Teenage Pregnancy: Analysis of Causes, Issues, and Potential Solutions

This report, titled "Teenage Pregnancy," examines the multifaceted issue of adolescent pregnancy, focusing on the UK context. The introduction defines teenage pregnancy and highlights its biological, social, and economic impacts. The background section traces historical trends and the decline in teenage pregnancy rates, emphasizing the role of education and awareness programs. The aim is to identify issues faced by adolescent mothers. Objectives include identifying causes, issues, awareness, and interventions. The literature review explores major causes, including lack of parental guidance and societal factors, as well as the issues raised by early-age pregnancy, the importance of awareness, and effective interventions. The research methodology is outlined, leading to results, findings, discussion, and conclusions. The report underscores the significance of the research by pointing out the need to address the causes and consequences of teenage pregnancy to improve the lives of young mothers and their children, offering insights into potential strategies to reduce teenage pregnancy rates.

TEENAGER
PREGNANCY

Table of Contents
TITLE- “Teenager pregnancy”........................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................1
AIM .................................................................................................................................................2
OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................................................2
QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................................................3
RATIONALE OF THE RESEARCH .............................................................................................3
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH.........................................................................................3
SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER...................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................4
Major causes of teenage pregnancy........................................................................................4
Issues raised because of early age pregnancy.........................................................................6
Awareness about the impact of early age pregnancy.............................................................8
Interventions for reducing the issues of teenage pregnancy...................................................9
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................10
RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................13
FINDING, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ........................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

TITLE- “Teenager pregnancy”
INTRODUCTION
Teenager pregnancy is defined as the pregnancy in which women age is less than 20. As
per this the teen between 15 to 19 are included as teenager. It is also called as adolescent
pregnancy. In this pregnancy, the female is under the age of 20. Generally pregnancy is occur
with the sexual intercourse when female started to ovulate. In this, the first menstrual period
which is called as menarche but usually occur after the onset of period. In addition to this, the
pregnant teenager face various issue related with health and other biological changes in
immature age can cause more complications. There is another aspect of teenager pregnancy
which is avoided now day because of improper development of physical aspect which is not
permitted body to gain pregnancy or to give birth. For female which is under age 15 to 19 have
more risk as per the view of pregnancy because there are number of factor which is associated
with biological effect of age (Appleby and et. al., 2020). Some of the risk factor are low birth
weight, premature labour, anaemia and pre-eclampsia which is directly connected with biological
age of any female. After all controlling the factor which is create risk but there is other changes
of access which is called as prenatal care. As per this, the teenage pregnancy not also associated
with bilogical factor which affect their life but also their social and educational section. Many or
pregnant teen drop out of school and some never complete their education and that create hurdle
for their life. Their mental and physical status are being prepared in appropriate manner which
can take responsibilities of this kind of incident. In addition, there is also an aspect which is
taken as women who first got pregnant in their teen age then they have also chance to more than
one child. So, as per this teenage pregnancies have various of negative impact which is related
with the biological, social and economic factor (Ara and et. al., 2017).
BACKGROUND
Teenage pregnancy is was normal from the previous centuries and this is commonly
develop in 20 century. As per all the Norwegian women born early 1950s and nearly they
became teenage mother at the end of 1970s. The rate of decreasing the teenage pregnancy is
started from the 21 century when education was on their peak and government make awareness
program through digital or by camping method to various place in order to make an
understanding among people and now rate have been fallen gradually since then. There are
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various of intervention which is driven by several countries in order to reduce the number of
teenage pregnancies. They start to organise prevention techniques by using proper law and
creating national campaign to prevent the teen pregnancy (Barber and et. al., 2019).
The early motherhood can affect the psychosocial development of the child. The children
of teen are more likely to be born prematurely with the low birth weight, pre disposing, in the
condition of various life process. Children of the child mother have gain higher risk of language
and socio emotional delays. The developmental disabilities and behavioural issue are enhance for
the children who is born to teen mothers. There are various study which is conducted to the
adolescent mother are less likely in order to stimulate their infants through the behaviour issue to
the teen mothers. Poor academic performance in the children of teenage mother which has been
noted. As per this, the children which is being held back with a grade level, scoring lower on
standardised test and failing to graduate form the school which is secondary. The daughter born
to parent which is teen in age and more likely to become the mother themselves. Sons born to
teenage mother are three times.
