Theories and Approaches to Syrian Migration: SSC 4021

This essay examines the Syrian migration crisis, focusing on the theories and approaches used to understand the displacement of people from Syria due to the ongoing civil war. It explores the historical context of the conflict, including the initial protests, the government's response, and the rise of various armed groups. The essay analyzes the impact of the war on the Syrian population, including the loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, and the displacement of millions both internally and as refugees in neighboring countries and Europe. It discusses the major countries that have received Syrian refugees, highlighting the challenges and impacts on these host nations. The essay then delves into the theoretical frameworks that explain migration patterns, differentiating between micro-individual and macro-structural approaches, and how these theories help to understand the decision-making processes of migrants and the broader societal forces at play. The essay references various sources, including the BBC, UNHCR, and Human Rights Watch, to support its analysis of the crisis and the application of migration theories.

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Migration Theories and Approaches
International Migration from Syria due to war
1/19/2020
Student Credentials

Syrian Migration 1
International migration following the war in Syria
With all the issues going throughout the world in modern times, a lot of people from different
regions and with different ethnicities have migrated to places they found safe and liveable.
Especially people who have been living in countries that already have political issues or war
like situations going on for a while now, has led people to find better places for themselves.
In the following essay the issue that has been majorly addressed is the approach and theories
behind the Migration of individuals in Syria.
With growing tension in Syria since the beginning of 2011, an approximate of a half a million
people have already died due to the gorilla war within the country against the government.
People in order to avoid further torture or execution have migrated to other countries through
unknown routes. The refugee situation in the nearby countries has rapidly escalated as people
from Syria have fled the warlike situation laden country due to the fear of being killed or for
protecting their families and also to avoid the situation of poverty and starvation. In order to
avoid such life threatening situations, people from Syria opted to live as refugees in other
countries of the Europe. This is the main reason behind such high number of people
displacing themselves to the nearby countries (BBC, 2019).
This humanitarian disaster in Syria is nowhere near its end which is why people from these
regions are fleeing to other countries hance causing high scale of human mobility and there is
no scope of this crisis abating anytime soon. This migration is not only helping out the
people from Syria in fleeing but also posing as a threat to the neighbouring countries and
prone to various hazards as well. Internationally, there has been huge impact on the economy
as well as in physical sense on the countries nearby due to sudden high number of people
migrating as well as the crisis also has affected in many ways (Yazgan et al., 2015).

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The situation in Syria now is as such that thousands of people are already dead and living
standards have been set back by several decades. An approximate of 12 million people in the
country requires proper humanitarian assistance. Majority of public structures have been
reduced to rubble be it, health care centres, schools, hospitals, sanitation system, water and
drainage as well as other utilities have been destroyed already. Certain historic landmarks
such as old museums and landmark buildings as well as mosques those date back to centuries
ago have been bombed and just the remains of them stay now (Human Rights Watch, 2019).
Apart from just the internal struggle, this civil war has led to the rupture in the economy as
whole. Millions of people have scattered either inside the country itself or become refugees
of the neighbouring countries. Business and social ties with the countries nearby have been
broken to an extent that nothing can be recovered. Around 6.2 million people have been
dislocated from their homes within the country itself and also around 6.7 million people have
been recorded to become refugees in other countries in order to avoid the results of the war or
the torturous situation in the country. This is not just about the small sect of group trying to
fight the government anymore, but alongside this, various religion groups have started
conflicting the ideas revolving around it or even each other’s ideas as well and since, the area
is such prone to conflicts and issues as such, international interventions have become a
common thing out there. The said civil war in Syria has become a sectarian conflict. As per
the data recorded through the various UN Refugee agencies, military operations have been
increased in the Northeast Syria where around more than 130 people have been killed already
and 160,000 have already fled from the country out of which 70,000 were just children
(UNHCR, 2019).
The initiation of the protests in Syria took place being inspired from the protests being held in
the countries such as Egypt, Tunisia and similar Arab countries. Taking action in order to
subside these protests, the army of the Syria took things in their own hands and responded in

