Global Health Report: TB Control, Measles Prevention, Health Systems

This report provides a comprehensive overview of public health issues, focusing on tuberculosis (TB) and measles control, and comparing healthcare systems of Australia and the United States. The report begins with an analysis of Australia's population profile, with a specific focus on the ageing population, and discusses relevant policies for healthy ageing. It then delves into the global burden of TB, the features of the DOTS program, and contrasts the public health measures for controlling TB and measles. The report further examines the healthcare systems of the US and Australia, comparing their advantages and disadvantages, and exploring health budget allocation for public health activities. It also touches upon the role of the source-chain effect and associated risks. The report utilizes data and research to provide a detailed analysis of the complex issues in public health, with the aim of helping the reader to understand the issues. The report also discusses the impact of the DOTS program and the importance of vaccination and hygiene in disease control. The report concludes by highlighting the importance of understanding the economic and social impact of diseases.

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Table of Contents
Answer to question no 1........................................................................................................................1
Answer to question no 2........................................................................................................................2
Current global burden of tuberculosis................................................................................................2
Features of the DOTS program..........................................................................................................2
Comparing health control measures implemented to deal with TB as opposed to the public health
measures for controlling measles.......................................................................................................2
Answer to question no 3........................................................................................................................3
Health care system.............................................................................................................................3
Advantages and disadvantages of each system..............................................................................3
Health budget allocation for PH activities.........................................................................................3
Answer to question no 4........................................................................................................................4
Role of source- chain effect...............................................................................................................4
Risk associated with the hazard.........................................................................................................4
Answer to question no 5........................................................................................................................4
References.............................................................................................................................................6

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Answer to question no 1
In this report the country that is considered is Australia. It is the most high income
country that has mostly large and growing population. In Australia more than 15% population
is of 65 years. The ageing population will be increasing in coming years and the reason of
rising population is due to decline in mortality rate and low fertility rate. The ageing
population also affects the health system of the country. The population of Australia ha also
increased from 20th century. According to the Bureau of Australia Statistics it is considered
that life expectancy rate and net immigrations will increase in coming years (Aihw, 2016).
The population increases more in the capital area of Australia due to opportunities and
increasing migration. The ageing population is also effected by the changing demographic
face of Australia. The working population is Australia is around 15-64 years they are busy in
education and workforce participation in also growing. The cultural diversity of Australia is
also affected by the immigration due to diverse culture. Australia population is divided into
few sectors, at the age of 15-64 years people are usually stable and the people at the age of 65
years and above are also increasing. It is projected that by 2056 the Australian population will
be around 8.7 million (Aihw, 2016).
The median age is marked by younger people and the over sea of Australian born
population is more. The ageing population states that the portion of men will also increase as
compared to women. The ageing population creates the pressure for the country b Australia’s
health and welfare sectors. The very young population in Australia is under 15 years. The
population of Australia increases due to non-permanent migration, onshore migration and
increased diversity. The ageing population both shares a global experience and helps in
developing the world population. The population of Australia can be managed due to good
economic and financial position. Australia have well defined policies to deal with low
unemployment rate and helps in providing proper education. It is important to keep track of
ageing population as government need to decide budgets regarding all the crises.

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The policy are designed to maintain healthy ageing in Australia that covers the effects
of economic growth, government revenues, health support as well as provisions for long
term. The policies are designed to maintain the dignity, respect, social structure of people that
allow them to realize. For healthy ageing population Australia has launched policy for
‘Healthy life better ageing’ to design policies for betterment of health. The policy listens to
all the concerns regarding the health issues to improve the viability of health. These policies
are designed to optimize the health technologies and need to keep update of the disabilities
that are faced by people. The health ageing agenda of Australia states that promotion
regarding all the health strategy is done among the people. They generate actions plans that
would work throughout the life. Thus these policies are helpful as they prove for betterment
of health.
Answer to question no 2
Current global burden of tuberculosis
According to world health organisation, the burden of tuberculosis is increasing day
by day. Tuberculosis can be treated as an economic burden as it is generally linked with
poverty, poor living conditions and malnutrition. It is due to the fact that poor people do not
get facility to live a healthy life. Thus it gives rise to increase in tuberculosis. It is treated as a
burden as it decreases the overall capacity of a person to work. The burden can be summed
up in terms of economic consumption (Saloman, 2016). According to the world health
organisation it is estimated that the overall productivity is decreases and also causes loss of
income in some cases. According to the research it can be stated that it causes loss of 12
billion from the global economy. The risk factor of tuberculosis is HIV that may causes death
of a person.
Features of the DOTS program
DOT stands for directly observed treatment and it is a control strategy for t
tuberculosis that is recommended by the World Health Organization. The DOT program is
beneficial as it helps in taking medications and help patients to end their tuberculosis therapy
quickly. It removes the unnecessary gaps and also prevents the disease to spread future. It
also decreases the risk of drugs that may result in causing resistance results. It also decreases
the chances of failure in the treatment (Galin & Konshina, 2015). DOT programs are
beneficial as they coordinate with all the internal and external partners. Apart from that these
programs help in making data driven decisions. They identify the opportunities and failure so
that a plan with the proper budget could be discovered.
Comparing health control measures implemented to deal with TB as opposed to the
public health measures for controlling measles
There is a difference between the control measures for TB and for controlling
measles. Measles is a viral infection that directly infects the respiratory system and it can be
controlled by getting a vaccination and by guiding patients to maintain hygiene in all the
public places. Getting a vaccination and discussing the symptoms with the doctors helps in

