A Research Project on Teenage Pregnancy and Its Societal Impacts

This research project investigates the multifaceted issue of teenage pregnancy and its profound effects on London society. The study delves into the major reasons behind the high rates of teenage pregnancy, including lack of parental guidance, peer pressure, and inadequate sex education. It explores the various determinants contributing to the issue, such as social, cultural, and economic factors, including low education levels and exposure to modern technology. The project critically evaluates the impact of teenage pregnancy, encompassing health complications for both the mother and child, educational setbacks, and emotional and financial burdens. Furthermore, the research offers recommendations to mitigate these impacts, advocating for increased sex education, awareness campaigns, and support programs for teenagers and parents. The research employs a systematic approach, including literature reviews, data collection, and analysis, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue and propose effective solutions.

Research Project
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................6
TASK 1.................................................................................................................................................6
1.1 Research project outline specifications......................................................................................6
1.2 Factors contribute in selection of research project....................................................................6
1.3 Critical review of key references...............................................................................................7
1.4 Research project specification (Research Questions)................................................................9
1.5 Plan and procedures for the agreed research specification........................................................9
TASK 2...............................................................................................................................................10
2.1 Matching of resources to the research questions.....................................................................10
2.2 Research investigation according to the action plan................................................................11
2.3 Recording and collection of relevant data...............................................................................11
TASK 3...............................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Research methodologies..........................................................................................................11
3.2 Interpretation and analysis of result in terms of original research specifications....................14
3.3 Recommendation and justification areas for further considerations.......................................16
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................16
TASK 4...............................................................................................................................................17
4.1 Presentation..............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................18
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List of Tables
Table 1 Action plan for research project...............................................................................................7
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INTRODUCTION
Research is a systematic investigation of different materials and sources of information to
develop new facts to solve the research problem (Daniel and Sam, 2011). The present study is
related to teenage pregnancy and its effects on society of London. The increase number of
pregnancy in teenage is creating a challenge for community (Zarzeczna-Baran, 2002). The entire
investigation is conducting in brief manner where various topics such as research methodologies,
research evaluation techniques, literature reviews etc related to research problem will be covered.
TASK 1
1.1 Research project outline specifications
Research is a creative and systematic work to increase or revise knowledge by discovering
some new facts and information. Purpose of conducting investigation is interpretation, research and
development, documentation and exploits new information for increase knowledge level of human
being (Creswell, 2013). Before organized a systematic research, scholar requires selecting a subject
that can be based on his own interest. But it is important that chosen topic should be address issue
which can be organizational, societal, and environmental or health (Cochran, 2007). The present
investigation is based on analyse the impact of teenage pregnancy in society. Basically, the intention
of researcher behind selecting the following research problem in put the lights on reasons and
factors of increase teenage pregnancy cases in London.
Aim:
“To critically evaluate the impacts of teenage pregnancy on society in London”.
Objectives:
 To understand the major reasons behind high rates of teenage pregnancy in London.
 To explore the determinants that contributes to teenage pregnancy in London.
 To determine the impact of teenage pregnancy on society in London.
 To recommend appropriate actions to resolve the impacts of teenage pregnancy on society in
London.
1.2 Factors contribute in selection of research project
There are some following factors have been taken into the consideration by the researcher
while selecting the research problem. These determinants are as follows.
Personal interest: The curiosity to know about reasons, factors and impacts of teenage pregnancy
on society has enabled the researcher to select following research subject. The increase percentage
of teenage pregnancy in London and its negative impacts of health of adolescents have also inspired
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the scholar to organized investigation in this area (Day, 2011).
Work history: I had my work experience in health and social organization. I have worked as a
trainee during my internship of MBA at London Hospital. This thing has helped to choose current
research topic from healthcare field. The work experience in organization helps me to better
understand the reasons which influenced pregnancy in teenagers.
Future career: I am planning to work as a senior care worker in healthcare organization of London.
This research helps me clearly understand the effects of teenage pregnancy on society. Therefore, to
increase my knowledge level and determine some new ways to decrease teenage pregnancy
situations in adolescents of London, I have chosen this topic.