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accordance with the same. A constant tension and turmoil between the civilians and the
government involving the Syrian Army led the peaceful protests to the scenario where it
became violent and aggressive. As the war like situation grew in the country, the situation
became complex as the rebel groups, foreign backers and the government debated further and
kept on taking plunges against each other. As per the research and the issues stated, the
Syrian people have mostly taken refuge in five major countries from the Middle East, which
are, Egypt, Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq and Jordan. Out of these countries, Turkey hosts the
maximum number of refugees which is an approximate of three million people (Freedman et
al., 2017).
Six major countries which have not yet signed the UN Convention on the refugees from the
Gulf Cooperation Council include the countries such as, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE or the United
Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain and the Saudi Arabia. This UN Convention is already
governing the laws that are international on asylum from the times of the most known World
War II. Though as per the statements passed by the government officials, they have already
taken in some of the population from Syria since the beginning of the subjected civil war in
the country, just not denoting them as the refugees.
As the war began in 2011, peaceful protests throughout the country took place where people
from various cities joined in for the basic rights of certain human. This was met by the Syrian
security forces or the said armed forces by violence of various kinds. Gunning down people,
bombs being used and as such became a common sight in the country. The armed reforms
destroyed the Arab Spring Reform’s hopes. The groups in the opposition in order to make
things easy, tried to organize themselves, but all went in vain (Yiannis Baboulias, 2019).
In the year 2012, in order to avoid war like situation, many people from Syria fled to
Lebanon at first as refugees. Later the refugee camp in Jordan became one of the few ones

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where majority of Syrian refugees resided after fleeing the situation in Syria. This initiated
from a few thousands of people taking refuge there, but later became home to millions of
people and as people migrated to the nearby countries, there were various people gathering
together and they have been living there and taking refuge in that country in these situations
ever since. As per the UN Human Rights Council, Syria has already committed various war
crimes; there have been various acts committed that even on the initial step violate several
Human Rights laws and the international agreements that protected the rights of the civilians
against the political power have also been tarnished.
In March 2013, the number of refugees in the country reached around 2 million and also
confirmation regarding chemical attacks was made (International Organization for Migration,
2018). In the year 2014, the number of refugees in the country of Lebanon reaches to an
extent of an approximate quarter of the total population of the country. This largely impacts
the social systems of countries, and not just Lebanon but countries like, Jordan and various
regions of Europe as well as refugees from Syria reach there. It was in this year when ISIS
declared a caliphate in the country of Syria as well as the part that has been covered by them
in the country of Iraq.
Due to the growing number of refugees in Europe, Hungary makes changes to the border wall
and closes it down for the controlled entry of people in the country. In the year 2015, the food
shortage began due to the shortfall of funding to various refugee camps in the neighbouring
countries. Greece also provides assistance in this as it intakes thousands of refugees in order
to provide help. In 2016, certain authorities such as the US and Russian delegates discuss
about the temporary help that needs to be provided to these people (the refugees) and upon
being sanctioned with the UN, help was sent to the areas where the situation was then also
very delicate and sensitive and the people there were unable to get any help. Numerous
people were trapped in places where no help or as such was there as Jordan closed the

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borders for the refugees when a car bombing took place in the regions where these refugees
were staying. Many civilians lost their lives in the guerrilla warfare when government takes
initiatives to free Aleppo from the hands of rebels (Greenhill, 2016).
By the year 2017, An approximate of five million people have already fled the country of
Syria for a better a d stable life for themselves as well as for their families. By the end of this
year almost 58 people died due to the chemical gas attack during this civil war. Also, a
ceasefire was settled upon at the G20 meeting in the southwest region of Syria. Due to the
worsening situation in the various major regions of the country such as the city of Daraa or
the ar Raqqa, Homs as well as the certain provinces of Hama and the major city of Deir ez –
Zor as well, around 9,00,000 Syrian people have already fled to safer areas. The
Humanitarian situation in the country was not improving in any case by the initiation of the
year 2018 and the conflict kept on worsening throughout the years and there was no
improvement in the situation as such. The conflict in the country kept on growing, and the
international agreements between the nations did not actually help much. Since, the situation
as such deteriorated, it was difficult for the authorities to provide help to the people stuck in
the areas where it was quite hard to reach, and an approximate of 2.9 million people were not
tended to due to these issues (Sirkeci, 2015).
As the year 2019 began, winter storms hit various regions of Syria, Turkey, Lebanon as well
as the country of Jordan. Due to huge shift in the climate and continuous rains, snow and
heavy winds, the temperature in these areas dropped to near –freezing point. As the level of
water increased, living in tent based situations became difficult for the refugees. Specifically
the areas of Bekaa Valley in Lebanon became so flooded in this time that it resulted in people
being displaced from the refugee camps. As the country of Syria entered the ninth year of
Syrian Civil War, there was rapid rise in the situation leading to conflicts as such in the

