Analyzing Learning Theories and Communication Models in Higher Ed

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Introduction
In this scenario, they study about technical education, what are the purposes and philosophy of instruction and
exercise in a procedural field like IT sector, also they obtain about the evidence that what are the aims and
assemblies of the key stipulation and learning automated which is available. They also learn how to grow their
services and how to work in a team to increase knowledge and how to plan and make themselves for the better
profession with the use of proper research and how to use properties for learning new things and how to figure
their career step by step.

1.1 Analyze theories, principles, and models of learning
Theories of learning are the practical framework that allows the people to learn something and to grab
knowledge that is required for proper growth. It is represented as to acquire new and innovative knowledge,
skills that should be developed, modifying values and attitude perspective and learn behaviors. The leaning is a
dynamic process to acquire a unique thing in each individual. The common definition of learning is the notion
that includes changes occurs in learner’s attitude, skills and behavior.
The three main theories of the learning process include-
Behaviorism: The study of identifying and analyzing behavior aspects.
Cognitivism: The study of understanding conversations, thoughts, focus, decision-making, metal process, etc.
those are essential elements for cognitive development.
Constructivism: It emphasizes the importance of human nature, consciousness, social affections, and human
resources.
Some behavior views of learning-
 Animals and humans have a similar way of learning. Earlier, researcher studies on animals then apply
these theories on human beings
 Simulation, modeling, studying and responses are the learning processes
 Understanding the internal processes such as motion, behavior, thoughts, and feelings are comes in
learning theories because these are not observable and requires stimulus-response association
 Theories of learning explain behavior changes with possible learning principles
The basic principles of learning theory are discovered, tested and applied in practical solutions and situations.
These provide additional improvement in teaching and learning process to learn the goals and objectives of
education more efficiently with the proper outcome.
Laws and principles of learning are ‘readiness, exercise, and effect.

1.2 Explain the ways in which theories, principles, and models of learning can be applied to teaching
and learning and assessment.
In Miller-Stoeckel Client Education model, Nurse-Client relationship is described in the teaching and learning
process.
Figure 1: Miller-Stoeckel Client Education Model
In this education model for learning, nurse act as an educator and client act as a learner. Nurses are
programmatically designed to operate programs and they are eclectic thinkers whereas clients are the
individual human beings that are trained in this learning process. Nurses select an idea to observe something
that can be helpful for establishing an experimental and mental framework. When are getting observed it will
become easy to seek a solution for the observed solutions.
In teaching and learning process, the principles, laws, models, and theories have its own importance to
enhance the understanding and knowledge in education. The operant conditions are required to fulfill that
focuses on the consequences of behavior affect the responses over time. It obtained from generating ideas with
a certain decision that behavior happens more frequently. In education, if a student is getting involved in a
discussion and he/she acquire a good comment then in future he/she will hear further good comments as per
behavior expressions.
Key concepts of operating conditioning-
 Discrimination- A judgment to make verbal contributions in that results in the combined effect of
reinforcement
 Generalization- It refers to the spread of new behavior to extend prior learning into new situations
 Schedule of reinforcement- It depends on the pattern of frequency related to the operant
 Extinction- It refers to the disappearances because of the behavior changes in operant
 Cues- Cues is a stimulus that notifies information just prior to operant behavior the used in signal
performing

1.3 Analyse models of learning preferences
Models of learning provide a framework or a structure to make sense of the world. Learning models creates an
appropriate environment with teachers or trainers among clients and students in an organized way. These
learning models included pre-planning, processing, assessment, validation and evaluation in institutional
activities.
The DUNN & DUNN learning style model has various learning preferences that emphasize classroom
activities in an organization. On these premises student has a great opportunity to learn, the instructional
techniques match student personality. This model does not explain scheduled content and instructional
objectives and goals.
This model is specialized in two main activities-
a. Identification of learning style for individual
b. Planning and implementing activities for learning that enhance individual learning strength
As per the learners, activities learning preferences are stated as below-
 Environmental preferences: Environmental preferences include sound, light, temperature, design and
other surroundings that is preferable for students in a learning environment.
 Emotional preferences: Emotional preferences consist of motivation, responsibilities, Persistence,
and structure of instructions that are required to complete a task.
 Sociological preferences: Sociological preferences define self-association, pairs, peers and teams,
varied and adults that provides a variety of procedure to accomplish a task with the help of groups and
trainers.
 Physical preferences: Physical preferences include perceptual, intake, time, mobility, etc. that can
prefer moving and observing surrounding while completing a task with proper learning outcomes.
 Physiological preferences: Physiological preferences consist of global/analytic, hemispheric,
impulsive/reflective activities that help in making quick decisions with proper detailed oriented.

