Research Project: Telomere and Telomerase Length Effects on Health

This research project delves into the biology and genetics of telomeres and telomerase, examining their roles in cellular processes, aging, and lifespan. It highlights that telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, maintained by the enzyme telomerase. The report discusses the differences between telomeres and telomerase, focusing on how telomere length, sequence, and traits affect plant and animal species, influencing their lifespan and overall health. It also explores the mechanisms of telomere erosion and addition, their connection to cellular aging, and the implications for research in aging and cancer. The study synthesizes data on telomere length variation and its potential effects, considering factors like genetic drift and natural selection, and draws comparisons across different organisms, including animals and plants, to understand the broader significance of telomeres and telomerase.

Research project

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION (2500)................................................................................................................1
METHOD (500)...............................................................................................................................9
DISCUSSION AND DATA (3500)..............................................................................................11
CONCLUSION (1500)..................................................................................................................22
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................26

INTRODUCTION (2500)
The telomeres and telomerase is showing the prospect which is based on principle of biology
and genetics. Therefore, the human body is a defined as organism which is formed by the adding
many organ systems together. Those organ systems made of the organ which is based on
individual. Each organ consists designed for the specific function absorption and secretion.
Tissue are used to made of the cell which have joined together in order to show the perform
which is based on the special functions (Brane, and Tollefsbol, 2019). Each cell is showing the
aspect which is made of the smaller elements which is known as organelles which is called as
nucleus. The nucleus usually consists of structure which is also known as the package of all the
genetic information which is persistently passes from parents to their children. The genetic
information or the gene is usually a series of DNA which is also known as the Adenine, Guanine,
cytosine and thymine which may show the based pair which make the cellular alphabet and
create the adoption of sequence or the instruction which is required and needed to the bodies.
Therefore, the process is usually known as the mitosis. In addition to this, the mitosis is defined
as the process which usually allow the parents cell to divided into two new form of daughter cell
(in der Stroth, Tharehalli, Günes, and Lechel, 2020). Therefore, the mitosis is generally helpful
in order to make copies of their genetic material which may reliable for the production of cell. In
order to gain surety towards the information which is successfully passed from one generation to
the new, the chromosome which is show the useful aspect which is related with the protective
cap which is known as telomere that is situated with the end of its arms. The telomeres are
usually controlled by the occurrence of the presence of the enzyme telomerase (Liu, Zhang, and
Ma, 2019).
The telomere is defined as the repeating DNA sequence. For instance, that is TTAGGT
which is related with the end of body chromosome. The length of the telomere which is reach up
to the 15,000 base pair. In addition, it is also show the aspect which is helpful in order to provide
the context that prevent the chromosome from losing the base pair of sequence which is
associated with the end. In addition to this, they also show the aspect which is related with the
prevention of chromosome from using the each other. Therefore, the cell is usually divided with
the various aspect and some of the telomere is vanished when the telomere become too short
which is usually show the division that provide the 25 to 200 base pairs. It is also identified that
the chromosome used to reach their length which is critical then they have does not have
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potential to replicate. They eventually died which is named as condition which is known as
apoptosis (Roake, and Artandi, 2020).
Figure 1 Human telomere
Sources: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/288515
Telomere is a defined as the activity which is usually controlled with the help of mechanism
which is refer as the erosion and addition. In addition to this, the erosion is well recommended
that they are occur every time of cell divides. There are some of the aspect which is determined
by the fraction of activity of telomerase (Osnato, 2021). Therefore, the cellular ageing or
sequencing is the process and procedure in which they produce the information which is related
with the old and dies. It is also show the aspect which is related with the shortening of
chromosomal telomeres to the point that is usually focus on the chromosome that reaches to the
length which is critical. Therefore, the cellular gaining is defined as the analogous to the kind of
wind up clock. The cell immortal and focus on the constant production of new cell. Moreover, if
the situation of the clock wind is completely down, the cell usually stops the production of new
body cell lives forever certainly create some of the exciting possibilities which may show the
impact on the sequences (Schořová and et. al., 2019). Telomerase research that is focus on the
important factor of yield that discover the process of ageing. The telomerase is also called as the
telomere terminal transferase which is defined as the enzyme which is made up of protein and
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the subunit of RNA that is usually elongated with the context to chromosome by the addition of
TTAGGG sequence to the ending of the chromosome which show their persistency. In addition,
telomerase is well find that the foetal tissue is show the context of adult germ cell which is also
known as the cells. The telomerase activity is well regulated during the development and has
very low and almost undetectable activity which is provided within the somatic body cells. These
somatic cell are does not perform the regular use of telomerase focus on the in depth of ageing.