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northwest region of Syria due to which an approximate of 4,00,000 people were displaced as
such from the country (Aljazeera, 2018).
The approaches as that identify the migration situation or refer to the kind of migration as
well as elaborate upon the idea behind it in wide manner are discussed upon in the theories as
provided by the scholars. These scholars have researched in detail regarding the way people
migrate and the way people try to think when they are in emergency situations as such are
analysed in a deep sense of it. People such as these scholars and researchers have spent years
discussing and trying to analyse the way in which migration takes place or why it takes place.
Now the reason why migration takes place can be categorized majorly between two
approaches one is:
Micro- Individual Approaches
When people migrate it is mostly due to their own decision making. Both the national and
international migration as such takes place due to it. In order to leave a place, there needs to
be a proper analysis of how much cost is involved in it and what economic aspects might
revolve around it everything is involved. An individual who is about to migrate, considers
almost all such aspects, this ultimately assist the person with proper decision making. As per
one scholar, Saad Sajastaad, in order to migrate it is necessary for people to consider all the
costs involved in the migration process. He stated that the chances of these individuals to
return, as well as the costs that have been considered in order to migrate help in order to
analyse the need for migration then (Piché, 2013). According to Saad, migration is a kind of
an investment that results in better productivity and returns as such. These costs can be
rendered to see if the migration is profitable or not and can also be better analysed by
bifurcating them into costs which are monetary and non –monetary costs. The best work as
such stated by him was the introduction of human capital in the migration theory. For him it

Syrian Migration 7
was necessary to analyse the costs as in accordance with the migration that stated the
requirements that need to be considered in order to proceed with the migration such as the
aspect of training as such and the other private costs as well as the experience that has been
earned or will be earning. As per Saad, an optimum utilization of resources is must in order to
comply with the competitive economy.
After this Everett Lee worked upon this theory and refined it in order to make it in
accordance with the modern world. As per the ideas as stated by Lee, the characterstics of the
migrant state clear notions in accordance with the streams of migration or the counter streams
in association with that or even the volume of migration. As postulated by him, migration
takes place when a person analyses in detail the factors that are positive factors of the
destination as such and as well as the negative factors they these individuals or individual as
such are facing in the current area or the origin area (Skop, 2019).
The model introduced by Lee, states that the basic idea behind the migration totally depends
upon the kind of as well as how economically efficient better opportunities these people are
getting at the destination as when compared with the one they are being provided in the
current situation or the origin place. It specifically strains upon certain other factors that
influence the migration process as such are the ones such as the contacts one has over at the
place they are destined to migrate or the information sources as such relating to the situation
out there (Piguet, 2018).
Macro –structural Approaches
The approach as such when the issue of Syria is discussed is the macro -structural approach
as it is the one that talks about the extensive global migration that takes place. This approach
is one of it kinds as it elaborates upon the political, social and other aspects in relation with
migration. The idea which led to a person taking decision in favour of the migration is