1.3 Critical review of key references
Reasons behind high rate of teenage pregnancy
Teenage pregnancy is referred to as a female teenager becoming pregnant before the age of
20. There are various reasons behind the high rate of teenage pregnancy. As per Petersen and et.al.,
2009, “lack of proper parents counselling or guideline diverts teenagers attention” (Petersen and
et.al., 2009). On the contrary Luttrell propagates that “peer pressure is the main reason that fosters
teenagers to make sexual contact with the opposite gender” (Luttrell, 2014). Although being
intimate with a male is not the main concern. It is the lack of awareness required by teenagers
during sexual activity. In many cases it was found that teenagers in influence of their friends or
rivals tend to fall under pressure (Adolescent pregnancy. 2015). On the contrary it has now become
a trend in the United Kingdom. Any teenager is criticised or shamed for not being sexually active by
other classmates. Johns, Dickins and Clegg, 2011 are stating that “unless and until parents know
they can help their child in this case. This is due to the fact that parents are unaware of these
situations” (Johns, Dickins and Clegg, 2011). Baird and Porter critically said that “parents must
understand the changing environment in the country and must provide with sex education” (Baird
and Porter, 2011). They must make sure that their child is duly informed about all the contraceptives
methods available in the market. On the other hand, teenagers tend to commit mistakes under the
influence of alcohol or drugs. Amoran, 2012 states that “in influence of any alcohol or drug the
individual is not in the state to decide morally what is right or wrong” (Amoran, 2012). Apart from
this Secura and et.al., 2014 found that “rise in social crimes like sexual abuse and rape also
infatuates rate of teenage pregnancy” (Secura and et.al., 2014). However may social and economic
determinants also contribute to teenage pregnancy.
Determinants that contribute to the issue
Leppälahti and et.al., 2013 state that “social, cultural and economic factors are responsible in
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lowering teenage pregnancy rate in the United Kingdom” (Leppälahti and et.al., 2013). Prominent
among them are low education, poor income levels and lifestyle of adolescents. Social factors are
those which influence the personality and attitude of teenagers. Sukhato and et.al., 2015 found that
“latest trends and modern technology have brainwashed teenagers” (Sukhato and et.al., 2015). This
is due to the fact use of the above exposes adolescents to sexual activities. On the other hand
McCall and et.al., 2015 critiqued that “teenagers do not understand the consequences of teenage
pregnancy on their life” (McCall and et.al., 2015). Teenagers tend to neglect their childish
behaviour when it comes to interaction with the opposite gender. Willan, 2013 contradicted that
“change in hormones and chemical reactions in the brain in teenagers’ age provoke them for sexual
acts” (Willan, 2013). On the other hand economic factors like low income decreases then right of a
teenager to receive secondary education. The adolescents is not aware about sex education which is
bee taught by schools and colleges. Reese and et.al., 2013 found that “when parents or family
cannot support education of their child due to lower income, adolescents tend to conduct immoral
activities” (Reese and et.al., 2013). Aventin and et.al., 2015 criticality argued that lower education is
the major determinates that rises early pregnancy rate in teenagers (Aventin and et.al., 2015). On the
other hand, cultural changes have also increased phenomenon of teenage pregnancy. Sampaio and
et.al., 2014 propagates that “globalisation and modernization have created great impact on the
cultural beliefs and values of the United Kingdom (Sampaio and et.al., 2014). Chorley, 2014
supports this and elaborates that explicit content shown on television and online video channels
have greatly influenced teenagers thinking (Chorley, 2014). Adolescents feel it is trendy to do what
celebrities or pop artist do on Television. Hadley, 2013 found that teenagers watch movies which
are not meant for under age individual specially (Hadley, 2013). This provokes their sexual desires
and makes them indulge in immoral activities.