The age of the mother is identified as the easily verified in that particular date as per the
end of pregnancy. As per all this is not associated with estimated date of conception.
Consequently, there are statistics do not include that began with the mother who is also
responsible for the began at the age of 19, but this all is ended on or often after the women of end
the age of 20 years age. Moreover, the marital status, are well determined by the determination
whether she is married at the end of pregnancy apart from the time of conception. Pregnant
teenage face various issue which is related with issue of other women. There are additional
concerns for those who is under the age 15 they are less likely to be physical developed to
sustain a healthy pregnancy or to give birth. Some of the risk associated with socio-economic
factor than the biological effect of the age. Risk of low birth weight, premature labour and
anaemia and connected with biological age (Moore, A. and Reynolds, P., 2018).
AIM
To identify the issues faced by Adolescent mothers because of early age pregnancy. A
study on UK.
OBJECTIVE
 To identify the major causes of teenage pregnancy.
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 To determine the issues raised because of early age pregnancy.
 To examine the ways for increasing awareness about the impact of early age pregnancy.
 To investigate the interventions for reducing the issues of teenage pregnancy.
QUESTIONS
 What are the major causes of teenage pregnancy?
 What are the issues raised because of early age pregnancy?
 What are the ways for increasing awareness about the impact of early age pregnancy?
 What are the interventions for reducing the issues of teenage pregnancy?
RATIONALE OF THE RESEARCH
The main reason of choosing this research is help to examine the causes and outcome of
the teenage pregnancy and what are the possible awareness is to examine the impact of early age
pregnancy. In this, the study is help in both the measurement which is about the personal and
professional development. As per the view point of professional, the merit of this topic generate
advantage of this investigation is all about the teenager pregnancies which help researcher in
dealing with the issue in effective manner that help an individual to know the fact and other
things. As per all, the personal perspective of this is to improve the consistent knowledge regards
with this. The cause, awareness and issue are discussed while taking the aspect of teenager
pregnancies. However, it is also provide and information in order to know the researcher about
the specific knowledge as per the topic of teenager pregnancy. In this it will require proper
investigation in the development of conducting the proper manner. Moreover, this help me in the
development of sound professional career in the aspect of future along with the effective
personality which can create a thought process about the causes and their limitations and what
are various issue. This all aspect is well determined in order to eradicate the problem easily.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
As per this, the research indicate various outlook on the topic of teenage pregnancy and
in this there are various causes which is associated with this. The cause of teenage pregnancies
are must examine and this help to provide the knowledge and number of consequence which is
arise due to this. This research help to identify the various issue and cause in order to deliver the
report to eradicate this. The main importance is to conduct this research is to provide the
knowledge which is associated with the topic. There are various determination of relevant point
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in order to know the possible ways to reduce the rate of pregnancy which is associated with teen
pregnancy. This help to give the information which is related with teenage pregnancy such as
their enormous factor and several causes which used develop the teenage pregnancy. As per this,
the major sense of this researcher is to create awareness about the factor and issue which is
discussed.
SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER
As per the above discussion, teenage pregnancy is an issue which is arise now day in
increasing order. In addition to this, this teenage pregnancy is associated with various issue and
causes which is discuses later. There are number of factor which is linked with this and craete
life threatening issue for the mother who hold the child in a teen age. The child is also facing
various problem which is related with health issue. The improper development is faced by them
and this will develop more complex situation for mother and child both. As per this, there are
some complication which is associated with mother also, in this the chance may be critical due to
the immature pregnancy. The improper development of child in mother foetus is abnormal in
nature and this will cause more complication in pregnancy. Moreover, this create issue which is
associated with various factor that raise the life threatening issue.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Major causes of teenage pregnancy
According to the Daniel Thobejane, 2017 the teenager pregnancies is growing rapidly
among the school and ongoing pupil and this help to lead to the academic knowledge but due to
some the consequence the teenage mother leave the school to care for their children. In context
with this, the teenager mother are used to add to the number of women who are not as much
educated in the reason of various circumstance. As per this, the pregnancies which is ongoing
among the number of women are achieved the height of pandemic and this create number of
issue which is associated with the individual fraction of time. With regards to the rural area, the
number of cases are arises (Magoola, R., 2019). The rural people follow the traditional approach
on basis of this, they used to create the fraction of unit. In this, they used to take number of
action. The raising in the case of pregnancies is also due the less empowerment of women in the
martial right. They are taken as non important part of the society and this conflict are now day
going to to control by various implementation plan which is regulated by government. The
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awareness plan and other inspiration line are usually undertaken by authority to control the early
marriage which lead to control the teenager pregnancies. As per this, there are various study
found in the most of the teenager which is usually feel in the cope of pregnancies at the age of 16
to 19 year old. In this, the most of the teenager which is feel pregnant due the lack of the parental
guidance and role model in the rural areas (Factors influencing repeated teenage pregnancy: a
review and meta-analysis, 2017). The adolescent pregnant are use to make the global factor and
problem which help to occur the poorer and those community which is used in order to create the
marginal factor. There are number of girl face several forces which is best on parental guidance
that create pressure for them to consider the early marriage and become the mother. Teenager
pregnancy which used to enhance due to denial of the decision which is used make by girl in
order for their marriage. As per this, their sexual and reproductive health are also being affected
due to this. The well being of the girl is totally affected from this and they may cause various
issue which is associated with this. Overall the girl must be take care of their own decision and
used to make proper survey of their body and future which have access to the proper
management of the healthcare services and education which is based on their belief. Some of the
caused which is enhance the probability of the teenage pregnancy (Norton and et. al., 2017).
 Lack of information about the sexual and reproductive health and rights.
 Inadequate access to the services which provide the tailored condition for the young
people.
 The family and community and social pressure compress a girl for marry in the early age
and after they used to established the pressure of teenage pregnancy.
 The cause which may be arises due to the sexual violence.
 Child early marriage and forced marriage are used to affect the life of girl and sometime
this will create both cause and number of consequence in this.
 Lack of education which help to dropping out the school and they must low in their
education which is based on the particular sex knowledge.
There are other factor which is also associated with this to contribute in the teenager
pregnancies. In this, approx 90 percent of the girl which is come in the age of 18 to 20 in the
developing countries. This is occur due the imbalance of power. This also used to provide no
access to contraception and force the girl to prove their fertility and carry a child. In the main
cause of this which is usually often going the mind of parent and this is also analyse by child.
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Some of the factor which is help to raise the parental income and this help to extent of a girl
education which help to contribute (Obi and et. al., 2019). There are number of girl which is used
provide the accessibility where girl used to received the minimum education which established to
reduce the knowledge that is partially based on the sex education. This all the cause to become a
mother which is higher level of education. The pregnant girl in the teenage age are those who
drop out the school provide the limiting opportunities for the future concern which help to raise
the employment and perpetuating that cycle of the poverty which indirectly force them to marry.
In number of cases the girl used to perceive the ultimate pregnancy which make the better path
and better option which help to gone with the education.
Issues raised because of early age pregnancy
According to the view point of Sylvia Kirchengast, 2016 the teenager pregnancies and the
early motherhood are used to focus and cause which is going now day as the worldwide. As per
this, World health organisation state that about 16 million and more girls aging between 15 to 19
year old and in context with this, the one million younger girl which used to give birth of child
every year. Now day this component is a vast for those who is used to acquire the teenage
pregnancy. This is usually occur in the low and middle income countries which is characterised
by those who have not financial well in matter of this. Therefore, this all factor use to raise
number of complication during the pregnancy birth and post-partum phase (Pregnancy during
Adolescence and Associated Risks: An 8-Year Hospital-Based Cohort Study (2007–2014) in
Romania, the Country with the Highest Rate of Teenage Pregnancy in Europe, 2017).
Moreover, this all are estimated in that where three million of the teenage girl are used to
go for the abortion which is unsafe from the environment. In this, the analysis which is held in
this are usually may cause to create the consequence of the teenage pregnancy which is used to
adapted by the authority. As per this, the major of complication are cause in nature of biological,
medical and social aspect of the teenage pregnancy with exceptionally high standard in the
medical and various of social care (Okine and et. al., 2020).
