Systematic Review: Protocol Study on Smoking and Health in the UK

This document outlines a protocol study for a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on the health impacts of smoking in the UK. The objectives include raising public awareness about the harmful effects of smoking and understanding available therapies and programs for smoking cessation. The methodology involves searching databases like Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed for relevant articles published after 2008, using specific search terms related to smoking, tobacco, e-cigarettes, and associated diseases. Inclusion criteria prioritize studies with quantitative, case-control, and cohort designs that report the prevalence and frequency of data related to smoking's impact on health. Exclusion criteria involve articles published before 2008 or not written in English. The protocol includes screening titles and abstracts based on predefined questions and conducting full-text reviews to ensure relevance. The study aims to analyze the potential outcomes, such as cancer and respiratory illnesses, and to assess the effectiveness of medical treatments and anti-smoking campaigns in reducing the number of smokers in the UK. Desklib provides access to similar solved assignments and past papers for students.

Protocol Study
Smoking

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Review Objective.............................................................................................................................1
Methods...........................................................................................................................................2
Article Identification 200.............................................................................................................2
Eligibility of articles and article selection...................................................................................4
Inclusion Criteria (500)................................................................................................................4
Exclusion criteria.........................................................................................................................6
Protocol for Abstract / Title Screening........................................................................................6
Protocol for Full Text Review.....................................................................................................7
Quality Analysis Process.............................................................................................................7
Data extraction.............................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
In present time, people are becoming more addictive towards smoking in UK. This habit
is very dangerous for health because tobacco contains the nicotine which is high level of
addictive drug. In tobacco there are various types of dangerous products that causes several
diseases and early death in UK (Katikireddi and et.al., 2016). Smoking habits causes several
types of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, crohn's diseases, type 2 diabetes, cancer,
respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease, ulcer and asthma problems etc (Venn and et.al., 2016).
So, it could be said that smoking affects the entire body of human and it causes cancer in lungs,
lip, kidney, oral cavity, liver, stomach and stomach etc. All these diseases leads to death in last
stage (Lorencatto and et.al., 2016).
The early age death rate also increases, so, the government starts to conduct anti smoking
campaign. The main motive of smoking campaign is to reduce the number of smokers in United
Kingdom (Szatkowski and Aveyard, 2016). Through surveys it is analyzed that smoking habits
are constantly increasing in adults as compare to other age people. With the help of previous
research study it is evaluated that proportion of adult smoking fell down from 19.8% (2012) to
18.7% (2013).
To reduce the number of smokers, there are some factors that needed to be consider
because they will help to increase the awareness among people about healthy life. Through these
people will encourage to reduce the tobacco use and they will be more health conscious (Teumer
and et.al., 2016).
REVIEW OBJECTIVE
The present research is based on systematic review and meta analysis about smoking in UK. The
objectives are such as:
 To increase the awareness among public about the harmful effects of smoking on health.
 To understand the presence of available therapies, medicines and programs to reduce the
number of smokers in UK.
METHODS
The present research study mainly focuses on harmful effects of smoking on health in
entire UK. In this context, to achieve the objectives author will research by conducting the SR
(systematic review) and meta analysis on available literature on smoking. In this research study,
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author requires to select specific literature articles on few subjects like cohort studies, case
control, qualitative study etc (Neall, Atherton and Kyle, 2016). which are relevant to topic such
reasons of smoking, impacts on health and diseases due to smoking in UK. Further, author will
also define the epidemiology and methods which will help to quit the smoking habit. By
covering these points author will be ale to research in effective manner to achieve the objectives.
For the purpose of this protocol study, author will BE Able to conduct the systematic review in
effective manner because it is basically a cost effective tool. To select the relevant articles,
author will use different types of techniques and methods which will be helpful for entire
research study (Das-Munshi and et.al., 2016). In this context, the methods are such as sources,
SR protocols, exclusion and inclusion criteria etc.
Article Identification
In order to achieve the objectives in effective manner, author requires to search the
relevant articles from the various database such as Google scholar, Science Direct, CINHAL,
Emerald Insight, BioMed Centre, Cochrane library, British Nursing index and PubMed etc
(Dunne and et.al., 2016). In this context, researcher will use specific strategies for the literature
review research. With the help of strategy, researcher will be able to search the key terms like
Smoking in UK, impacts and options to quit this etc. In this context, the following search key
terms are defined below which will be used by researcher:
Term 1 Smoking
Term 2 Tobacco and nicotine
Term 3 E-cigarettes
Term 4 Diseases
Term 5 Anti smoking
Databases selected Description
CINHAL This is basically an index of journal articles
about bio medicine, allied health, health care
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and nursing in English and other languages.
PubMed It provides database of abstracts and references
related to bio medical and life science. It is
also a free search engine
Google scholar It gives both type of digital and physical
copies of several articles.
Emerald insight It offers the academic type books and journals
related to business, education, health care,
engineering and management topics etc.
Science Direct This sources provide the journals and e- books
on the medical line and scientific research
topics. It includes approximately 3500 journals
of health and social care at their website.
