Management Research Methods: Analyzing Terrorism's Impact on Tourism

This report critically examines the impact of terrorism on tourism in Turkey, drawing upon various research articles and journals. It explores the long-term territorial goals of terrorist groups and their targeting of Western tourists to gain global attention and create fear. The report highlights how terrorism hinders the development of the tourism industry, affecting destinations negatively due to safety concerns. It discusses the economic consequences of terrorism, including homelessness, deflation, and unemployment, and analyzes Turkey's declining tourism numbers in recent years. The research employs qualitative research methods and phenomenology theory to investigate the research problem, focusing on understanding the underlying opinions. Alternative research methods, such as quantitative methods, are also considered. The report concludes by evaluating the application and deployment of research methodologies, identifying gaps, and providing insights into the complex relationship between terrorism and tourism in Turkey. Desklib provides access to this assignment and many other solved assignments and past papers.

Management Research Methods
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Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Relevant journal and Mind Map......................................................................................................4
Relevant journal...........................................................................................................................4
Mind Map....................................................................................................................................7
Research Questions, Theories and Methods....................................................................................8
Research Questions......................................................................................................................8
Research Theories........................................................................................................................8
Research methods........................................................................................................................8
Alternative research methods......................................................................................................9
Critique analysis of two methodologies........................................................................................11
a) Application of the research methodologies...........................................................................11
b) Deployment of the research methods....................................................................................12
c) Gaps found in the research methods......................................................................................13
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................14
References......................................................................................................................................16
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Introduction
In the words of Baker, (2014), there is no doubt in the fact that tourism is a major source of
revenue for the majority of the countries in the world as well as in the predominantly Islamic
countries. Islamic countries like Morocco, Maldives, and Turkey generate more than 5% of their
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from tourism. A successful tourism occurs in a country when
there is political stability, peace, security, employment etc. The contribution of tourism is so high
in the countries that any negative downfall can be a cause for concern. At the same time of
income generation, tourism also makes the countries vulnerable to negatives issues and threats;
terrorism is one of such threats that has hampered the continuous growth and development of
these nations. The terror attacks are occurring with regular frequency in many parts of the world
that is continuously affecting the international tourism.
The objective of the assignment is to critically reflect on the issue “How Terrorism affects
Tourism in Turkey” by exploring and analysing a number of relevant and critical articles and
journals that will help in developing better understanding and knowledge of the subject matter.
The articles and journals will be explored and presented in the literature with the application of
relevant research methodologies. The critical evaluation of the research methodologies will be
also discussed in order to ensure the effectiveness and relevancy of the used methods and
approaches.
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Relevant journal and Mind Map
Relevant journal
Neumayer and Plümper, (2016), suggested that terrorists set their long-term territorial goals and
want to take over the government of the country or regions where they originate. For the purpose
of the accomplishment of their strategic goals, they attack tourists especially the ‘western
tourists' as a tourist from the western countries are the prior options for the terrorists of the
Islamic groups like Turkey due to a number of reasons. Firstly, the western countries support the
weak government and prevent them from radical Islamic groups. Secondly, most of the media
companies are owned by the west corporations hence killing western people are an opportunity
for the tourists to attract global attention and create fear of terrorism in the minds of people
Neumayer and Plümper, 2016).
As per the words of Gallego, et. al. (2016), it is found that countries with high level of terrorism
and crime cannot be able to develop their tourism industry and always remains in the line of
underdeveloped countries. Despite the potential environmental and cultural richness of the
country, the tourism industry cannot be able to expand their vision to the world. Terrorist attacks
are the violent event for the tourism industry that affects the destinations negatively as the tourist
are interested in visiting the safe and secure places rather than political unrest or terrorism-prone
countries. If they presume any injury or unsafe zone at the particular destination, they avoid that
destination (Gallego, et. al., 2016).
In the words of Liu and Pratt, (2017), terrorism is a serious threat to both the tourists as well as
tourist destinations. The authors have provided a description approach to studying the
relationship between the terrorism and its implications on tourism. Terror attacks on the western
tourists affect the growth and development of the poor countries like Turkey and also affect the
public infrastructure like roads, bridges, airports etc. for the local citizens of the country. The
loss of revenue from the tourism also affects the foreign direct investment, future capital stock
which is essential for the continued future growth (Liu and Pratt, 2017).
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According to the thoughts of Samitasa, et. al. (2018), it is clear from every survey and reports
that terrorism is not good for the sustainable health of the tourism. As per the report presented by
WTTC in 2016, there is number of factors that affect the decision of the tourists and terrorism
has clear impact on the growth and progress of the tourism industry (Samitasa, et. al. 2018).
