Computer Networks: TCP/IP Report on OSI Model and TCP/IP Architecture

This report provides an overview of the TCP/IP protocol and the OSI model, which are fundamental concepts in computer networking. The report begins by introducing the Open System Interconnect (OSI) model, detailing its seven layers and their respective functions, including the application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. It emphasizes the role of each layer in data transmission and network communication. Following the discussion of the OSI model, the report transitions to the TCP/IP architecture, highlighting its four layers: application, transport, internet, and host. It also explains the network layer's role in data transmission within the network and the internet. The report concludes by referencing key literature, providing a comprehensive understanding of the network architecture and protocols.

Running Head: TCP/IP 0
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TCP/IP 1
Open system Interconnect (OSI) model is an ISO certified network reference model,
which is a theoretical model for the data transfer between sources to destination. It has seven
layers to provide communication between different nodes in the same network as well as
different networks (Forouzan, 2007).
These are the seven layers and their functions, which areas:
1. Application layer: this layer has used for a high level of APIs, which provides various
services, which are virtual terminals, resource sharing, directory services, remote
access and files access, and many others
2. Presentation Layer: this layer has created for data formating between network
service and an application, which includes encryption, description, compressions and
many other data formats.
3. Session layer: this layer has created to provide communication between two nodes
and managing sessions between those nodes for exchanging data and information.
4. Transport layer: this layer has created for reliable and unreliable data
transformation between different nodes on a network. it has used segmentation,
multiplexing, and acknowledgment for data segments transmission.
5. Network Layer: this layer has designed for different works, which are routing,
networking, monitoring, addressing, flow control, and traffic control. It manages the
structure of the network as well.
6. Datalink: This layer provides transmission of data frames in between two
workstations, which are connected using various physical media.
7. Physical Layer: It has created to use a physical medium for raw bit transmission.

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Seven-layer has divided into three parts, which are a software layer that includes a
presentation layer, application layer, and session layer. The hardware layer includes network
layer, physical layer, and data link layer. The transport layer is heart of the OSI model (Sunshine,
2013).
In addition, TCP/IP protocol architecture is having four layers, which are the application,
transport, internet, and host. Moreover, the network layer is known as internet layer because it
provides data transmission in network as well as Internet (Tanenbaum, 2014). All layers are
connected with each other because they provide particular output for another layer.
Furthermore, TCP/IP architecture is a practical model for networking and
communication. It describes the protocols and network architecture.

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References
Forouzan, A. (2007). Data communications & networking (8th ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill
Education.
Sunshine, C. (2013). Computer network architectures and protocols. New Jersy: Springer Science
& Business Media.
Tanenbaum, A. S. (2014). Computer networks. Harlow, Essex: Pearson.