There are some of the aspect which is related with the telomerase which is activated in the cell
which show the continuation in order to grow and divide. It is also referring as the immortal cell
theory which is essential and divided into the two areas of research aging and cancer (Zhang and
et. al., 2021).
Figure 2 Telomerase
Sources: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structure-and-function-of-telomerase-The-human-
telomerase-complex-consists-of-a_fig2_41014115
Overall, the major difference which is analysed between the telomere and telomerase is
defined as that the telomere is refer as the protective cap that is located at the end of the arms of
chromosome whereas the telomerase is defined as the enzyme which is show their presence in
the tissue especially foetal, adult germ cell and also within the tumour cells (Matzenbacher and
et. al., 2018).
The essay is well focus on the causes and impact of telomere and telomerase length,
sequence and traits on the plant species and animals and also evaluate the effect of this context
within the lifespan and the health. The telomere is defined as the regions which is based on the
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repetitive sequence that cap towards the end of chromosome in order to protect from the
eradication and from elimination of DNA damage response. During DNA replication, failure to
fill in the terminal pair which is showing the aspect of lagging into the strand that lead to the end
of replication issue, result in the shortening of the chromosome end during each cell division and
the eventual loss which is showing the ability replicative. In order to provide the loss of
chromosomal DNA at the termini, ribonucleoprotien enzyme complex telomerase who is core
component that they are consist of telomerase reverse transcriptase and RNA template. The bind
to the single stranded telomeric DNA at the end of 3 prime at the end of percussively extend to
the telomere sequence. There is other aspect which is telomere binding protein which is also
taking under the fraction which is help to prevent telomere from being is usually detected as the
term of damage DNA (Prušáková and et. al., 2021).
Figure 3 Telomere and telomerase
Sources: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-
replication/a/telomeres-telomerase
In addition, the Eukaryotic telomere is usually consisting of tandem that repeat the TG rich
microsatellite sequence. Therefore, the core telomeric repeat sequence is also showing the aspect
which is related with the conserved among the aspect of disease. For example, the vertebrate has
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the telomeric repeat which is show the constituent of DNA that is TTAGGG. In some of the
plants, the determined plant sequence which is analysed as the TTTAGGG. Therefore, the most
noticeable difference in the aspect of telomere show the relation between the organism that
provide the aspect of difference in the term of telomeric length which can show the part which
can be shorted as the 300 bps in the years which is also known as the Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
In addition, the plant of tobacco that is Nicotiana tabacum which is show the aspect which is
related with the 150 kb in the tobacco (Slusher, Kim, and Ludlow, 2020). Within species,
telomere sequence that is also display the substantial heritable length and sequence that show the
aspect of variation. In addition to this, there are several of example of telomere length which is
showing the context of polymorphism and the underlying gene that is role and responsibilities for
the varying fraction that have been determined the humans. In the context to the plants, variation
in the term of telomere length has been observed within the individual, between organs and
between the type of cell. The quantitative traits which has been taken in order to put the value
which is well indicated with the quantitative trait locus studies which is held to the Arabidopsis
thaliana and maize which is also known as the Zea mays that show the indication which is based
on natural variation in the aspect of telomere length which is heritable complex traits. In the
aspect of Arabidopsis, that a recent QTL analysis which is taken within the MAGIC lines which
suggest the gene involvement in the term of ribosome that provide the aspect of biogenesis and
cell proliferation that provide the example such as NOP2A, RPL5A and the RPL5B which may
be related with the setting telomere that set the coated point (Ta and et. al., 2018).
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Figure 4 Telomere and telomerase in animals and plants
Source: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/1/58/htm
The other factor which is also essential when the synthesis of the data and information has
been taken then they used to provide the context which show the significance in the term of
variation in the length of telomere for the organism. The telomere length shows their variation
which is neutral and show the outcome which is associated from the random genetic drift or the
improper planned stochastimcity which could be neutral in the term of activity of the telomerase.
In the alternate way, the telomere is used to show the aspect of length which is provide the aspect
of difference that provide the fitness effect that is another stimulus for the selection which is
based on natural ways (Han and et. al., 2021). Possibly they are making the more association
which is related with the cellular senescence that show the evidence that is related with the
implicated in the controlling of lifespan which is related with the plant such as yeast and animals.
In the context with the mammals, the telomere shortening is usually show the relation with the
species difference that is in lifespan. So, the data and information which is well suggested that
the telomere are usually involved with the ageing process. It is well analysed that the ageing
trajectory focus on the context which is related with the telomere length that act as product of
optimisation for the life history tradeoff. It is also analysed that the universal as in the C, elegans
provide the difference or the clear aspect which is related with the consequence which is well
related with the variation that is based on natural ways that is focus on the telomere length. The
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current research and analysis is focus that propose shorter telomere which is well related with the
faster pace of life in some of the organism which is related with the energy is usually conserved
for the reproduction and show the aspect which is away from the somatic maintenance (Garrido-
Ramos, 2021).