Biological consequence of teenage pregnancy: The girl which is used to conceive from the
sexual intercourse which is used to take the started to came in the phase of ovulation. As per this,
the first ovulation which is started during the age of puberty and this is called the first bleeding
which knowns as menarche situation. In context with this, a girl may experience menarche in
their several ages. This is quite and difficult to estimate the mean age of the menarche
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worldwide. This is an significant difference which is caused by individual countries. This is also
based on the solo population as per with this country side. As per various research and analysis,
this is well identified as the adolescent age is started with the age of puberty which lead to
hormonal changes in the girl. Such as the activation of the hypothalamus pituitary gonad axis
which can be usually categorised in the section of early and late. The early adolescent is defined
as the the age of 15 years and less then it and as per the late adolescent is refer as the age of girl
which is lies between 16 year to 19 year. Moreover, the various viewpoint this is well examine
that the due to change in the environment and living standard of people the decline in the
menarcheal age is form and this create the number of consequence. This all aspect are used to
create number of factor (Osborne, C. and Ankrum, N., 2020). In this, they used to create the
improved living standard and condition and this also allow to infection control and help to
improve the power of nutrition. The enhancement in the conditions and sufficient food supply
which help to result in the earlier maturation which used to enhance the rate of ovulation after
the phase of menarche. As per enhancing in the number of adolescent used to developed the
interest in the sexual activities and constantly this also enable the rate of factor of sexually
transmitted disease which used to include the human immunodeficiency virus such as acquired
immune deficiency disease syndrome. Such as HIV and AIDS. But this also unintended
pregnancies and this all are associated with the medical risk of early childbearing such as teenage
girl.
Adverse effect of teenage pregnancy: As per this, the female reproduction which is risky and
create the doubtless pregnancy. This is independent of maternal age which help to develop the
phase which is critical phase in the life of mother and which is more and gaining the foetus.
Teenager pregnancy are used to create the special problem. The health consequence to the
teenage pregnancy are used in order to know the maternal age for a long time. The teenage
pregnancy used to monitor increase the risk which provide the indicators for monitoring and used
to elaborate the reproductive health. The classification of the teenager pregnancies which have to
understand the adverse medical effect of the teenage pregnancy. As per this, the risk of anaemia,
preterm labour, urinary tract infection and hypertension, pre-eclampsia and high rate of the
caesarean section but this is low in the preterm birth, low birth weight and intrauterine growth
restriction. However, the development of countries which is used to make the proper section of
teenager pregnancy such as this is associated with medical risk but this is also social problem
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because teenage motherhood has a number of cultural consequence which is for the mother and
child. As per this, the motherhood which is provided for the associated with the dropping out
from the school, low educational level and low income. The early pregnancy among the
adolescent which have major health circumstance which is for the mother and their child. As per
this, number of complication are arises due to the leading cause of the fatality and their age is 15
to 20 years old. The low and middle income age people for the global maternal death of women
ages such as 15 year to the 49 year. The teenage mother age which is used to carry a child is
more than 19 year because at the time of delivery biologically it bleed more and more and create
adverse effect in the condition of health. The risk are associated with the eclasmpsia and
systemic infection than women age is 20 year to 24 year. Moreover, there are some 3.9 million
which is unsafe in nature which is used to fix among the girl age which is lies between15 to 19
year. This create the fix from the health problem (Rouillon and et. al., 2018).
Awareness about the impact of early age pregnancy
According to the view point of Giliana M. Maxwell the sexuality play the significant role
in the lives of the male and female. As per this, they must need to recognise the need and want of
the sex education in order to enhance their standard of living. They used to suggest number of
theory which help to provide the and suggest various intervention in order to reduce the early
marriage concept and also make awareness program and camp to minimise the teenager
pregnancies.
The teen pregnancies awareness month: As per this, some of the month is encourage for the
effort to our younger peers. This month to create the intervention channel in various rural
management. This is use to create the mutual in respect in the relationships. Some of the person
which is educated in the aspect of the sex education. This raise awareness over the community.
