developing country has launched a legal notice to form an alliance with public and private
business entities fundamentally. Including the prevailing rules and legislation in Indonesia, the
Government Republic of Indonesia can join with the private entities of the tourism sector of the
country to enhance the infrastructure, environmental awareness and foster innovation in services
provided to the visitors.
However, the significant disadvantage of the same is the increasing cost required for the
infrastructure and planning of long-term flexibility requires the collaboration of both public and
private parties (Mbaiwa, 2011).
3. Note the key steps of the tourism development process at the local authority level and the
national level.
Tourism planning is an integral part of the process of sustainable tourism development where
both local and national authorities take part in different aspects.
It has been identified that with the help of an increased number of tourists in different tourist
destinations, the responsibility of government increases as environmental and cultural factors
increases due to the same (Morrison, 2013).
In the tourism development process the significant step which needs to be taken by the regional
government of the mentioned tourist destinations namely Indonesia, England and Mauritius will
be as per the key unique features present or can be offered to the visitors.
Regional or local level steps: These include the maintenance of infrastructure and key tourist
locations present within the country. Moreover, the local authority is required to recognize the
needs and demands of visitors coming from distinct regions of the world. By identifying the
same, local authorities will be able to generate effective strategies through which they can attract
more and more visitors to their region (Pablo-Romero and Molina, 2013).
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National level steps: The national level authority is required to keep surveillance or monitor the
activities taken into account by the regional government or local authorities. A new and
improved version of infrastructure will require effective financial resources which will be
substantially provided by the national level authority. Also developing various national
programmes and events will significantly help the identified tourists destination's authorities to
attract a number of tourists (Sharpley, 2015).
4. How significant are interactive planning systems in the tourism development process?
Interactive planning Systems concerning the tourism development process can be defined as the
procedure that brings cooperation, collaboration and participation among the participants (both
public and private).
It is necessary to evaluate the significance of interactive planning systems is highly important for
the effective development of sustainable tourism. It has been further identified that interactive
planning systems help to remove tourism issues such as traffic congestion, socio-cultural
depreciation, and overcrowded destinations by having an integrated and planned structure for
tourism development in the sector.
Moreover, it can be said that tourist destinations such as England's Lake District are benefitted
with the help of interactive planning system which further incorporates opinions from local
communities. The benefit of the same will be better decisions can be made with the help of same.
However, it becomes difficult when it comes to getting the attention of both public and private
investors (Poudel et al. 2016).
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Discussion 2
1. There are both positive and negative impacts of tourism. Identify as many as you can in both
countries. What methods may be used to measure those impacts? Comment on their
effectiveness.
Tourism development comes with both negative as well as positive impacts. The significant
positive impact of tourism development is increasing in jobs in the area. Also, tourism brings
tremendous growth at both economic and social levels. The interaction between different regions
of people increases, however, at some levels social interactions can be detrimental as it can
alternately cause loss of original or traditional culture present within the particular region (Edgell
Sr, 2016). Taking consideration of one of the given tourists destination that is Mauritius, it has
been identified that the East African country somewhere is impacted by western culture. On the
contrary, it can be said that to provide the best to the visitors or tourists, it is essential to adopt
their regional practices to make them feel like home. It can be otherwise said that an increase in
tourism significantly impacts the environment.
There are certain methods through which the impact of these above-mentioned factors can be
measured, and some of them are briefly described below:
Economic growth: Economic prosperity in the countries due to tourism development can be
measured with the help of Scarborough Tourism Economic Activity Monitor (STEAM). The
model gives insight about the region’s occupancy rates, visitor’s details, and attendance of events
and they can be tracked easily for gaining better results for the same. However, there are some
limitations or complexities present in the process as calculation of statistics sometimes becomes
difficult (Mowforth and Munt, 2015).
Social measures: Socio-cultural impact is one of the greatest consideration in the travel and
tourism sector. However, the social and cultural impacts are difficult to measure as it is
qualitative in nature. Moreover, the human development index (HDI) can be taken into
consideration to evaluate the social divergencies.
Environmental measures: With the help of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) cost to
the environment while developing tourism in a country can be measured. This method enables to
collect information regarding the region and the measure the damages happened to the place.
However, environmental damages are unpredictable and partial and cannot be judged accurately
in one context (Muresan et al. 2016).
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2. Examine issues of conflict of interest among the stakeholders. How would they get resolved?