Impact of teenage pregnancy
Teenage pregnancy possesses great medical complications on the health and mental
wellbeing of teenagers. Langham, 2015 states that “Both mother and father face mental issues like
emotional crisis and depression” (Langham, 2015). Apart from these, lack of education leads to
inadequate medical care during pregnancy. On the other hand teenagers and their parents worry for
their future as well. Shefer, Bhana and Morrell, 2013 propagates that teen feel greatly pressurized of
how they will handle responsibilities of a family and a child (Shefer, Bhana and Morrell, 2013). On
the contrary Secura, G.M. and et.al., 2014 states that “teenage pregnancy impact adolescents’
education as well. The girl specially is not able to attend college or school due to change in physical
features” (Secura and et.al., 2014). This is a great thing as Willan, 2013 found that “a low educated
parents are not able to cater the future needs of their child” (Willan, 2013). During pregnancy it is
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evident that teen’s feels exhausted, this arises from depression. In many cases adolescents are
getting treated for depression post and pre pregnancy. Craine and et.al., 2014 critiqued that although
these treatments are important for the health of teenagers, they possess negative impact in the child
(Craine and et.al., 2014). The harmful side effects of this medication can create medical
complication during and after pregnancy. All these above issues make a teen to neglect his/her
child.
Recommendations to resolve the impacts of teenage pregnancy on society in London
As per the above research few proposed recommendations are suggested as followed.
 The government of United Kingdom must propagate sex education especially in children
below the age of 20. There must be special classes and courses provided to the children in
school as well as colleges.
 Print and digital media must be socially active to propagate awareness among teenagers
about the negative impacts of early pregnancy among them. This will help spread
knowledge among adolescents.
 Parents and society must create special teenage pregnancy prevention program, these
programs will guide teenagers of the methods available to prevent pregnancy. This way the
children will be aware about alternatives available to them.
 Parents must be interactive with their children. They must keep an eye as to where their
children are going or getting involved with. They must discuss about their feelings and
friends to intrigue positivity and love among them.
1.4 Research project specification (Research Questions)
1. What are the major reasons behind high rates of teenage pregnancy in London?
2. What are the determinants that contribute to teenage pregnancy in London?
3. Explain the impacts of teenage pregnancy on society inn London?
4. Which type of appropriate actions to resolve the impacts of teenage pregnancy on society in
London?
1.5 Plan and procedures for the agreed research specification
Action plan is used to define the steps carried by the researcher during the investigation for
achieving the objectives of the study (Garner and Scott, 2013). For the present research, action plan
including different activities over the time scale is showing in below table.
Table 1 Action plan for research project
Activities/Duration in weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Identity of research problem
Formulation of research proposal
Aim and objectives
Define the purpose of research
Literature review
Selection of research methodology
Data collection and analysis
Interpretation of result
Conclusion of study
Submission of report
Modifications in study according to the feedback
Resubmission of report
TASK 2
2.1 Matching of resources to the research questions
1. Demographic information
Name: _________
Age: _________
Gender: ________
2. What is your opinion about teenage that get pregnant?
____________________________________________________________________________
3. According to your opinion, what is the major reason of high rates of teenage pregnancy in
London?
 Lack of proper parents counselling
 Peer pressure
 Carelessness
 Lack of sex education
 Rising of social crime
4. What is foremost determinant that contribute in teenage pregnancy issues in London?
 Social
 Economical
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 Cultural
 Modernization
5. What is the major impact of teenage pregnancy on society of London?
 Negative impact on economic
 Unable to complete education
 Isolation from society of teenagers
 Affect health of both mother and child
6. Please suggest some actions to reduce high rates of teenage pregnancy and its impact on society
of London.
________________________________________________________________________________
2.2 Research investigation according to the action plan
To accomplish the objectives of the research, it is needed to develop an investigation plan so
that study can be carried out in appropriate manner. The present research is related to determine the
impacts of teenage pregnancy on society of London. For this, firstly investigator will contact with
the healthcare professionals of different hospitals of London. A questionnaire will prepare the
researcher which includes various questions related to objectives of the study. The email addresses
and contact numbers of healthcare professionals will also collect by scholar before conducting the
investigation. After this, a questionnaire will send to personal email ids of respondents and gather
their responses. The collected data will analyse with the help of data analysis technique. Therefore,
as per the above stated plan, the investigator will organize the research and try to accomplish
objectives and aim of study (Hair, Black and et.al., 2006).
2.3 Recording and collection of relevant data
Attached in Excel Sheet
TASK 3
3.1 Research methodologies
In the section of research methodology, the researcher has been used numerous research
methods and techniques to address the research problem (Agresti and Kateri, 2011). The present
research evaluates the effects of teenage pregnancy on society of London. For this, some research
methodologies have been used which are as follows.
