Telecommunication Technology Report: Industries and Systems Overview

This report provides a comprehensive overview of telecommunication technology, tracing its historical evolution from ancient methods to modern digital systems. It delves into the core concepts of telecommunication, explaining the function of connection channels, communication networks, and communication services. The report analyzes the development of telecommunication industries, including business strategies employed by companies like Vodafone, Deutsche Telekom, and Verizon. It further examines the technological advancements, such as smartphones, social media, and big data, and their impact on modern telecommunications. A key focus is placed on the contrast between digital and analogue communication, exploring digital carrier systems and their role in modern telecommunication networks. The report also touches upon the growth of mobile networks, the impact of tariffs and regulations, and the significance of leased lines in optimizing telecommunication services. The report also analyses the use of optical fibre technology and the digitisation of the network. Overall, the report provides a detailed analysis of telecommunication technologies, industries and systems.

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TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
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1.1 Concept of telecommunication technology
The term telecommunication is derived from the Greek which means communication which
involves a long distance, through various forms of signals which comes from a transmitter to
a given receiver.
1.2 History of telecommunications
During the ancient times, there were many common ways through which the signals were
produced such as lighting fires, beating drums and blowing horns (Albayrak 2013, p. 256).
However these ancient methods were insecure and unreliable, they did not facilitate fast
transmission of information to many people at the same time which led to the massive
innovations in telecommunications (Anttalainen 2010, p. 155).
The innovation of electricity led to the improvement in the quality of the ancient methods of
communication. Information was transported at extremely fast speed by the electromagnetic
energy, in a way which the traditional methods had no equals in cost and reliability terms.
The start of all modern telecommunication can be dated back to the invention of the electric
cell by Volta Alessandro (Bosse 2014, p. 845).
Thomas Sommering in 1809 proposed the first telegraphic system which was composed of
one battery, sensors which were made of gold and 35 wires. The sensors were submerged in a
water tank; when there was a signal passing from one of those wires, the electric current
which was produced would lead to the water molecules splitting and near the sensor one
would be able to see oxygen bubbles. Many other experiments followed such as; the
experiments of Weber and Karl which was not successful.
In 1843 Samuel Morse came up with a way to which each letter was to be assigned to a line,
point, and space. The idea seemed to be having more significance than simmering's idea. The

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concept behind this was to the idea of reduced circuitry (Cole 2012, p. 124). When
technology became advanced away was improvised for converting those signals to the
audible signals. The combination of those two factors led to the success of Morse idea which
is still used up to date (Dakin 2014, p. 695).
With the innovation of both telephones and telegraphs: Electronics become a very important
aspect of telecommunications, at first the electronics were used in the transmission of the
signal but later on, it was used in the circuit commutation. The introduction of
microelectronics and other informatics in telecommunications, there ware radical changes
which took place in both the telecommunication networks and performance of the network.
Pulse code modulation technology was innovated in 1938; the pulse code moderation
technology was able to achieve the digital transmission of the voice signal by encoding and
decoding it digitally.
In the recent years, the significance of internet has grown. The flexibility which is given by
TCP/IP suites and also the ISO/OSI protocols ensures a very strong foundation on devices of
communications of different nature has been made easy and simple to achieve.
The principal developments
Optical fibre technology; the innovations in telecommunication involving the transmission
technologies are evolving at a very fast rate. There is a strong competition between the digital
transmission and digital switching (Flood 2016, p. 458). The optical fibre cable technology is
the dominant technology which is involved with the inter-exchange connections. The
introduction of the fibre optical cables in the telecommunication has been gradual. But today
the fibre optics cables are dominant in many countries in the world which are used for
different purposes in the transmission of information from one point to another.

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Digitisation of the network; it's through the digitization of the network when the full benefits
of the information technology and communication innovations can be fully seen this is
because of the digitization of the network feasible sending, receiving and managing of
information in a single infrastructure of telecommunication (Das 2012, p. 521).
Overall international comparison and overall assessment; this telecommunication
development is to ensure that the access to the telecommunication services to the households
is much easier and does not undergo any form of complication which may in turn results in
the parties involved getting inability to transmit information from one point to another
Mobile network ;Mobile telecommunication has witnessed massive development in the last
five years in many parts of the world the improvement in the technology, economic factors,
and regulatory factors are the ones which have contributed to the massive developments
which are seen in the mobile communications.
Tariffs and regulations; a lot of prices of telecommunication products have been reduced this
is due to the advancement of technology and its liberalization. The tariffs and other regulation
have made it possible and easy for people to communicate over a long distance such as
people are now able to make international calls at a cheaper and convenient way (Titarenko
2010, p. 254).
Leased lines they allow different users of the telecommunications to maximise the benefits of
volumes discounts which are offered to the telecommunication services providers so as to
enable the keep and manage to operate under the very competitive market.
1.3 Technology behind telecommunications
Connection channel refers to the physical medium of transmission or the logical connections
which are over the multiplexed medium such as the case of a radio channel. A channel is used
to transmit an information signal from one end of the sender or transmitter to the other end of