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understanding the side effects. Apart from that it can be controlled by checking the immunity
of the surrounding (Sfcdcp, 2016).
On the other side TB can be controlled by first checking that it is not transmitted from
ne adult to another. This is done by finding out the patient that is suffering from active TB so
that treatment could be made immediately for curing the disease so that it does not get
transmitted future (Hawkins, Houpt, Eidels & Townsend, 2016). The second step to control
and prevent TB is to take care for patient suffering from latent TB so that it does not develop
into an active disease. The vaccination or drug treatment could also be used to prevent effects
of TB.
The prevention of measles suggests that close contact should be avoided from people
who are sick. On the other hand TB does not spread from one person or other by touching.
Apart from that there are no drugs that may kill measles completely and they get improved by
themselves with in time (Hawkins, Houpt, Eidels & Townsend, 2016). On the other hand the
regular dose of TB helps in preventing the disease.
Answer to question no 3
Health care system
Every country follows different HCS, thus for now the case of US and Australia is
discussed.
In case of US health care system every individual has right to access the health service. On
the other hand Australia has a 2-tier system that is public and private. All the citizens of the
country can access to the free emergency department. The priority is given to the care and life
of patient rather than money (Duckett & Willcox, 2015). Australia covers all the citizens but
the US health care system only covers the people who have low income and those who are
old. They also differ in terms of cost as the cost in US hospital system is high process as
compared to other countries.
Advantages and disadvantages of each system
Australia Health care system
Advantages- They allow gap in payment. There are more choices of doctors and hospitals.
Apart from that accommodation is also of choice and they cover all the insurance and other
benefits (Wakerman, et. al, 2017).
Disadvantages- they have cost of services and in they do not offer any Medicare facility.
US Health care system
Advantages- They offer best quality of service that too in lower cost. The price is controlled
by government and all the medication and medical services are negotiable (Burwell, 2015).
They have standardized billing procedures and there is no change in billing rules.

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Disadvantages- most of the treatment is free thus an individual is careless about the
procedures (Burwell, 2015). Apart from that they do not offer any financial incentive.
Health budget allocation for PH activities
Australia health care system have estimated outcome of around 83.2 million dollar for
healthy life style of citizen living there. For economic partnership they have support with
Philippines that incest in the aid initiatives promotion. The government of Australia have also
launched many plans for betterment of the country (O’brien, 2016). They have fixed budget
that is used to remove poverty and prosperity ratio from the country and contribute in stable
living standard.
Similarly if considered the case US the health expenditure sources of funds is around
431 million. They have kept funding for various activity programs that grants the states to
expand by offering more services regarding all the disorders (O’brien, 2016). They organise
campaigns to encourage consumers and generate awareness among people. Around 23 lakhs
of budget is kept for all the fast prevention and also for promoting hospitality. The outcome
of these funding’s help in increasing number of federal agencies in the country for betterment
(Birsoy, et. al, 2015).
Answer to question no 4
In the video it clearly shows the case when food gets ceased. The food is not allowed
while travelling still people carry them, and it involves various ingredients which are not
allowed. It was seen in the videos that various kind of insects where also caught. It includes
various environmental threats as the future supply these products with higher price. They also
include harmful ingredients which could be used in terms of smuggling. They mostly try to
carry fake and dangerous drinks and food that is not at all safe for the health of people around
the world. They also increase the chances of disease from one country to another. There are
many diseases that enter in the country due to overseas country. Some of the fruits and food
have a special kind of fungus that causes disease that is dangerous for health. Thus a proper
ecosystem approach is used to balance the environmental conditions.
Role of source- chain effect
The role in source chain is to find cost effective supplier so that best value us offered
to customers and they also offer clear understanding regarding the customers demand. They
also offer new ventures differentiating themselves on the behalf of production strategy and
customer specialization (LeBlanc, et. al, 2017).
Risk associated with the hazard
They face difficulty at time of coordinating with the flow of supply chain and dealing
with taxes and duty parameters of different countries. There are risk of trade barriers and
uncertainty in government stability (Li, Tse & Fok, 2016). There are high risk at time of
fluctuating exchange rates and also while transfer prices. There exists risk in terms of
environment as well as organisation. The external risk can be due to the natural disasters and

