Project Dissertation: Analyzing Consumer Benefits of CSR in Tesco

This project dissertation analyzes the consumer benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Tesco, a leading UK supermarket. The research explores the meaning and concept of CSR, its benefits for consumers within Tesco, and strategies to enhance these benefits. The study examines Tesco's initiatives to increase market share, customer loyalty, and improve its public image through CSR practices. The dissertation includes a literature review, methodology, findings, discussions, conclusions, and recommendations, providing a comprehensive overview of Tesco's approach to CSR and its impact on consumers. The research highlights the significance of CSR in the retail industry and offers insights for businesses aiming to improve their social responsibility efforts and consumer relations. The findings emphasize the importance of ethical practices and sustainable initiatives for long-term success.

Running head: PROJECT DISSERTATION
Project Dissertation

PROJECT DISSERTATION 2
Abstract
The main aim of this research is to analyze the Consumer Benefits of Corporate Social
Responsibility in Business Organization in Tesco. This research report presents a preliminary
assessment of corporate social responsibilities and programs, which is used by leading retailer of
UK. This research report starts with the short description of the meaning and concept of CSR and
the theories of CSR in a business organization. It is followed by an analysis of consumer benefits
of CSR in a business organization. This research report uses empirical material about strategies
to improve the consumer benefits of CSR in a business organization. The findings show the three
set of CSR theme to presents the consumer benefits of CSR in a business organization. This
finding depicts that the Tesco is engaged in using corporate social responsibility to increase their
market share, customer loyalty, and public image. This research report concludes the findings
about the problem associated with different themes.

PROJECT DISSERTATION 3
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................................................5
Research background...............................................................................................................................5
Company background..............................................................................................................................5
Research aim and objectives....................................................................................................................6
Research question....................................................................................................................................7
Research rationale...................................................................................................................................7
Dissertation structure...............................................................................................................................7
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................8
Literature Review................................................................................................................................8
Research Methodology........................................................................................................................8
Data Analysis and Findings:................................................................................................................9
Conclusion and Recommendation:......................................................................................................9
Chapter 2: Literature review......................................................................................................................10
Meaning and concept of corporate social responsibility in business organization.................................10
Consumer benefits of CSR in business organization: In context of Tesco Supermarket, UK................11
Strategy to increase the consumer benefits of CSR in business organization........................................13
Chapter 3: Methodology............................................................................................................................16
3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................16
3.2 Research philosophy........................................................................................................................16
3.3 Research Approach..........................................................................................................................17
3.4 Research Strategy............................................................................................................................18
3.5 Research Design..............................................................................................................................20
3.6 Research Purpose.............................................................................................................................21
3.7 Data Collection Method...................................................................................................................21
3.8 Sampling Procedure.........................................................................................................................22
3.9 Data Analysis Methodology............................................................................................................23
3.10 Ethical Consideration.....................................................................................................................23
3.11 Summary.......................................................................................................................................24
Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion..........................................................................................................24
Theme 1: Meaning and concept of corporate social responsibility in business organization.................24
Theme 2: Consumer benefits of CSR in business organization: In context of Tesco Supermarket, UK 28

PROJECT DISSERTATION 4
Theme 3: Strategies to increase the consumer benefits of CSR in business organization: In context of
Tesco Supermarket, UK........................................................................................................................30
Chapter 5: Conclusions..............................................................................................................................33
Meaning and concept of corporate social responsibility in business organization.................................33
Consumer benefits of CSR in business organization: In context of Tesco Supermarket, UK................34
Strategies to increase the consumer benefits of CSR in business organization: In context of Tesco
Supermarket, UK...................................................................................................................................34
Chapter 6: Recommendations....................................................................................................................35
Reflection..................................................................................................................................................35
References.................................................................................................................................................38

PROJECT DISSERTATION 5
Chapter 1: Introduction
Research topic
The Consumer Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Organization, Case
Study: - Tesco Supermarket, United Kingdom.
Research background
In the retail industry, food production has an impact on the selection of stakeholders. It is a big
concern that has not identified in previous research. The UK supermarket sector has never been
strengthening and leading supermarket which causes such issue that there has been competition.
It is also stated that the UK supermarket sector highly focuses on retail power anywhere on the
globe. There is lack of research on an aspect of ethics and CSR which could be applied to
retailing business practices. There is a significant limitation in research about the topic of
corporate social responsibility and ethics within the retail industry in the UK. This research
identifies the gap by focusing on consumer benefits of CSR in business organization (Tai and
Chuang, 2014). It is required 80 percent of the retail companies in the UK grocery market.
Company background
Tesco Plc is a global retailer operating approximately 5700 stores in more than 14 countries and
Tesco PLC is an international retailer operating around 5,600 stores in 13 countries and engaging
approx. 501,000 people at the global level. Moreover, headquarter and the major part of the
organization is located in the UK because it was founded over 90 years ago. In recent time,
Tesco is the largest organization in private sector because of it employer with more than 295,000
employees. Tesco gives their best effort at the time of climate change, which makes a positive
relationship with consumers for long-term (Tesco, 2017). As a result, it developed the climate
change strategy to control the effects of carbon emissions. As per the European Energy Agency,