1.4 Explain how identifying and taking account of learners' individual learning preferences enables
inclusive teaching, learning, and assessment
Learning style is basically overall patterns and instructions that provide a basic direction to learning behavior.
It is a set of characteristics to make the teaching methods more wonderful and easy to under stable in acquiring
basic knowledge in a respective manner. In teaching, learning and assessment process, the learning preferences
of individual learners accommodate an effective way, so that learner perceives, interacts and responds into the
learning environment. Inclusiveness of own in teaching and learning resources refers to the concentration on
the learners to fulfill their needs in the education program. It implements the practices that carried out to aware
the students with the proper use of technology in the technical field. It creates an effective interaction with the
learners and increases their critical thinking. It helps in understanding the individual needs and then experts
can provide relevant content.
Types of learning styles-
Visual Learners: These learners are the persons who like to read and understand to obtain a great deal from a
visual simulation. The oral lectures and learning direction are very confusing without any visual interface to
the students. The graphical representation of facts and figure by watching the lectures closely. Some
characteristics of visual learners are-
 Learn by observing and visualization
 Take detailed notes of numerous facts
 Find out something interesting to watch
 Are good at understanding positive signs
 Finds the passive surrounding ideal
Auditory Learners: Auditory learners are those who enjoy the unembellished lectures and make a profit from
the conversation and oral directions. They are excited by classroom activities and role-play interactions. They
are good at hearing and speaking. Some characteristics of auditory learners are-
 Learn by hearing, listening and verbalizing
 Notice sound effect of surrounding for easy understandings
 Free to talk or interact with all
Kinesthetic Learners: Kinesthetic learners are learners who enjoy the movement of working with tangible
objects. They prefer movement inside the classroom. They earn experience from doing things with smartness
2.1 Analyse theories, principles and modes of communication

Communication is a process of transferring, thoughts, ideas, expressing feelings through communicating,
gesture representation, symbols, and signs from one person to another. It is a way of interacting with each
other with proper feedback(Palleti, Joseph, & Silva, 2018).
A communication process involves three essential elements to establish communication. Those are Sender,
Receiver and Communication channel or a medium.
Sender: A sender is a person that encodes the message in any form like voice, signs and written. The sender
sends the signal or message that is to be communicated.
Receiver: A receiver is a person that receives the message or signals and decodes that signal into their
understandable language.
Communication Channel/Medium: A communication channel is a medium from which information is
exchanged in between sender and receiver. To flow information or data communication medium is required.
Communication theory states that the all living organism on the earth communicates with each other, but the
mode of communication is different. The universal law of communication states that all living like plants,
animals, human beings and other organism communication through sound, patterns, changes, feelings,
symbols and other possible ways to express their ideas and thoughts to the respective receiver.
Communication theory framework-
 Mechanistic
 Psychological
 Social
 Systematic
 Critical
Principle of Communication
Communication theory is a dire need for survival for each and every living entity that needs to communicate
with each other. To ensure effective communication principles and guidelines are followed to attain
prospective goals for which communication has been established. The 7 C's of effective communication are
stated below.
1. Completeness- Completeness refers to a full and complete message having a meaning along with itself
that is to be transferred. The message should depend on facts and requires additional information that is
to be communicated.

2. Concreteness- Concreteness refers to the clear message having information related to the receiver
requirement with some facts and figures with full sentence formation.
3. Courtesy- Courtesy refers to the tendency of having feelings that strike with an important approach to
the audiences in a courteous manner.
4. Correctness- Correctness refers to correct sentence formation of words that can be easily
understandable by avoiding grammatical errors that are not appreciable in verbal communication also.
Correctness increases trust in between sender and receiver.
5. Clarity- Clarity refers to a clear representation of thoughts and ideas expressed in between the
communication. The message should be short and clear having an impressive meaning. Factors
included in effective communication are the essence of the message.
6. Consideration- Consideration refers to the considering related data that is required to communicate in
effective communication. Factors involved in this phase are professional knowledge, level of
education, and interests.
7. Conciseness- Conciseness refers to the clear and consistent. Systematically, it contains a specific
statement to contribute to communication.

2.2 Explain the ways in which theories, principles, and models of communication can be applied to
teaching, learning, and assessment.
Different-different peoples have their various modes of communication. According to various types of
learners Visual, Aural, Readers, Kinesthetic (VARK) follows various procedures to communicate or transfer
their ideas in an effective manner. Learners depend on the result or outcome developed by respective input. In
the teaching, learning and assessment process, the theories, principles, and modes of communication derive a
sensory input effect that manages an effective way of perceiving what to be taught and communicated. These
ways allow empathy for learners in various styles that consider how to communicate with various styles in
teaching and learning assessment (Stupnisky, BrckaLorenz, Yuhas, & Guay, 2018).
Communication is a way to successfully deliver meaningful information between two or more than two
peoples with a communication channel or medium. A successful conversation consists of feedback obtained
from the receiver when the information is delivered to the receiver from the sender. In order to assess the
quality of communication in teaching and education process, these antiquate are compared to the theories,
principles, and models of communication. It is essential for the learners to overcome barriers from
communication by teaching process. It is necessary for the tutor to have two-way communication with the
students as it helps the tutor to understand present learning status of the students. This methodology not only
increases the vocabulary of the students but also helps in learning logical methods. Communication helps the
tutor to understand the condition of the student and the amount of learning students can gasp in a particular
period of time. It is very essential to measure the studying capacity of the students by its tutor and to help in
this, communication plays a major role. Communication not only increases the frankness between the tutor and
students but also helps the tutor to determine and understand the weaknesses of the student. Overall
communication methodologies remove the barriers in teaching and learning processes and also assess the
quality of students through communication models. Learning principles helps in guiding the nature and
behavior of a person. For the further development of interpersonal skills, learning principles and models of
communication establish a way to remove failures in between communication and enhance the experiences of
learning with new introducing language and another factor for sustainable development. The models of
communication justify the engagement of people to make stable and efficient communication between two
persons and human interactions.

