Systems Engineering: System Test, Evaluation, and Validation

This presentation provides an overview of system test, evaluation, and validation within the context of systems engineering. It begins by emphasizing the importance of establishing these activities during the conceptual design phase and continuing them throughout the system's life cycle. The presentation outlines the iterative process of system test, evaluation, and validation, starting with the identification of system-level requirements and progressing through the testing of individual components, subsystems, and the integrated system. It defines reliability and its key concepts, including probability, satisfactory performance, time, and operating conditions. The presentation also covers design for reliability, including the development, product, process, and material specifications. It discusses conceptual and preliminary system design, design requirements, and the development of specifications. The presentation also describes the development of preliminary design requirements, which evolve from system design requirements, and the documentation of technical requirements through various specifications (Type A, B, C, and D). The presentation covers the system engineering process, life cycle activities, and interactions, and concludes with the importance of validation to ensure that the system meets customer requirements.

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Project Title: The Hong-Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Aims of the Detailed Details............................................................................................................3
Detailed Design of Bridge...............................................................................................................4
Design..............................................................................................................................................6
Design Criteria.............................................................................................................................7
Wind Loads..................................................................................................................................7
Seismic Loads Evaluation............................................................................................................8
Foundation Design.......................................................................................................................9
Towel Design...............................................................................................................................9
Concrete Back Span Design.......................................................................................................10
Stay Cable Design......................................................................................................................11
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................12
References......................................................................................................................................13

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Introduction
This paper examines and evaluates the Hong-Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge in terms of the
detailed designs which needs to be considered in the construction of the bridge as well as in the
overall maintenance. The Hong-Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge mainly illustrated as indicated in
the figure below (Kou et al. 2013 p.99).
Figure showing Hong-Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge(Shen and Luo 2013 p.946).
Aims of the Detailed Details
The following are some of the essential aims of this project (Wu and Peng 2013).
i. To design the detailed drawings for the components used in the construction of the bridge
ii. To identify and assess the various winds loads associated with the designed bridge and
their effects in the long run
iii. To establish the various foundations considerations and the materials which should be
used in setting the elements
iv. To identify and establish the towel design aspect employed and the associated aesthetics
effects which it has in the long run

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Detailed Design of Bridge
The bridged mainly designed is a cable-stayed system with the total estimated length of 1600m.
Furthermore, there is a parametric Rambler Channel in the design and this is termed as the main
span. The Rambler Channel has four distinct back spans and these have 80m, 72m, 72m as well
as 71m respectively. Subsequently, there are freestanding towers mainly used in the design and
these are made of the concrete materials. The leveling performed using the concrete mainly
established at the +176m whereas the steel-concrete used in the process mainly made from the
steel-concrete and this levels estimated to be ranging from the +176m to the overall +295m. The
steel-concrete tend to have outer layers mainly made of the stainless steel. Notably, the top layer
mainly rose to about 5m and this is glazed using the steel equipment. The structure not only acts
ass the parametric storage facilities for the maintenance equipment but also forms the essential
architectural lighting in the bridge system. Essentially, the stay cables used mainly designed
with two planes and the critical role of these planes is to offer the fan arrangement and this
system have deck mainly spaced at the intervals of 18m from the main span as well as 10m in
line with the overall back spans. Stonecutters Bridge is cable-stayed with a total length of
1596m. It has a main span of 1018m across Rambler Channel with four back spans on each
side, of 79.75m, 70m, 70m and 69.25m. The freestanding towers are in concrete up to
level +175m and steel-concrete composite from level +175m to level +293m with the outer
steel skin being stainless steel. The top 5m is a glazed steel structure, which acts as an
architectural lighting feature and provides storage space for maintenance equipment. The 2

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planes of stay cables take a modified fan arrangement, anchored at the outer edges of the deck at
18m spacing in the main span and 10m spacing in the back spans (Zhang, Ma and Zhao 2013.
p. 952). The detailed design diagram for the bridge mainly indicated as shown in the diagram
below
Figure showing the detailed views for the bridge in 2D-Drawings (HE et al. 2013 p.22)