Cochrane library This is basically a collection of several
database related to health care specialties and
medicines and these are given by organization
such as cochrane collaboration etc. This
library includes many databases related to
meta analyses and systematic reviews
(Cochrane library, 2016).
BioMed Central It is specialist in open access of scientific
journal publication. In this, mostly journals are
published in online manner (BioMed Central,
2016).
British Nursing Index It is also known as BNI and it is a nursing
database of UK. This database provides
references, bibliography about journal articles
related to midwifery and British nursing
(British Nursing Index, 2016).
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Eligibility of articles and article selection
To conduct the research, researcher will select the articles by scanning their title and
abstracts on the basis of inclusion criteria. Further, to check the relevancy of content of selected
article, independent reading will be done. The researcher will be able to understand the meaning
of each article's content which will be helpful for author to conduct the research (Guydish and
et.al., 2016). The work referenced of all articles will be reviewed and as per the necessity the
authors and writers will be contacted. Additionally, disagreements in respect to exclusion and
inclusion criteria of each articles will be settled down and in case of necessary Cohen kappa
coefficient or independent reviewer will be reported. With the help of Cohen kappa coefficient,
the reliability of collected data and used variables are measured (Kalkhoran and Glantz, 2016).
Inclusion Criteria
After selection of articles, researcher will now focus on the two things such as inclusion
and exclusion criteria. It defines the characteristics that would be include and cover in research
study (Chiaffarino and et.al., 2016). At the time of considering the inclusion criteria, researcher
will only include the articles which had published after the year of 2008. Further, researcher will
also see the language of content, only English language will be selected.
 Designs:
To conduct the research in more effective manner, researcher will use the various types
of studies. In this, studies are such as quantitative, case controls, cohort studies etc (Katikireddi
and et.al., 2016). which helps to report the prevalence and frequency of collected data. In this
context, the harmful impact of smoking on health in UK and availability of epidemiology data
are determined. Further, the case control studies will consider the cases which are relevant to
topic and subject. For this purpose, the cases of smoker will be selected which defines the
harmful effects of smoking on health. The next is cohort studies which includes cased defined
people who are affected by this in present time. So, through this is evaluated that author will only
include the articles which matches these criteria.
 Rationale:
The lack of awareness among public about the negative impacts of smoking on health. In
this context, the researcher will only choose the articles who met the above discussed criteria in
more accurate and relevant manner. The selected articles and research paper will help to
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understand subject in more in-depth manner. By understand the information about research
paper, researcher will be able to conduct the research in effective way.
 Outcomes:
On the basis of inclusion criteria, possible outcomes of research papers and articles may
involves the cancer disease which occurs due to smoking. In this context, the cancer of lip, liver,
lungs and stomach which are caused due to the smoking. The tobacco and nicotine drug which
are high addictive in nature could be the major reason behind this like through his people are not
quitting the smoking easily. With the presence of nicotine, people are becoming more addictive
to use the cigarettes at high level in UK. To reduce the smokers number in UK, medical
treatments could be adopted by them. In this context, various types of nicotine replacement
therapies, medication, anti smoking campaigns and E-cigarette options are present which will
help them to quit the smoking.
 Definitions:
The research study includes various types of terms such as addiction, cessation are
included. Further, smoking causes diseases such as cancer, respiratory and mental illness are
considered. These terms would be covered by researcher at the time of scanning the content and
abstract of articles. The presence of above terms in articles are relevant to the research topics.
 Participants / Sample:
To analyze the research papers and articles, samples and participants are also an
important criteria which will be used by researcher. In this regard, researcher will not include the
case studies which mainly consider the smokers like adults, men and women etc. because many
research papers in this context defines that in UK adults rate are high who are addicted towards
smoking.
Exclusion criteria
This describes the characteristics which disqualify the subjects from the inclusion criteria.
This helps the researcher to not to include the articles and studies which are published before the
year of 2008. The second factor is English language which defines that studies which are not
written in this language will not be considered. Further, the important key terms are not present
in articles, case studies or research papers then they are not appropriate to the subject. On the
behalf of all these points, disqualified articles are not considered at the time of conducting the
systematic review and meta analysis on smoking in UK.
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Protocol for Abstract / Title Screening
By considering inclusion criteria, researcher will be able to use the various types of
questions at the time of scanning the titles and abstracts of research papers and articles. When the
answer of all question results in yes then researcher will choose the study for the next step of full
ext review other than this if results not comes in yes then article will be excluded by the
researcher. In addition, if the article's title and abstract does not match or includes the relevant
information to answers of several questions then it would be selected for further full text review
because its inner content will provide the sufficient information. In this regard, the questions are
defined below which will be included at the time of scanning the title and abstracts:
Ques 1. Does the article and study takes place in UK?
Ques 2. Does public facing more health problems like diseases due to smoking?
Ques 3. Are persons lower than 26 years old included in study
Ques 4. Does the study design matches with inclusion criteria?
Ques 5. Is the outcomes of study consistent with research defined inclusion criteria.
Ques 6. Is research paper and articles are published after 2008 and in English language?