As per the views of Morris, (2016), the impact of terrorism on the economy leads to a number of
unwanted conditions such as homelessness, deflation, crime, unemployment etc. Turkey is one of
that affected country by terrorism where the political conditions are unstable and political unrest
is prevalent. Turkey has been attacking both regional tourism as well as global powers. The
country has witnessed the tumbling in the number of tourism since the very last years, a 34%
decline in the last year which was the largest fall in the last 22 years. The tourism industry has
shattered with less number of tourists (Sönmez, et. al., 1999). Terror attacks are very common in
Turkey that has created horrible fear in the minds of the international visitors that stops them
from visiting the country. It is found that in the coming years, the situation will be going worse if
no preventive actions and measures are implemented by the government of Turkey for
safeguarding the tourism industry (Morris, 2016).
Baker, (2014), has explained in his analysis that Turkey has experienced a number of terrorist
attacks in the past that has brought down the position of the country in the world. The
demonstrated success of travel and tourism does not hide it from the sinister power of tourism.
The acts of terrorism against the travel and tourism industry affect the image of the destination
and instil fear in the minds of the tourists. The impact of terrorism cannot completely help out
but it should be noticed with an objective to minimize the negative implications and protect the
popularity of the destinations (Baker, 2014).
As per the analysis of Feridun, (2011), countries with persistent terrorism incidents like Turkey
have detrimental effects on the number of tourist arrivals. The terrorist incidents not only affect
the tourism industry but also the overall economy by lowering down the rates of foreign
exchange, tax revenues, and employment opportunities and so on. Turkey has emerged as a
popular tourist destination since the last decades that has added significant growth to the GDP of
the country. Hence it can be said that tourism industry has played a great role in the growth and
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development of Turkey so targeting the leading industry has been an ideal choice for the terrorist
groups in order to cause damage to its economic stability and international image for the
completion of their political goals and objectives. The tourists were attacked by the terrorist
groups in Turkey that have caused severe harm to its economic and political condition. This has
led to the reduction in the number of the international tourists to the country due to the fear of
insecurity (Feridun, 2011).
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Mind Map
In the words of Williams and Chesterman, (2014), a mind map is an effective technique which is
used by the researcher in order to focus on the key aspects of the research. With the development
of the mind map, it is easy for the researcher to focus on the key aspects of the subject matter and
more emphasis will be given to identifying aspects. This technique is also helpful in offering
brief representation to the readers about the main ideas of the topic. In this management research,
the creation of mind map will help the researcher to focus on the major aspects which are most
relevant to the topic and also to deal with the complexities and research gaps with greater ease
and flexibility. The below mind map has been created in compliance with the research topic
‘Effects of terrorism on tourism’ in order to gain better and deep insight to the problem
(Williams and Chesterman, (2014).
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Effects of terrorism on tourism
Economic Political Social
 Loss of life
 Loss of
business
 Loss of income
 Border security
 Infringe on
individual
freedom
 Unemploymen
t
 Homelessness
 Deflation

Research Questions, Theories and Methods
Research Questions
The section presents the research questions, theories and methods which are used in the critical
learning and evaluation of the report. Effective and reliable articles and journals have been
reviewed and analysed in the above literature section in order to gain deep insight into the
subject matter. Following are the questions which are framed on the basis of the above-sourced
information.
Question1: What are the major implications of terrorism on the tourism of Turkey?
Question 2: Does Terrorism affect the growth and development of the tourism industry?
Question 3: Does the level of terrorist attacks have an impact on the popularity of the tourist
destinations?
Question 4: How tourist attacks affect the volume of tourism?
Research Theories
According to the words of (Smith, 2015), the successful management research also depends upon
the nature of the research methods and theories used. Use of reliable and effective research
theories help in the critical understanding of the subject matter and offers meaningful
conclusions and recommendations. The phenomenology theory of research has been used in the
above literature review which is an empirical research theory used to investigate the research
problem in a broad way. The phenomenology theory of research is conducted in the qualitative
terms where no quantitative terms have been used in the research. The assignment has been
completely based on qualitative based on qualitative knowledge and understanding with no
quantitative evaluation of the ideas or thoughts (Smith, 2015).