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Moreover, the towers and the piles primarily situated and installed as illustrated in the figure
below
Figure Showing The Side View For The Tower And Pier In 2D
Design
First and foremost, it is important to note that the span for the overall cable-stayed bridge mainly
estimated to be 1.2km. this is the length which used in the conducting the detailed design for the
overall specifications and works in line with the project. However, various changes are
imminently performed and adjusted on the structure basing on the particular challenges that one
is likely to report in the work process. Furthermore, the changes also introduced as a result of
the typhoon winds as well as the busy nature of the harbour in the area. The effects of such

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phenomena mainly depicted to have iminient impacts on the project works a whole. Also, the
design incorporated the considerations on the heavy vehicles.
Design Criteria
The essential design considerations mainly used in this project mainly summarised and
documented in the overall Design memorandum. The design criteria used is the Hong Kong
manual on the structural design for the Railways and the Highways and this document mainly
issued by the HyD. It gives the BS5400 standards and codes which are fundamental to this
project work. Furthermore, various operations and computations mainly conducted with the aim
of establishing the effects as well as the impacts of the accidental ship impact, wind loads and
seismic effects.
Wind Loads
Wind loads mainly considered to be the dominated aspect essentially considered in this design
work. In essence, the bridge mainly considered to be large spatial with high flexible structure.
Thus, wind model concept mainly used in computing the dynamic wind effects in line with this
project. This study not only uses the SDM mechanism alone but it integrates the given data with
other related wind climate data available in the other sources. Some of the additional sources
utilized in the evaluation include turbulence data, on-site wind information as well as terrain
model in line with the wind tunnels. Notably, the ocean exposure established to be affected by
both the low turbulence and the high velocities of wind. Contrary to the mountainous or urban
terrain in which the wind velocities often termed as low but tend to have high velocities in the
return. Thus, the high turbulence associated with the wind actions and loads formed the
ingredient and the basis for the whole design in line with the wind loads. The critical wind

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velocities associated with the flutter as well as the deck levels in the design mainly indicated as
shown in the table below
Figure Showing The Flutter Wind Velocities ( Jefferson and Smith 2016 p. 26).
Furthermore, wind loads and the design include the aerodynamic instability check and this was
performed based on the stipulated wind velocity thresholds. Thus, the summary of the whole
process decisively given in the table above. From the analysis of the table, it is expected that one
minute in line with the wind speed gives the overall speed thresholds at the designated deck level
of the bridge. The analysis of the wind essentially conducted empirically.
Seismic Loads Evaluation
Subsequently, the empirical study on the stonecutters regarding the risk levels established that
there are three core states which one must consider in the limit states. The crucial three aspects
include the 120 years for the elementary SLS return period, ULS 2400 years as well as SILS
6000 years. The three aspects and limits mainly classified as integrity Limit state. The
consideration incorporates that analysis that the bridge must be in a position to stand the
earthquakes and thus, should not require maintenance afterwards. Moderate earthquakes
occurring should only lead to fewer repairs on the bridge without actually closing it. Finally, the
deformations occurring at the state of severe earthquakes should not lead to any structural
integrity loss as well as should not compromise the emergency traffic network in the area.