LO.3 Understand the application of theories, principles, and models of assessment in education and
training
3.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of assessment
The initial assessment is used to begin any course, also it helps to learn about the workplace and find the
learners at the on-onsite. It includes aspects for both student and teacher to find the problems and some other
issue. The TNA (training needs analysis) helps to identify both knowledge and skills at the same place (Khan,
and Sayed, 2017).
Initial assessments are helpful for the teacher as follows:
 It helps to uncertain learning requirements.
 It helps to decide the goals and major aims of the performable program.
 It helps to share information and data which is important.
 Helps to make plans according to the requirements.
Diagnostic assessments help to assess the students' current knowledge. It also helps to evaluate the strength of
the students and their development area. It helps to conclude that does learner achieves his learning goals or
not and provide some better idea for student's level enchainment.
Here are some examples of diagnostic based criteria:
 Collected experience from last studies over the subject area.
 Access for appropriate support.
 Training management for better skill development.
 It required some better resource of financial support.
Training based analysis is a process to achieve and identify what type of training going to be taken by the
learner. Also, it helps to learn about it more widely. It helps for people's performance enhancement at the
workplace.
There are some few steps to analyze training and learning:
 It helps to make understating for performance enhancement.
 It helps to resolve the complication and enhances the capabilities of the learner.
 It helps to find better learning outcomes.

 It helps to maintain the bridge between the training design and resources of leaning to fill the gap
between present and future capability levels.
Also, it helps to make to bridge between the performance of the organization and trainee.
QCA stands for the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority which is formed in 2007 for quality maintenance
in the education department. It sets the rules and regulation for the studies. It can be done by the government
of the country. It can be managed by the national assessment agency. It is a public department for education
and assessment design. It is directly handled by the country of any govt. also, it handles the examination and
assignment assessment of the related student. It plays an independent role to regulate the exams and tests in for
the students.
QFA stands for the Quality Franchise Association which sells the services and goods by the help of the
collaboration of two different firms such as Franchisee and Franchisor.
Aptitude is a way to perform some certain operations at a certain level. Also, aptitude can be done as physical
or mental. Aptitude has as enough potential to perform certain work whether that is developed or not. With the
help of aptitude the trainer can develop understanding, knowledge, and some other acquired abilities.
Assessment of learning and assessment for learning: the major difference between them is an assessment
for learning is designed to inform instructions. In the assessment for learning provided data will be revised
from planned instructions and the assessment of learning, the learning resource will be provided to the trainee
in a summative way. The assessment is segregated in three separate parts: pre-assessment, formative
assessment and summative assessment.
Training cycle and mission: whenever a participant participate in any training program whether the training
can be traditional and virtual. A method is being followed to train any trainee. There must be a training cycle is
followed which is begin from very initial. It is continuous and process to achieve the goal in cyclic form.

Figure 2. Training cycle and mission diagram
3.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles, and models of assessment can be applied in assessing
learning
It is not so hard to find the values form diagnostic and initial assessment. In words of Hamilton, these are the
type of process which helps to teacher and institutes to gather some important information or data. The
collected information is very important to get to know and bout the learner and build a good relationship
between the learner and tutor. In the initial assessment, it is mandatory to involve the learner to get the
important information which is helpful and supportive for learning. This method helps to find the course for
students according to his suitability. The previous studies have proven that to achieve any achievement it plays
a very important role whether it could be non-academic or academic. Also, it helps the teacher to get to know
about his leaner. Also, it helps to reach his standards on the basis of the minimum requirement (Davey, 2018).
Impact planning and planning assessment schedule can be seen in decision making. It provides better
coordination and collaboration between the student and the teacher. It helps to improve learning about the
course. Also, it helps to identify the related factors of the course. Planning is a very important part of any
classroom. By the help of planning the tutor knows that what he needs to achieve. Also, it helps to clear his
vision and future goals. The planning helps to make a more appropriate decision which is ‘to the point'.
Planning takes a lot of time but it provides better decision-making ability. There are three key points to plan a
successful plan:
 Aim of the lesson: it helps to find the aim of the lesion before going to teach.
 Learning activities: it activities are done by the tutor to teach the students in a better way.
 Deployment of strategies to check the student’s learning attitude: this stage helps to make some
strategies to check the lesion is good or not.

Feedback means to provide an explanation of what they are currently learning. The feedback focus
must be over the student current activity. The tutor must be specific over his topic. Such quality
helps to tutor to get some positive feedback from student-side. Positivity of the tutor has also
attracted the students and helps to get some positive feedbacks.