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one or several receivers. The capacity of a channel to transmit information is limited to a
given capacity which is measured by its data rates or bandwidth (Gnanasivam 2012, p. 210).
Mediums or pathways are required to communicate data from one geographical location to
another. These mediums or pathways are what are referred to as communication channels.
There are two types of media which are used in the communication channels, cable, and
broadcast. Cable or wire includes the use of twisted –pair wire, fibre optics cables and other
cables, they use physical wires to transmit information or data from one point to another
(Sherif 2015, p. 542).
In organization communication channels refers to the medium ways through which a message
or communication signal is transmitted from the sender or speaker to the intended audience.
Also, communication channels refer to the way information flows within an organization
that’s the information flowing from the top to bottom and side to side to ensure the smooth
running of the organization.
Communication network refers to a collection of terminal nodes that are connected together
in order to enable the transmission of data or information electronically between the
terminals. The nodes are connected together by the use of transmission links. The nodes use
packet switching, message switching or circuit switching to transmit the signal through the
links and the correct nodes to reach the designated destination terminal (Rosengrant 2011, p.
414).
The entire terminal in a network each has a unique address which enables the messages or
connections to be routed to the recipients. All the address in a network when they are
collected together is called address space (Mullett 2016, p. 359).
In organizations Communication network refers to the process or methods that employees use
to pass information to the senior or junior employees in an organization .the method used is

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structured in a way so as to enable the flow of information within a given structured
organization.
Communication service refers to the o the services which are provided with the aim of
improving the way information is being transmitted from one point to another. Such services
may include the services of the internet which are offered to enable the transmission of
information from one point to another. Communication services providers are the individuals
who are involved in the processes of ensuring that the services are delivered.
Task 2: Telecommunication industries and telecommunication infrastructure
2.1 Modern telecommunication industries
There are many industries which have been develop in the recent years within the
telecommunications sector comprise of all the telephone companies, internet service
providers and communication technology companies. All these industries play a very
important role in the innovations within the information society. There are many industries
and companies which have invested in the telecommunication sector such as the china mobile
company, Vodafone, Deutsche Telekom, Telstar, American Movil and Verizon
communications (Lakatos 2012, p. 369). Telecommunications are seen as the world last
machines. There has been seen tremendous growth within this industry over the last one
decade.
2.2 Telecommunication industries and their business strategies
Telecommunications industries have greatly been developed of the recent past due to the
advancement in technology which has been witnessed. There is a very high level of
competitions between the industries which provides the telecommunications services due

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those different industries have developed strategies which can enable them to outdo one
another such as:
The Vodafone Company has come up with Digital technologies which are portable; digital
technologies provide devices which are portable in nature. Through the portability and
flexibility of the device's storage of data is very easy and convenient (Jaaskelainen 2012, p.
587).
Deutsche TelekomCompany in America has come up with strategies to provide quality
output; the storage of digital information, as well as visual information from the digital
technology devices, remains to be of high quality. The digital technologies do not suffer from
challenges such as signal or transition of data this makes more clients to enjoy their services
(Lakatos 2013, p. 166).
Verizon communications company has come up with the strategies facilitates fast and
improved transmission of information; by using digital technologies it has been witnessed
fast transmission of data to a very large number of people, this improvement of transmission
of information has led to better-accessing information without facing many challenges which
are associated with the analogue communication.
2.3 Modern technologies and equipment used in telecommunications industries
Many modern technologies developments have been witnessed in the telecommunication
sector in the recent years such as the development of smartphones, many internet based
products such as Whatsapp and Skype. Many other innovations have led to the development
of social media which can be used as telecommunications; Facebook, Instagram and snap
chat are a few of the many social media platforms which are nowadays used, also, big data-
based such as methods which are used in the collection, managing and analysing huge
amounts of structured data.