Research methods
In this management research, the information and data have been collected and analysed with the
help of qualitative research method. The qualitative research method is a broad type of research
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methodologies which is used to uncover the thoughts and opinions in order to drive deeper into
the problem. The data has been collected from the secondary sources like articles, journals,
books and internet sources so as to gain meaningful information about the subject matter. The
information has been critically reviewed in order to avoid the addition of any unreliable
information in the assignment (Smith, 2015).
The main objective of the study is to critically evaluate the impacts of terrorism on the tourism in
Turkey. In this concern, different articles and journals are reviewed and analysed with the
application of suitable methods and theories.
Alternative research methods
Alternative research method Quantitative method
It is an effective type of research
methodology where data is collected and
presented in the numerical terms and
analysed in the form of charts, graphs and
tables so that it would be easily
understandable.
Sources Primary sources: Survey questionnaire,
interviews
Relevancy The quantitative method can be also used
in this management research as the
information collected through
quantitative research is more accurate
and useful as compared with the
qualitative ones. Also, there will be a
practical investigation of the subject
matter with the applicability of this
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research method.
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Critique analysis of two methodologies
a) Application of the research methodologies
Literature which is used to analyse the effects of the terrorism on the tourism industry of Turkey
is mostly based on the quantitative research methodology. It is effective to use to analyse and
gather the numerical information and data. Most of the research is based on the quantitative
research methodology which supports the research implementer to gather numerical data and
information on the research objective (Taylor, et. al., 2012). Mostly secondary research are
implemented in these identified previous research and articles which shows that author of these
articles has used previous numerical data and information to analyse the effects of the terrorism
on the tourism industry of Turkey. “Impact of terrorism on tourism in Turkey: empirical
evidence from Turkey” in this research the author has used the quantitative research method by
which numerical information and data collected by him to develop an outcome on the research
topic. Author has used ADRL approach to analyse the effect of different terrorist activities done
in a particular time on the number of foreign tourists. The author has effectively used the
quantitative research methodology to gather a number of terrorist activities done in the period of
1986 to 2006 and to analyse the effect of these terrorist activities he has used the ARDL
approach. Author has used TER and TUR factors to determine the relationships in between the
terrorist activities and number of foreign tourist. The author has successfully analysed the
impacts of the terrorist activities done in Turkey within the particular time period.
“Tourism's vulnerability and resilience to terrorism” Liu and Pratt have used the mix research
methodologies in their research to analyse the effects of the terrorist activities on the tourism
sector. They have developed a secondary research for the literature review which supports them
to analyse the views of different authors on this topic and develop a conclusion on their research.
It is effective to conduct a literature review in own research which supports to the author to
analyse the gaps in the previous research (Lewis, 2015). According to these identified gaps, it is
effective to develop a own research to cover these gaps by a new research on the same research
topic. Author of this research has quantitative research method also to conduct their own
research with their own perspective to analyse the vulnerabilities of the tourism industry by the
terrorist activities. Liu and Pratt effectively analysed the impact of terrorism on the tourism
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industry in the global perspective in which they have categorised the world in different
geographical parts. “The Effects of Terrorism on the Travel and Tourism Industry” in this
research the author “Baker” has used the qualitative research methodology to points out the
effects of the terrorist activities on the tourism industry. By the use of qualitative research
methodology, he has developed a thematic analysis of terrorism on the tourism industry. Data
and information which are gathered in this research are not much realistic and reliable to analyse
the significant effects. They have developed secondary research on the topic which is not enough
to create an outcome on the research topic. c
b) Deployment of the research methods
In this management assignment, the methodologies of research were deployed with the critical
evaluation of the collected journals, articles from the secondary sources. All the collected
information has been analysed to the best of the knowledge. Also, the necessary data and
information found on internet sources were critically filtered for the successful completion of the
assignment.
In the proposed articles by Liu and Pratt, the similarities and differences have been effectively
studied so as to reach a meaningful conclusion. Relationships have been developed within the
variables in order to ensure the relevancy of the information in the assignment.
The method of case studies have been used as this method is one of the best and appropriate
qualitative methods for the management research. This method is widely used by the researchers
as it provides an effective exploration of the research issues and problem and offers deep insight
into the research problem. The reason behind the selection of this research method over the other
methodologies as it offers an opportunity to the researcher to learn about the efficiency of the
applied theories and models. With this method, it would be easy for the researcher to recognise
whether the applied theories and cases are useful or efficient for the research (Kesby, 2000).
While deploying the research methods to learn maximum about the research issues and topic, the
objectives of the research has also been kept in mid by the researcher due to the fact that if the
collected information and data has no link with the aims and objectives, then there will be no use
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