Diabetes Education and Information: A Systematic Review Analysis

This report presents a systematic review focusing on the critical role of education and information in managing diabetes, particularly among young adults. It begins with an introduction to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare's concerns regarding diabetes and its impact on the elderly. The report then outlines the research question, framed using the PICO framework, and discusses the evaluation of selected research articles, including their designs, methods, and ethical considerations. The core of the review centers on the importance of patient education in recognizing the signs and symptoms of diabetes, promoting healthier lifestyles, and improving patient outcomes. The literature review analyzes articles on diabetes management, numeracy skills, and continuous glucose monitoring. Finally, the report provides recommendations for enhancing future research and healthcare practices, emphasizing the need for improved methodologies, ethical considerations, and the inclusion of multidisciplinary teams to better support individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The systematic review highlights the importance of education in diabetes management and suggests areas for future research and practice improvements.

Systematic review

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW................................................................................................................1
A) Research question..................................................................................................................1
B) Evaluation of research............................................................................................................1
C) Research topic........................................................................................................................2
D. Literature review....................................................................................................................2
E) Recommendations..................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
Australian institute of health and welfare is a health care community service which
provides statistical data related to health of people living in Australia. Department has listed
several diseases which are the major cause of concern for health-care professionals and nurses as
the disorders results in death of patients. One of the most dangerous issue faced by elderly aged
individuals is diabetes. Report discusses research question based on PICO framework (Skyler,
et.al., 2017). Assignment highlights the nursing interventions that can improve health conditions
of patients suffering from chronic disease. Further, it lays emphasis on recommendations in order
to improve the practice in the future.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
A) Research question
Questions
What are the
educational and
informational
needs in young
adults suffering
from diabetes in
order to increase
their
understanding of
the process
related to
diagnostic and
their involvement
in judgements
about their
Population
The population
taken in the
systematic review
is young adults of
Australian region.
Interventions
Education and
information
related to disease.
Comparison
No access to
education and
information
related to
disorder.
Outcomes
Improved patient
outcome and
increased
understanding of
signs and
symptoms related
to disease.
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investigations?”
B) Evaluation of research
Research article chosen for the study is “Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood Predicts
Adult Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 25 to 30 Years Later”
1. Research design- The whole study in the article was based on primary research. Data was
collected from the National heart lung and blood institute. Descriptive design has been
used in research. Also, information was gathered by using authentic data bases such as
Pub-Med, Med line, CINAHL.
2. Methods- Cross sectional study was used in the study. Also, primary research methods
like questionnaire and personal interview was used in the study (Viisanen & et.al., 2017).
3. Objective- Main aim of the study was to educate young adults about the diagnostic
process, signs and symbols of type 2 diabetes.
4. Process- Data was collected by following proper process related with interview and
questionnaire method. 398 adults were personally interviewed by nurses in order to know
about the status related to their education about disease.
5. Ethics- All the ethical principles of research that is autonomy, beneficence, honesty has
been followed in the study.
6. Measurement- Literacy related to disease was measured by using the Rapid estimate of
adult literacy. Surplus measurement includes diabetes knowledge, self administration and
behaviour.
C) Research topic
In order to improve condition of patients suffering from type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Australian government has brought National strategic framework for chronic disease like
diabetes. The main aim of this framework is to improve patient health conditions suffering from
this disease. Research topic which has been selected is related to “education and information of
disorder”. It has been chosen in order to early detect the disease and reduce the risk arising out of
it. Early detection would help patient in recovering from the disorder easily and fastly. Mostly
diabetes can be caused because of following unhealthy life style, easting disorder or due to
genetic problem. Imparting service user with education and information related to diabetes
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would help them in recognising the signs and symptoms of disease at an early stage (Massart
et.al., 2017). Knowledge related to disorder would assist them in reducing their stress which they
can face while suffering from disease. It would also enhance their self esteem and confidence.
Also, education would support them in knowing that how important is for them to be involved in
physical activities and follow a healthy life style. Patient would also be able to control their high
blood pressure, if they are aware about what to do in that situation. Young adults can also suffer
from diabetes because of obesity, so information related to it would help them in reducing
weight.
D. Literature review
According to article “Association of Numeracy and Diabetes Control” poor numeracy
skills were common in patients suffering from diabetes. The main aim of this article was to
identify impact of patient's quantitative skills or numeracy on diabetes management which is not
understood properly. It is essential to analyze the link between glycemic control and diabetes