Research philosophy: With the help of research philosophy, the researcher can able to conduct
investigation in right direction. There are two types of research philosophy: positivism and
interpretivism (Lohr, 2009). Positivism research philosophy is used by the researcher when research
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is completely based on objectives rather than subjective concepts. But, if the investigation is based
on subjective concept than interpretivism research philosophy is use by the scholar (Gay, Mills and
Airasian, 2011). The present study is relating to determining the impacts of teenage pregnancy on
London society. With the context of this research, the researcher has been adopted positivism
research philosophy because of identify the effects of teenage pregnancy on London society.
Research design: It is structure and organize plan for conducting the research as per set procedures
and plan to achieve the objectives. The selection of appropriate research design may affect the
outcomes of the investigation. There are two types of research design descriptive and exploratory
(Bhattacharyya, 2009). The current investigation is based on evaluate the impacts of teenage
pregnancy on London society. For this, the researcher has been selected descriptive research design.
The reason of chosen this design is describe and observe the research problem without any kind of
manipulation in the collected information.
During conducting the research, the investigator has interacted with respondents of the
research (Maxwell, 2012). Along with this, to explore the reasons and determinants of high rates of
teenage pregnancy in community of London has also determined by the researcher with the help of
descriptive research design. To achieve the objectives of the research, the scholar has made
interaction with the different health care practitioners of London Hospitals for gathering various
information regarding factors, determinants and impacts of teenage pregnancy on society of
London.
Research approach: For different types of research, the researcher can use various research
approaches that can be either general or specific. Selection of right approach is based on research
problem (Bendat and Piersol, 2011). Deductive and inductive are two types of research approach.
For the following investigation, the researcher has been selected inductive research approach
because there is not hypothesis using in the investigation. Along with this, this research is focusing
on particular issue which is relating to impacts of teenage pregnancy on London community (Daniel
and Sam, 2011). With this help of this, the researcher is able to determine the answers of various
research questions.
Data collection: It is most important section of the research because with the help of this,
researcher collects various facts and figures. There are two methods of data collection: primary and
secondary (Cochran, 2007). The present research is relating to determine the impacts of teenage
pregnancy on society of London. For collecting different facts and figures on following research
problem, the researcher has been selected both primary and secondary methods. Questionnaire has
been used for primary data gathering from different healthcare professionals of London Hospital.
Format of questionnaire has been structured and included both open and close ended questions
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(Creswell, 2013). On the other hand, market research, government sources, previous research on
similar topics, books, journals etc.
Sampling: It is observation where a sample is selecting from given population for experiments. The
group of people who are taking part in investigations are representing those segments which are
selecting for research (Garner and Scott, 2013). For getting right outcomes and meet the objective
of investigation, it needs of the researcher to choose right sample population because it helps in
fulfil the purpose of investigation. To address present investigation that is relating to analyse the
impacts of teenage pregnancy on society of London, scholar has been selected random sampling. It
works on probability concept and it provides equal opportunities to health care professionals to
being a part of the research (Gay, Mills and Airasian, 2011). Sample size for following research is
30 healthcare professionals of London Hospital. At the time of sampling, different information of
respondents such as age, gender, culture, religion, profession etc has also considered.
Limitation of study: During conducting investigation, researcher has faced various limitations. First
issue is regarding lack of availability of literature review and other study materials. There are less
previous researches on present research problem. It has created barrier for the investigator to collect
required and necessary information about impacts of teenage pregnancy on London society
(Bhattacharyya, 2009). For solving this limitation, the scholar has used primary data collection
method where he/she has gathered important data that fulfil the objectives of research. Another
limitation is lack of time which might be affecting the outcome of the investigation. To resolve this,
the scholar has developed action plan in which he/she divide the main activities of research and
allocate time duration (Lohr, 2009). It help in complete entire investigation within given time
constrains. Lack of funds is other research limitation for present research because for preparing
questionnaires, analysis of the collected data, transportation etc has required so much amount of
money. To resolve the following constraint, researcher has adopted activity based costing method.
With the help of this, funds have allocated as per priorities of research tasks (Maxwell, 2012). It has
minimized rework situation as well as extra expenses and complete whole investigation within
given budget.