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internal risk can be done to conflicts in the organisation (Wilhelm, Blome, Bhakoo &
Paulraj, 2016). There can be risk due to network as it links various uncertainties to the
system. Thus these risks can lead to potential damage and sometimes causes adverse effect
that is hazard (Fraj, Matute & Melero, 2015). A supply chain is a pointer that has chances of
risk and links senior management of the company with the stakeholders (Li, Tse & Fok,
2016).
Answer to question no 5
I tried by level best to actively participate in all the conversations related to this
report. My participation was analysing the question and then have a deep analyse and
research of the topic. It somewhere helped me to gain more knowledge and become aware
about the facts and figures which I was unaware about. I communicate with all the group
members and also kept update about the role that were assignment to the team mates. He
work was completed on timely manner and everyone gave their equal participation. The work
load was also shared in some cases that help me to build up the team working capability. My
personal contribution was to understanding the questions and do appropriate research and
check the role that is assigned to team members.

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References
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https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/older-australia-at-a-glance/contents/
demographics-of-older-australians/australia-s-changing-age-and-gender-profile.
Birsoy, K., Wang, T., Chen, W. W., Freinkman, E., Abu-Remaileh, M., & Sabatini, D. M.
(2015). An essential role of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in cell
proliferation is to enable aspartate synthesis. Cell, 162(3), 540-551.
Burwell, S. M. (2015). Setting value-based payment goals—HHS efforts to improve US
health care. N Engl J Med, 372(10), 897-899.
Duckett, S., & Willcox, S. (2015). The Australian health care system (No. Ed. 5). Oxford
University Press.
Fraj, E., Matute, J., & Melero, I. (2015). Environmental strategies and organizational
competitiveness in the hotel industry: The role of learning and innovation as
determinants of environmental success. Tourism Management, 46, 30-42.
Galin, I. F., & Konshina, E. A. (2015). Optical response features of LC cells doped with
CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 615(1), 57-62.
Hawkins, R. X., Houpt, J. W., Eidels, A., & Townsend, J. T. (2016). Can two dots form a
Gestalt? Measuring emergent features with the capacity coefficient. Vision
research, 126, 19-33.
LeBlanc, J. G., Chain, F., Martín, R., Bermúdez-Humarán, L. G., Courau, S., & Langella, P.
(2017). Beneficial effects on host energy metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and
vitamins produced by commensal and probiotic bacteria. Microbial cell
factories, 16(1), 79.
Li, W. C., Tse, H. F., & Fok, L. (2016). Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of
sources, occurrence and effects. Science of the Total Environment, 566, 333-349.
O’brien. L. (2016). a comparison of the us and australian healthcare systems. Retrieved from
https://onthewards.org/the-inside-scoop-part-one-a-comparison-of-the-us-and-
australian-healthcare-systems/.
Saloman. L. (2016). Tuberculosis, DTP, & Measles Vaccines and Associations with
Childhood Mortality. Retrieved from
http://www.contagionlive.com/news/tuberculosis-dtp-and-measles-vaccines-and-
associations-with-childhood-mortality.
Sfcdcp. (2016). Measles. Retrieved from https://www.sfcdcp.org/infectious-diseases-a-to-z/l-
to-r/measles/.

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Wakerman, J., Humphreys, J., Wells, R., Kuipers, P., Entwistle, P., & Jones, J. (2017). A
systematic review of primary health care delivery models in rural and remote
Australia 1993-2006.
Wilhelm, M. M., Blome, C., Bhakoo, V., & Paulraj, A. (2016). Sustainability in multi-tier
supply chains: Understanding the double agency role of the first-tier supplier. Journal
of Operations Management, 41, 42-60.