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something to be worried about on national level. This kind of migration refers to almost all
aspects in relation with the globalisation, especially the economic and labour market related
aspects as they relate directly with the migration. The global labour market plays a very
important role in this (Bilecen et al., 2018).
In respect to understand this better, the notion that clearly theorises the concept is the one
specified by Burawoy. He gave the idea of circular migration and also elaborated upon his
research by a circular model that clarified almost all aspects in relation with the theory
(McSparron et al., 2019). The aim of this theory is entirely based upon the separation of the
renewal of labour in context with the geographical aspects and the one relating to the
maintenance. Also the theory of Ravenstein in respect with migration is another example of
how differently these theories deal with the migration issue (Arango, 2017). However, there
have been many changes made to these theories in order to adapt the ones that can be used or
utilized as such so as to directly apply to the given situations.
The migration theories and approaches related to the same as such which apply to this
situation are the ones that lead to a proper defining of the whole process as they result in the
elaborated idea behind all the theories of Migration (Bakewell, 2014). As per the scholars,
there are majorly two main approaches but also there are theories which help in
understanding the migration of individuals from their origin to the destination few of which
are explained below:
One of which is the Humanist and the other one is known as the Determinist (Haas et al.,
2019).
The Humanist approach discusses the choice of individuals that leads them to taking a step
towards migration or deciding upon the option of migrating to different country or safer place

Syrian Migration 9
for them to stay (Osorio et al., 2019). As per this approach the individual holds the power to
take decision as to whether the migration is to be done or not.
While, when the Determinist approach is talked about, it states that the society where
individuals are currently surviving in led them to take this decision of migrating.
In general, the laws as stated by various scholars regarding migration included,
1. The migrants as such went only up to a certain extent or to a short distance only.
2. Migration that takes place on one’s own choice to an extensive distance is upon the
preference of individuals being upon the better chances of job or better opportunities
of commerce and industries.
3. As compared with the rural people, urban people tend to migrate less.
4. Migration is not something which can be done at an instance, but, it is a result of
various small steps taken in the direction.
5. It was also observed that, females tend to migrate more as far as short distances are
concerned, while when compared with men, men tend to opt for migration where long
distances are concerned (Freedman et al., 2017).
6. The direction where people tend to migrate is the one from agricultural lands to urban
or industrialized areas where commerce and industry are at a boom.
7. Majorly the main reason behind the migration in these cases is economic (Meyer &
Guss, 2017).
There are certain other approaches as well that make people migrate or take decisions to
migrate from the places they have been living to other ones. Another theory that shall be
analysed here is the Neo Classical theory under the Capital Maximization Approach,
according to which, the migration takes place or the process of migration started taking place
when it was found that there was rational economic calculation taking place for the workers

Syrian Migration 10
due to huge gap between the pay scales (Porumbescu, 2018). This as a result, led the workers
to opt to migrate to regions where better wages were being provided (King, 2012). Another
approach here is the gender based approach where on the basis of gender also certain scholars
have justified their ideas.
Torado’s model or the model provided by the well -known researcher Michael Torado
accepts the current situation of urban unemployment and states these essential features:
1. The situation of migration is the one that has been restored basically based upon
the rational economic consideration as in accordance with the costs and the
benefits provided which is again mostly based upon the monetary aspects and also
the ones that are psychological.
2. Instead of depending upon the expected amount from the job, the one that needs to
be relied upon is the actual wage that is being paid at that time. Mostly when the
migration takes place, these factors are avoided to be analysed upon when taking
the decision regarding the migration (MARINESCU, 2019).
3. Another major aspect that gets belittled upon is the one where there is the
probability of obtaining a job in the expected criteria or the said or promised sect
of the organization.
4. The chances of being employed in the job provided in the urban areas are quite
inversely proportional to the unemployment rate in the urban areas.
5. In cases where migration takes place for the search of a better opportunity in the
urban areas, the chances of being paid as per the expected amount is inversely
proportional to the people who are currently living in the urban areas and still
expecting a different income level (Brettell & Hollifield, 2014).