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Also, other products which have developed in the recent past include the smart cards, Wi-Fi,
WWW, WAN mobile money transactions which all these geared toward utilizing
telecommunication so as to be able to carry out the day to day activities in a much easier way.
For example, the use of mobile money tractions has reduced the number of insecurity cases
which were associated with a large amount of cash because nowadays most of the people
prefer to use this product instead of carrying large sums of money. The smart card also has
made it easier to carry out different transactions across the globe since most of the smart
cards are globally accepted (Titarenko 2010, p. 230).
Task 3: Digital communications and transmissions systems
3.1 Contrast between the digital and analogue communications
Digital communication refers to the process of transmitting information from one point to
another electronically. The information to be transmitted has been digitally encoded for the
purposes of processing or storage by the computers. While analogue communication the
signal is continuously varied with respect to the information (Das 2012, p. 320). During
transmission and reception of information which is in the analogue signals, there may be
degradation of the information which might have occurred as a result of physical noise.
The noise in the analogue system can be adding or subtracting information in a random way.
The noise which results to the addition of data is referred to as additive noise; noise can be
positive or negative at the different instances of time. A noise which does not add any data at
a given time is very difficult to analyse (Misra 2015, p. 542).
3.2 Digital carrier system
Digital carrier systems are mechanisms which enables one to send signals from many sources
without using a single channel. The available bandwidths to ferry the signals in a particular
channel can be allocated into two categories; by using time intervals when sending the signal

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and by the frequency of the signal being sent the digital carriers are mainly used in the
telecommunications sector.
3.3 Technology of multiplexing
The technology of Wave Length Division Multiplex (WDM).this is a technology with which
multiplexes many optical carrier signals into one single optical fibre through the use of
different wavelengths of laser light. This technology enables bidirectional communications to
take place in a single strand of fibre as well as multiplication of capacities. This technology is
widely used in different parts of the world to transmit large volumes of data between sites; it
achieves that by increasing bandwidth thus allowing different data volumes to be sent at the
same time over a single cable or fibre optics network (Flood 2016, p. 777). Through that, it is
evident that this technology utilizes network investments.

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3.4 Optical networks and backbone transmission network
Optical networking involves the transmission of information by the use of signals which are
encoded into light among the nodes of telecommunication network. This type of network
operate from LAN to the wide area network which can be within a region, metropolitan,
nation and international.it relies on optical amplifiers for communication to take place.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) refers to digital subscriber line of technologies
this type of digital subscriber line enables faster transmission of data over the cables of
telephone lines.in this case the asymmetric digital subscriber lines are used to offer very high
speed to the connection.

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Task 4: wireless communications and mobile communications
4.1Modern wireless technologies
wireless technologies are very common in our lives this development was meant to reduce the
use of many wires in the modern technology such developments include; the Wi-Fi
technology, Wi-Fi is very commonly referred to as wireless LAN, is among the high-
frequency radio waves which are usually required for the transmission of data. Wi-Fi can be
used to transmit data between two places which are hundreds of feet apart (Dakin 2014, p.
598).
Voice communication; this type of wireless technologies involves where the information is
transferred using voice such as in the case of cell phones.
4.2 impact of cellular and voice communication in today’s business

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The idea of the cellular system came into being due to the increased mobile radio .in the
cellular radio system the area to be covered is divided into segments which are called cells.
The spectrum which is available is also divided into many channels called frequency reuse
then each of the cells is used in specific areas the spectrum uses several folds which are set to
attain a given threshold the choosing of the thresholds depends on the protection ratio
(Anttalainen 2010, p. 666).
The mobiles have a great impact on the business in that the employees working in the
industry can quickly access the data which is associated with their business; mobile money
has also increased the security of the business and made it much easier to carry out business
(Das 2012, p. 956).
Through mobile phone many emerging trade have been witnessed in telecommunication in
relation to business such as Modernizing operations. Telecommunication industries in the
recent years changed their operations to be much more into the digital technology so that they
can be able to carry out easily their operations.
Network upgrade: The network in the telecommunications sector has been upgraded t provide
a very high-speed network to their customers fibre optics and the 5G internet are among the
upgrades which have been done so as to keep up with the high level of developments in the
digital technology (Gnanasivam 2012, p. 712).
Better strategic identity; after the modernization of the telecommunications sector the parties
who are key players in the telecommunication sector are coming up with strategies which will
enable to be positioned in a way which makes them be identified all over the globe (Bosse
2014, p. 693).
4.3 satellite Based services SBS and GPS