Issues of conflict arise among the stakeholders as there are a number of authorities present in the
tourism development process. It has been further identified that to achieve long-term approach
towards sustainable tourism development; it is necessary that the tourist destinations and the
private and public stakeholders present to resolve the conflict of interest.
Some of the major issues of conflict of interest take place among the stakeholders are lack of
shared vision, satisfaction levels, the absence of collaboration, and a high level of future mistrust.
There are, however, certain tactics or methods available through which the issue of conflicts of
interest among the stakeholders can be managed (Benur and Bramwell, 2015).
Negotiation method: This is a common and primary method to resolve the issue of conflicts
among the stakeholders. It has been identified that clear and concise communication, as well as
interaction, is needed to complete this method. Both the parties are required to come across a fair
deal which will further be a win-win situation for the two as comments of both the parties will be
taken into consideration.
Mediation: It is a process where a mutually discussed agreement is developed, conflicting
parties come together and forms an alliance to actively participate in the proceedings and find a
solution to resolve the issue of conflict of interest.
3. Sustainability also means achieving a balance. What would happen if they were not balanced
in a destination? What is meant by the terms ‘carrying capacity’, and ‘equilibrium’ in regard to
supply and demand?
Sustainability means maintaining balance in the environment with overcoming the level of
exploitation of the resources and enabling ecological balance within the destination. In the
situation, if sustainability is not balanced in the destination, it will result in imparting a negative
image of destination among the tourist (Nunkoo, 2015). On the other hand, with not balancing
the sustainability practices it will also result in affecting the overall environment. However, the
carrying capacity indulges in supporting the positive natural increase or engages in contributing
to the negative natural increase. Thus, in regard to the increasing demand for eco-tourism within
the destination, it will be required by the destination to maintain their ecological aspect so that
they easily load the tourist's burden within the destination. Along with this, increasing demand of
tourists positively supports the destination in enhancing their carrying capacity (Nunkoo, 2015).
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4. Enclave Tourism is practiced in Mauritius and other places. What are the moral and ethical
issues of developing and promoting this type of tourism?
Enclave tourism is significantly increasing their pace in the destinations where all the tourist
activities are designed and assembled in the small geographic area. This allows the tourists to
practice the entirety of their travel intentions without travelling far into remote areas of the host
country. In order to develop and promote this type of tourism in Mauritius and Maldives
destination face certain moral and ethical issues such as taxation, increasing waste products,
wrong use of land etc (Carley and Christie, 2017). The key moral issue faced in developing and
promoting this type of tourism is associated with taxation. As the destination featuring enclave
tourism are registered outside the host country and region, therefore, it enjoys exemption in tax
services. Thus it benefits the travellers but imparts negative affect towards the destination. In
such a case, the destination is not able to receive relevant revenue that impacts their social and
economic development.
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Reflection with recommendations
Briefly examine the factors that could prevent or hinder sustainable tourism development in
those destinations.
I have identified from the readings and research conducted for the above two discussions that
there are certain factors that significantly impact the sustainable tourism development in both
Indonesia and Mauritius (Hall et al. 2015).
Factors that prevent sustainable tourism development are conflicts of interest among the
significant stakeholders. There is a level of dissatisfaction among them as per the tourism
development plan. The differences in dissatisfaction level significantly hinder the sustainable
development activities in the two mentioned tourists destinations.
There are certain environmental impacts present in Mauritius such as coral leaf management, and
ocean level controls can hinder or prevent progressive growth in the country. Moreover, it
requires a lot of costs to clear the mentioned environmental issue.
On the other hand, Indonesia mostly requires a large number of resources and finances for an
appropriate increase in sustainable tourism development in the country. It has been further
identified that limitation in terms of infrastructure is also present which involved extensive
investment from the public and the private sector (Ghimire, 2013).
However, to overcome these issues, the countries can use an interactive approach towards the
development of sustainable tourism.
Compare current issues associated with tourism development in the two countries.
There are certain issues linked with tourism development in both countries that is Indonesia and
Mauritius, which are stated below:
Table 1: Current Issues
Impact Mauritius Indonesia
Environmental Environment instability,
safety and security are some
of the major issues that are
present in Mauritius
concerning tourism
development. Bleaching in
the coral reefs have damaged
Increase in soil erosion and
deforestation has been a
severe environmental issue
that is faced by Indonesia.
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