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However, the severe earthquakes could lead to the closure of the overall bridge to perform and
carry out certain repairs on the bridge system.
Foundation Design
The design of the foundations in this project is not only important but also essential. The
designed process used in the foundation sections mainly described as an iterative concept. This is
essentially applied with the aim of ensuring that the decisive compatibility mainly achieved in
line with the substructure and the makeable superstructure (Hu et al. 2018 p.143).
The foundation type used in the process is the pile and it is designed to accommodate any actions
and impacts resulting om the friction loads. The friction loads in the project mainly estimated to
result from the soil down darg due to the actions of the reclamations of the ground for long-term
settlement. The bearing pressure for the bridge mainly estimated at approximately 3.1MPa in the
moderate sections. For the decomposed rock sections the value mainly estimated at 7.6Mpa
(Duan et al. 2018 p.8). Furthermore, considerations often incorporated for ensuring that bored
pile design optimum essentially achieved. The process incorporates the enlargement of the
overall bell-out to ensure that there is sufficient bearing capacity (Yu et al. 2018 p.1045).
Towel Design
Karczmarski et al. (2016) reported that aesthetic appealing of the bridge mainly achieved by the
application of the towel design. In essence, the parametric freestanding towers developed with
metallic materials. The upper sections of the bridge mainly intended to have visual and
distinctive features. The circular shapes fundamentally used because of the susceptible nature of
the materials. Additionally, the materials tends to offer shielding effects to the stay cable
vibrations as well as vortex shedding in line with the induced vibrations. The vibrations

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considered in the process often results from both the parametric excitations and linear
resonance (Hu et al. 2018 p.189).
Figure showing the Tower Design (Hu, Deng and Ren 2016 p.27)
Concrete Back Span Design
According to Cai et al. (2018 p.35) it is important to note that the back spans utilized in the
process mainly described as monolithic. In essence, the spans have both the stress and the piers
which are often caused by the permanent loads upon which they are subjected to in the process.
The material selection mainly considered based on the construction sequence adopted in the
erection of the various elements in the project (Yan et al. 2016 p.117). Additionally, there is the
connection of the stays on the outside deck levels and this mainly carried to reduce the chances
of having transverse state bending. Also, consideration mainly was taken in line with the two
longitudinal configurations and this process mainly performed by having the box grinders
primarily connected at the across the mortars. Subsequently, conditions also incorporated in line
with the torsion combinations depicted for the slagging bending and the longitudinal boxes.
Notably, the ration which is used in the establishment of the bending and torsions effects mainly
depend on the available stiffness ratio value. The ration computed in line with the members as

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well as the overall relative torsion stresses in the system. The design for the Concrete Back Span
Design mainly indicated as illustrated in the diagram below
Figure showing the Concrete Back Span Design
Stay Cable Design
Li et al. (2015) note that the parametric materials used in the designing of the stay cables are the
elementary prefabricated PWS. The typical diameters used in the process are 7mm with
imminent galvanised wires. Furthermore, the stay cables used has to be extruded in line with the
outer sections of the HDPE sheathing. The tensile stress of the wire materials to be used in the
construction should at least be 1770 Mpa. Also, the allowable stress in line with the server load
should approximately be 770Mpa. The diameter of the intended stay cable to be used should
range from the overall 113mm up to 192mm. The analysis mainly considered from the in
sections and towards the outer sections of the back spans. The longest intended cable which can
be used in the process should be 54om long as well as weigh approximately 70 tonnes. However,
the wind tunnel test in line with the design mainly establishes at the scale of about 1:1. The
essential recommendation of conducting the wind tunnel scale is to come up with the diameters
of the stay cables which conforms with drag element coefficient used in the designing the
process. Furthermore, it is important to investigate and established the surface profile effects
and how they can be used in counteracting the rain-water induced in line with the vibrations.

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Also it is important to have the internal dampers mainly installed at the overall deck stay and
some situated at the tower anchorages (Li et al. 2015 p.9).
Conclusion
In summary, it important to note that this section mainly tackled the detailed design for the
bridge. In essence, the bridge aesthetics forms the essential output and it has to confirm with the
detaailed design consdieration discussed and computed. Furthermore, the manaul of the
highways and the bridges structural for the Hong-Kong engineering works mainly used in
establishing the set criteria for the overall process. The designed considerations mainly means
that it will last and the bridge will be in a position to accommodate the traffic as well as heavy
vehicles while at the same time used for anchorage.