related numeracy along with other diabetes measurements. In context to this the researcher
designed a cross sectional survey that was conducted in 2 diabetes and 2 primary care clinics at 3
different medical centers. In order to collect primary data through examiner selected a sample of
398 adult patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. According to Metabolic Syndrome in
Childhood Predicts Adult Metabolic Syndrome (2016), general numeracy, health literacy and
numeracy related to diabetes is easily assessed by utilizing rapid estimate of adult literacy in
medicine, the diabetes numeracy test and wide range achievement test. According to this article
the median DNT score was 65%, common errors included misinterpreting glucose meter
readings & medication dosage along with miscalculating carbohydrates. Lower DNT scores were
connected with older age patients, lower literacy, nonwhite race, lower reported income, fewer
years of education, & general numeracy skills, lower perceived self-efficacy, and chosen self-
management behaviors. Patients grading in the lowest DNT quartile (score <42%) had a median
hemoglobin A1c level of 7.6% (interquartile range, 6.5% to 9.0%) compared with 7.1%
(interquartile range, 6.3% to 8.1%) in those scoring in the highest quartile (P = 0.119 for trend),
(High Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes in Adult Offspring of Women With
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Type 1 Diabetes, 2016). This research concluded that
numeracy skills related to low diabetes were linked worse perceived self – efficacy, possibly
poorer glycemic control and fewer self management behaviors. Another article related research
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on diabetes in older age people “Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Intensive Treatment of
Type 1 Diabetes”, the background of this primary research was not determination of the value of
continuous glucose monitoring in the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus. In this research or
article the examiner selected 322 adults who were already being treated with intensive therapy
for type 1 diabetes to a group with constant glucose monitoring or to a control group performing
home monitoring with a blood glucose meter. Each and every patient were graded in three
groups with regards to age and had a glycated hemoglobin level of 7.0 to 10.0%. According to
this article concluded that constant glucose can be linked with improved glycemic control in
adults having type 1 diabetes. Further work is required to determine barriers to effectiveness of
continuous monitoring in adults. The usage of continuous glucose monitoring averaged 6.0
or more days per week for 83% of patients 25 years of age or older, 30% of those 15 to 24 years
of age, & 50% of individuals between 8 to 14 years of age. According to the third article is
“Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood Predicts Adult Metabolic Syndrom and Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus 25 to 30 Years Later” it can be concluded that metabolic syndrome & history of family
in respect of diabetes helps in determining children which are highly exposed to adult metabolic
syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Intensive Treatment
of Type 1 Diabetes, 2016). The objective of this research was to analyze the link of metabolic
syndrome in childhood with adult metabolic syndrome & type 2 diabetes mellitus. In order to
collect relevant data in this examination individuals range from 5 to 19 years in the LRC and 30
to 48 years in PFS were selected as a sample. This research identified that Parental diabetes, Age
at follow-up Pediatric metabolic syndrome, & change in age-specific BMI percentile were
important forecaster of metabolic syndrome in adulthood, and pediatric metabolic syndrome,
black race, parental diabetes and age at follow-up were important predictors of type 2 diabetes
mellitus.
E) Recommendations
In order to improve health condition of patient suffering from diabetes nurses and health-
care professionals need to make them aware or educate them about the signs and symbols related
to disease. Also, the research can be improved in future by considering secondary data related to
disease and patient. Researchers can also make use of randomised controlled trial so that experts
can study a larger population (Wang, et.al. 2017). Further, open ended questions can be asked in
the questionnaire. Also more qualified staff like health-care professionals can be included in
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study in order to make it better. Better research methodology like randomised controlled trial can
be used in the future study. In this method population is randomly selected and controlled in
order to receive one of several clinical interventions. Also, nurses while conducting interview
can follow ethical principles and should not be involved in asking personal questions to service
user which may harm their sentiments. Research can also include multi-disciplinary team that
involves psychologist, dietician, physician which can support in enhancing the health outcome of
individuals suffering from type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It will positively impact the well-being of
service users.
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REFERENCES
Massart, J., & et.al., (2017). Altered miRNA-29 Expression in Type 2 Diabetes Influences
Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle. Diabetes.db170141.
Skyler, J. S., & et.al., (2017). Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural history,
and prognosis. Diabetes. 66(2). 241-255.
Viisanen, T., & et.al., (2017). Circulating CXCR5+ PD-1+ ICOS+ follicular T helper cells are
increased close to the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children with multiple
autoantibodies. Diabetes.66(2).437-447.
Wang, N., & et.al., (2017). Exposure to severe famine in the prenatal or postnatal period and the
development of diabetes in adulthood: an observational study. Diabetologia. 60(2). 262-
269.
Online
Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Intensive Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. (2016). [Online].
Available through:<https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0805017>.
High Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes in Adult Offspring of Women With
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Type 1 Diabetes. (2016). [Online]. Available
through:<http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/2/340>.
Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood Predicts Adult Metabolic Syndrome. (2016). [Online].
Available
through:<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347607008566>.
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