Protocol for Full Text Review
After completion of screening process related to title and aspects of articles and research
papers, researcher will focus on questions which are basic in nature but they have to consider fr
reviewing full text articles (Katikireddi and et.al., 2016). The answer of these basic questions are
also based on the yes and no option. In this context, if the answer of Ques. 1 is related to no then
researcher will exclude it but if the Ques. 2 and 4 are in yes manner then researcher will select
that specific article for the present study. In this addition, research worker will consider the
following questions for the full text review:
Ques 1. Does the research involve Cohort studies of smoking related disease patients? In no case
article will be excluded.
Ques 2. Does the research study include Case controls through which patients with cancer
diseases caused by smoking are selected? In no case article will be excluded.
Ques 3. Does the study design and research smokers population are meeting the criteria of
inclusion ?
Ques 4. Does research study conducted within UK?
Ques 5. Does research papers ad articles are based on patient having smoking habit.
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Quality Analysis Process
For analyzing the quality of objectives, collected data and articles, researcher will use the
methods which are appropriate. The process of quality analysis is basically based on various
specific questions. These specific questions are for accessing the validity of external sources.
The question which are considered in this are basically based on the subject, sampling tools,
sampled patients population and rates of exclusion. Further, the internal validity of research
papers and selected articles could be evaluated by considering the things such as used resources
are reliable in nature or not. For the purpose of checking the quality of various types of studies
related to research, there are several question present. In this regard, to check the validity and
quality of case controls and cohort studies, few questions are listed below as:
Ques 1. Present study address the clearly focused issues ?
Ques 2. Is an acceptable manner used cases are recruited ?
Ques 3.To answer the question, researcher uses the appropriate methods and tools ?
Ques 4. Does the selected controls are in acceptable nature ?
Ques 5. To minimize bias, accurate exposers are measured ?
Ques 6. Does results and estimated risks are precise ?
Ques 7. Is it possible to apply results at local public ?
Ques 8. Have researcher consider confound factors in analysis and design ?
Ques 9. Does the result of research study fits with other evidences ?
Data extraction
On the basis of inclusion criteria, articles are selected for research study. In the context of
data extraction, researcher will accurately review all selected articles in to the form of pre
formulated and standard manner. Additionally, standard data form will be specifically composed
of study patients population, demographic of patient, study size, design, dates and definitions
related to research subject (Katikireddi and et.al., 2016). In this context, few topics are also
considered such as diseases caused by smoking, impacts on health, methods to determine the
smoking caused disease, frequency and validity of both internal and external sources.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Chiaffarino, F. and et.al., 2016. Cigarette smoking and risk of uterine myoma: systematic review
and meta-analysis. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive
Biology. 197. pp.63-71.
Das-Munshi, J. and et.al., 2016. Ethnicity and cardiovascular health inequalities in people with
severe mental illnesses: protocol for the E-CHASM study. Social psychiatry and
psychiatric epidemiology. pp.1-12.
Dunne, L. and et.al., 2016. Protocol: A randomised controlled trial evaluation of Cancer Focus
NI’s ‘Dead Cool’smoking prevention programme in post-primary schools. International
Journal of Educational Research. 75. pp.24-30.
Guydish, J. and et.al., 2016. An international systematic review of smoking prevalence in
addiction treatment. Addiction. 111(2). pp.220-230.
Kalkhoran, S. and Glantz, S.A., 2016. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and
clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Respiratory
Medicine.
Katikireddi, S.V. and et.al., 2016. Has Childhood Smoking Reduced Following Smoke-Free
Public Places Legislation? A Segmented Regression Analysis of Cross-Sectional UK
School-Based Surveys. Nicotine & tobacco research: official journal of the Society for
Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.
Lorencatto, F. and et.al., 2016. A survey of UK optometry trainees’ smoking cessation training.
Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics.
Neall, R.A., Atherton, I.M. and Kyle, R.G., 2016. Nurses' health‐related behaviours: protocol for
a quantitative systematic review of prevalence of tobacco smoking, physical activity,
alcohol consumption and dietary habits. Journal of advanced nursing. 72(1). pp.197-204.
Szatkowski, L. and Aveyard, P., 2016. Provision of smoking cessation support in UK primary
care: impact of the 2012 QOF revision. Br J Gen Pract. 66(642). pp.e10-e15.
Teumer, A. and et.al., 2016. Meta-Analysis and Imputation Refines the Association of 15q25
with Smoking Quantity. Nature Genetics. 42(5).
Venn, A. and et.al., 2016. Effectiveness of a mobile, drop-in stop smoking service in reaching
and supporting disadvantaged UK smokers to quit. Tobacco control. 25(1). pp.33-38.
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Online
BioMed Central. 2016. [Online]. Available through: <https://www.biomedcentral.com/>
[Accessed on 4th March 2016].
British Nursing Index. 2016. [Online]. Available through: <http://www.proquest.com/products-
services/bni.html> [Accessed on 4th March 2016].
Cochrane library. 2016. [Online]. Available through: <http://www.cochranelibrary.com/>
[Accessed on 4th March 2016].
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