Educate younger about the healthy relationships: In this, the healthy relationships which is
used to provide the presentation at various place which is positive in nature and higher number of
gathering. As per the selected place provide the proper knowledge which is based on the teenage
pregnancies and aware them about their complication and risk factor which is associated with
this (Teen pregnancy, 2012).
Invite a sex education speaker for the local youth which use to talk about the healthy
relationships: In this approach, they used to identified the various factor which is associated
with this. In context with this, they must invite a type influencer who use to make the call about
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the awareness site which create the camp and educate them with proper evidence. In this, the
educator must clear all the doubt which is linked with early marriage and teenage pregnancies.
This all are used to provide the information which may create number of complication with the
girl and may be situation my arise on the death.
Interventions for reducing the issues of teenage pregnancy
According to the John Wiley, 2020 there are number of intervention which is used in
order to prevent the teenage pregnancies this need to include various strategies and activity. The
sex education the basic criteria which is used to follow to reduce the number of complication
which is associated with this. The health education or counselling only, health education plus
skill building, health education plus contraception education and various mode of distribution.
There are various group which is used under the faith based group and individual that used to
design to enhance the knowledge and skill of the adolescent and prepare them attitude which is
based on the attitude risk of unwanted pregnancy. Promote to delay in the initiation of the sexual
need and provide proper knowledge about what are age and proper timing to do the sexual
intercourse. In this, the awareness about the birth control (Teenage pregnancy and parenthood,
2019Teenage pregnancy: the impact of maternal adolescent childbearing and older sister’s
teenage pregnancy on a younger sister, 2016). Provide them and encourage to control the use of
birth control method and reduce the unintended pregnancies (Salley, V., 2020).
As per this the number of intervention is based on the education, contraception education
and promotion with the proper combination of education. This all approach is useful to control
the over rate of teenage pregnancies. Result for the behavioural which is secondary in nature and
use to provide the outcome. Limitations of this use to make the review and include to report their
behaviour and methodological weakness of the trails. As per this, the intervention which is used
to follow are:
 Educational intervention which is related with the health education. Reduce the factor of
HIV/ AIDS.
 Contraception promotion which is used to provide the education with or without
contraception distribution.
 Multiple intervention which help to combination of of educational and pill based
promotion that used to reduce the session of teenager pregnancies.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is defined as the the effective process which is used by number of
researcher in order to achieve the proper data and information which is getting from the
particular topic and study. This is most important chapter in the context with the topic and
research as per the view point of researcher. They used to clearly elaborate about the conduct of
study. This is used to identify the relevant source and authenticate right in order to essential
information and data must be address which is used to identify the and the various strategies and
sources. In this, the main aim to conduct the research methodology is to determine the question
and objective which was gathered and shown with a proper analysis. The main reason for this a
clear determination of source of data and how effectively the research is design, data collection
techniques and their instrument (Abdul Mannan and et. al., 2019). As per this, the inclusion and
exclusion criteria with the proper search strategies and data presentation are well discussed.
Moreover, the research and their opinion are used to analyse and create the positive impact
which was accessed by the investigator is to evaluate the best approach of the research. This all
well defined structure and their notified framework are design in such a way which help to
established the positive and effective research with this given topics
Research philosophy: There are mainly factor which is usually concern with the two type
of philosophy which is defined as the interpretivism and positivism. According to the topic, this
need proper in investigation for the particular research. The interpretivism is defined as the
evaluating of data or informed effectively and this assist the research. As per this, there are
various factor which is accessible in this are create positivism philosophy that is not associated
for the proper research activity in the systematic manner and relevant approach.
Research choice: As per this, there are basically it help to create the two type of research
which is qualitative and quantitative. In this, it is used to create the various approach which is
useful in the source of identification of research approach. In this, the qualitative research are
used to create the information or data gather in the form of quality manner (Bealing 2019). As
per this, it is used to analyse quantitative research which is used to collect the data in form of
number, fact and figure. Some time a research contain both the factor which usually take the
aspect of qualitative and quantitative is order to create the valuable and more suitable research.
Because this is used to provide the investigation that should access and accurate and selective
respondents.
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