Figure 5 Telomere
Source: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Telomere
As per the above diagram it is well analysed that the telomere is at the end of chromosome
which is look like a cap. In addition, the telomerase is also defining as enzymes.
The comparison of telomere is used to focus on the aspect which is related with the current
context which is related with the animals such as fish, reptiles, mammals and human with the
different lifespan. In addition, it is well evaluated that the telomere length may foster the ageing
when they are persisting for the longer period within the body in the term of cap, where the
enzyme telomerase also shows the aspect which is help to provide the study which is associated
within the fish, reptiles, mammals and human which show the impact which is based on different
aspect. They are also varying in their various term which is used to provide the context that is
difference which is observed within lifespan (Chhabra and et. al., 2021).
The comparison is used to take which is related with the telomerase activity in the human
and plant tissue. Therefore, the human embryonic development, the high telomerase activity is
usually detected in the blastocyst but they are not mature spermatozoa or the oocytes. It is also
analysed that the active telomerase is well detected with the 16 to 20-week old which is related
with the human fetus and also it is show the presence in the most of somatic tissue with the
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exception to the brain tissue. In the adult, the low telomerase activity is well detected with the
term of hair follicle bulbs. The fraction of basal cell of the crypt and the associated with the villi
or the mucosal basal cell of the gastrointestinal tract, basal keratinocytes of the skins,
lymphocytes, blood bone marrow and stem cell. Therefore, the high telomerase activity which is
usually detected in the term of prostrate tissue and endometrium. In addition, the high telomerase
activity is well analysed with the plant pollen, seedling and young rosette and siliques. Therefore,
the both apical meristem which include shoot and root which showing the high telomerase
activity (Low, Yip, and Lal, 2022).
Figure 6 Telomerase in the human organism
Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/1205083
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The data and information is well focus on the various aspect which help to provide the
information which is based on principle in the telomere biology across the eukaryotes which is
persistent with the context to association which is based on the telomere and telomerase that
show the aspect of emergence with the concept of step that is useful for the evolution. At the
same time, it is also analysed that the specific feature and exception is well taken under the
consideration with the point of limitation of understanding that is related with the causes and
effect on telomere and telomerase length, sequence and traits which is related with the different
species of plant and animals and their impact on lifespan and health.
Figure 7 Effect of telomere length in human
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Telomere-activity-and-human-aging-Notes-
Conceptual-diagram-of-telomerases-role-in_fig2_274274032
METHOD (500)
Research methodology is well defined as the concept which is related with the specific
process and procedure which is used in order collect and the reliable data and information which
is well suitable with the process of research. The medical research is well defined as the context
which may provide the aspect where the topic is related with the medical concept where telomere
and telomerase may involve in order to show the fraction that provide detail and information of
impact and effect on species of plant and animals. The above data is collected from the context
which help to provide information which is well related comparison of telomere that include
animals, that include the fish, reptiles, mammals, and the human with the different aspect of
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lifespan. Therefore, there are some of the animals who used to work with the different body
temperature which may be refer as the warm and cold blooded (Cosby, Chang, and Feschotte,
2019).
Search strategy: The search strategy is defined as the procedure which is used within the
procedure of research process for the proper data collection and selection. In addition to this, the
study is usually well focused on the recent context which share the fraction and provide the
articulate data that is related with the chosen topic during the process of research. The search
strategy is well focused on the context which is related with the collection and gathering of
information which may provide the proper aspect and behaviour for the proper data collection
and information extraction. The major of search strategy which is used in order to elucidate the
data and information in the various source which include PubMed, Springer link, Science direct
and so on which is used commonly within the research for the proper data collection and
extraction. The PubMed is generally used in order to collect the information which is related
with medical research.
Database used: The database is term which have data and information with the huge number
because it works as the storage of various article and journals which may require during the
study or the process of research. The database is usually of different type which is majorly work
in such a way which show the approach that is related with proper configuration of article and
journals for collection and selection. However, there are some of the aspect which is required in
such a way which require to provide information that is related with the chosen topic. The major
of database which is commonly used within the research process are PubMed Central, CINHAL,
EMBASE and UpToDate. The PubMed central may show the approach which is suitable for the
proper data collection and selection that is focus on the data collection which is appropriate for
the research topic.
Research method: In addition, the secondary method is used within the research process for
the reviewing of data and information which may be appropriate for the collection of information
during the research process. The secondary research is usually conducted with the review of
article and Journals and collecting the data which may show the data collection aspect.
Research choice: The research choice is defined as the aspect which is related with the
context of qualitative and quantitative data. In addition, the qualitative and quantitative research
choice are used in order to provide the data and information which is based on words, concept
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