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This was as stated by the Arthur Lewis, John Fei and Gustav Ranis who created this theory of
Lewis – Fei – Ranis in reference with the migration situation as in this model, there were
basically two major sectors of the economy, one was quite traditional, where the sector was
considered zero and had the lowest productivity, while the second sector relates with the high
productivity areas or the urban industrial sector that yields substantive productivity
(European Union , 2018).
In order to critically examine the said approaches as well as the theories, the research needs
to be analysed. The research as done by these scholars have many drawbacks as these
theories and approaches as well that state the reality behind the specific aspects they do not
talk about the factors influencing the basis of these approaches and the theories as such.
There are many factors that influence the decisions made by migrators, especially in the war
like situations. However, the theories as specified by the scholars such as the Behavioural
decision making approaches, Historical structural approach as well as the system approach.
These approaches help in building a definitive aspect towards the concept of migration
(NAIK, 2012). The scenario revolving around here is the determinist approach, as it directly
leads to the social concept behind the whole migration process.
In Syria, the current situation that is making people suffer and making them leave their own
home towns and as such is the approach of being a Determinist. As the societal aspect and the
horrors relating to them are the reasons behind taking such drastic step of opting to lose the
home land and migrating to a foreign land. The torturous situation has led the people living
there to take such the drastic step (McLeman & Gemenne, 2018).
The Syrian situation or the crisis as such is the perfect example of the determinist approach
where the various circumstances as such have led the people to migrate from the country in
order to lead a better life. Living situations and standards have drastically reduced or the safe

Syrian Migration 12
places for them as well as their families in the society have decreased that made it
compulsory for the people to take such a drastic decision regarding their migration (Ahmad,
2018).
As per the researchers, at the initial point, the migrators never even thought of leaving their
home country but throughout the years, a constant fear and watching the loved ones die in
front of them, ultimately led the individuals to take this difficult step towards migration.
Since, the large part of population has already left the country, and the people who are still
staying there are the ones fighting as rebels or even the people who were not able to leave due
to certain circumstances. Majority of people migrating from the country are those who wish
to start a new and create a safe space for themselves as well as their families. It is also to earn
a better living because all the social and economic infrastructure of the country is already
destroyed. It has all become a ground for battle (Mason, 2018). High rates of Violence have
been recorded in the country, where an approximate of 55,000 children have already died as a
result of it (Samers & Collyer, 2016). Infrastructure of the country has already collapsed
resulting on people surviving on what is left. There is no proper drainage system, no clean
water resources, no schools, no appropriate assistance regarding healthcare, economy has
already shattered, and maximum which amounts to an approximate of 80 per cent people are
currently living in poverty. Outside powers or the so called, foreign powers have already
joined the conflict; countries such as Russia have already initiated their conquests where its
involvement in the internal conflict can be easily spotted. The situation of children as such in
areas here is quite opposite to what it should be. The so called future of the country is
currently living as orphans or even if the families have survived, they are not able to go to
schools, have already missed so many years of schooling, have been suffering serious injuries
and are quite prone to abuse, violence on usual and brutality also (Kurekova, 2011).

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According to this approach, the decision then taken by the Syrians was quite a difficult one,
yet needed to be taken so as to provide safe space for their loved ones. It was convenient for
these people to become refugees in other countries, and even survive harshest of climatic
situations as well as violence outside the country rather than staying in there and suffering
through the war like situations for the rest of their lives (Haas, 2016).
It became a common sight for people living within Syria to see others living under harsh
situations where they did not have access to the basic needs of humans such as clean water or
even clean air. In fact the armed forces as well as the different rebellious organizations took
children as their soldiers and they were made to go through very difficult situations in order
to protect themselves as well as their loved ones or family members. Malnutrition and
Disease was a common sight, constant abuse of children as well as women in general became
a usual thing. It became a child’s play for young ones to play with arms and ammunition.
Children born during the time this war broke out have only known war as a usual thing (Haas,
2011).
The approaches and the theories as specified are the ones that clarify the concept revolving
around the migration concept in general. But there are certain concepts which contradict each
other and hence, make it confusing and not properly applicable. There are certain detailed
studies by various scholars and researchers which try to clarify these while all of them have a
few drawbacks to each other. As far as the international migration is considered, the issue of
globalization has made it quite difficult for individuals to decide upon the migration issue
there are various different aspects that need to be verified and contemplated. Economic
aspects are the major ones that need to be tended to in situations as such an it is not just the
economic aspect but in situations or circumstances such as the one in Syria are those which
relate to the safety and survival of individuals in these crucial aspects as well.

Syrian Migration 14
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