Research assessment methods: At the time of conducting the research, the researcher requires to
maintain quality and credibility of gather information. To evaluate it, different methods and
techniques can be adopted. As per the research problem of current investigation, the scholar has
been used both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. Along with this, thematic
technique has been followed by the researcher to evaluate gather information from various sources
(Hair, Blac and et.al., 2006). To represent the outcomes of study, the investigator has been used
chart, figures, tables, diagrams etc for better explanation. Calculation of collected data has been
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done in MS Excel to achieve objectives of research in proper manner.
3.2 Interpretation and analysis of result in terms of original research specifications
Theme 1: Reason of high rate of teenage pregnancy in London.
According to your opinion, what is the major reason of high rates of teenage
pregnancy in London?
Frequency
Lack of proper parents counselling 6
Peer pressure 7
Carelessness 2
Lack of sex education 10
Rising of social crime 5
Interpretation: To achieve the objective which is relating to major reason of high rates of teenage
pregnancy in London, the researcher has introduced it into the questionnaire. In this context, 10
respondents have voted in the favour of lack of sex education in teenagers. On the other hand, 7
respondents have selected peer pressure option as a reason of high rate of teenage pregnancy in
London. Beside this, lack of proper parents counselling is another choice which has elected by 6
respondents of London Hospital. The rests have selected other option according to their perception.
Analysis: The findings of theme 1 shows that lack of sex education, peer pressure and lack of
proper parents counselling are the major reasons of high rates of teenage pregnancy in London.
These elements have influenced the teenagers to do intercourse in adolescent age without thinking
good or bad.
Theme 2: Foremost determinant that contributes in teenage pregnancy issues in London.
What is foremost determinant that contribute in teenage pregnancy issues in Frequency
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London?
Social 4
Economical 8
Cultural 12
Modernization 6
Interpretation: To understand those determinants which contribute in teenage pregnancy issue in
London, the researcher has considered it in the questionnaire. The table shows that 12 respondents
have voted in favour of cultural element that contributes in teenage pregnancy issue in London. On
the other hand, 8 respondents have selected economical as a foremost determinant of teenage
pregnancy. The rests have chosen other options as per their understanding and opinions
Analysis: The findings of theme 2 define that social, cultural and modernizations are three foremost
determinants that give big contribution in teenage pregnancy issues in London. Adolescent children
are now facing social and cultural changes in their near environment which influence them to carry
out early child bearing in teenage.
Theme 3: Major impact of teenage pregnancy on society of London.
What is the major impact of teenage pregnancy on society of London? Frequency
Negative impact on economic 12
Unable to complete education 6
Isolation from society 10
Affect health of both mother and child 2
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Interpretation: To achieve the objective of present research, the researcher has included this
question into the questionnaire. From the table, it has determined that 12 respondents have selected
negative impact on economic of London. On the other hand, 10 respondents have chosen other
option which is isolation from community.
Analysis: The findings of theme 3 describe that there are two major impacts of teenage pregnancy
on society of London: negative effect on economic and isolation from society of teenagers. These
two impressions have created the negative image of community in other nation’s people.
3.3 Recommendation and justification areas for further considerations
The following research is relating to determine the impacts of teenage pregnancy on society of
London. To minimize the different negative effects of it, some appropriate actions have required.
The first recommendation is government should compulsory sex educations in school where
teenage children can get proper knowledge and understand the negative consequences of early child
bearing. On the other hand, the parents should properly guide their teenage child’s and watch their
activities. Along with this, community of London should organized different awareness programs
which show negative consequences of teenage pregnancy.
Accomplishment of current research will show an important evidence for future research
scholars who want to conduct research on same subject. In the near future, the researchers can
conduct the research on reasons of high rates of teenage pregnancy in UK and determinants that
contribute in teenage pregnancy.
CONCLUSION
From the above research, it has been identified that there are various reasons of high rates of
teenage pregnancy in London community. Early child bearing in teenage has affected the health of
both mother and her child. Along with this, many determinants such as social, culture etc also
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influenced the rate of teenage pregnancy. It has directly affected the society of London in negative
manner. To reduce this impact, government, community and parents equal contribution has
required.
TASK 4
4.1 Presentation
Attached in PPT
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