PROJECT DISSERTATION 6
Tesco is one of the leading retailers as it is responsible for about 5.4 million tonnes of carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2016-17. It has used the average energy of approximately1 million
EU households. It has also implemented a climate change approach to decline the carbon
emission from their organization. The key aim of Tesco is to become a zero-carbon organization
by 2050 (IBS CDC, 2017).
In 2011, Tesco was recognized as top retailer internationally in the carbon disclosure project. It
has entailed the carbon reporting and reduction measures which were effective to consider the
company in FTSE 350. Tesco got the guardian sustainable business award in 2011. Tesco is a
member of FTSE4 and Dow Jones sustainability indices. Since 2007, it shows the platinum
status of the business in the community corporate responsibility index (Deepa and Chitramani,
2018). Tesco engaged in sustainable consumption institute at the University of Manchester. This
case study illustrates the strategy which is implemented by Tesco to increase the consumer
benefits of CSR in a business organization. It is making efforts to manage the carbon emission
by repeated assimilation of climate modification into its business operations. The analysis is
restricted to Tesco business practices to decline its carbon emissions. There are certain business
practices which are implemented across all operation of Tesco (Tesco, 2017).
Research aim and objectives
The main aim of this dissertation is to analyze the consumer benefits of corporate social
responsibility in business organization in the context of Tesco Supermarket, UK. In this way, the
following objectives are used to meet the key aim of this research:
 To explore the meaning and concept of corporate social responsibility in business
organization

PROJECT DISSERTATION 7
 To addressee the consumer benefits of CSR in the business organization: In the context of
Tesco Supermarket, UK.
 To recommend the strategy to increase the consumer benefits of CSR in the business
organization: In the context of Tesco Supermarket, UK.
Research question
The following research questions are responded through using different chapters to complete the
main aim and objectives of research:
 What is meaning and concept of corporate social responsibility in a business
organization?
 What are the consumer benefits of CSR in the business organization: In the context of
Tesco Supermarket, UK?
 What are the strategies to increase the consumer benefits of CSR in the business
organization: In the context of Tesco Supermarket, UK?
Research rationale
This research is beneficial for readers to understand the meaning and concept of CSR in a
business organization. It is also effective for retailers to comprehend the different consumer
benefits of CSR in a business organization. In addition, it is significant for employees of Tesco
companies to gain understanding about different strategy to increase the consumer benefits of
CSR in a business organization.
Dissertation structure
For completing the research, the researcher is implied the research structure as it will also
support to get a favorable result. For this dissertation, the research structure is discussed as
below:

PROJECT DISSERTATION 8
Introduction
The first section of research demonstrates the introduction of research matter wherein it
considers many factors like research background, company background, aim and objectives,
research question and research justification. These factors are effective to make healthy
atmosphere towards the research matter. This section helps to create deep understanding towards
the research limitation, which is faced by the research scholar during the research. Hence, it is
imperative for the researcher to obtain reliable outcome (Park, et. al., 2014).
Literature Review
In the research study, the literature review section shows many factors like research models,
concepts, and theories. This section helps the research scholar to examine the past research on
the same topic. Moreover, this section could be competent to examine the available information
in the context of the research matter and also examine the research issue and also help to
determine the actual situation of the research study. For completing this section, there are many
sources that are used by research scholar to collect the data in the context of the research matter
such as books, journals, and articles (Benn, et. al., 2014). This section will also help research
scholar to examine the gap of research and execute the strategy to fill the gap in a systematic
manner.
Research Methodology
This is the third part of the research where research scholar will be capable to gain their
understanding towards the research techniques. The best understanding of the research method
could help the research scholar to select appropriate data collection method to collect the data in
the context of research concern. This section helps to gain understanding in the context of many
methods like research philosophies, design, sampling, data collection method, approaches, and

PROJECT DISSERTATION 9
research justification as it will support to obtain the valid and reliable result (Carroll and
Buchholtz, 2014).
Data Analysis and Findings:
This section is the fourth part of the research wherein the researcher examines the data in the
context of the research concern. This research section helps to deeply evaluate research matter. It
helps the research scholar to control and evaluates the figures and facts logically through
implementing the appropriate data analysis tools. Hence, the researcher could be able to show the
information in a systematic way together with producing the reliable result (Saeidi, et. al., 2015).
Conclusion and Recommendation:
In the research study, it is the last section of research because it assists the researcher to
summarize the whole research study as per the collected research findings. It develops the
association between the research objectives and research findings to reach at an applicable
conclusion. It also offers the recommendation in the context of the impact of corporate social
responsibility on the business performance. Hence, this section could be imperative to identify
the realistic implication for lead future research in the context upcoming research (Crane and
Matten, 2016).

PROJECT DISSERTATION 10
Chapter 2: Literature review
Meaning and concept of corporate social responsibility in business organization
According to Farooq et al. (2014), corporate social responsibility is imperative for the
organization due to make a distinguish image in the marketplace. It shows the effects of
organization on environmental social wellbeing. This supports the organization to use the rules
and regulation of environmental protection groups. In addition, it is also analyzed that corporate
social responsibility can also be referred to as “corporate citizenship" that can consider incurring
a short-term cost, which cannot provide the instant financial profit to the organization. Moreover,
it supports to improve the social and environmental condition.
In support of this, Vitell (2015) stated that the corporate social responsibility is a business model
that is deeply rooted in the liability ethics. Through this strategy, an organization will be capable
to make a positive image among customers mind as it could be imperative for enhancing the
growth of the firm. Through CSR, the company concentrates on employee and social benefit that
could direct impact on the image of the company. CSR could be defined as the ethical, legal, and
discretionary expectations as it will be imperative for improving the social situation of the firm.
The main aim of corporate social responsibility is to demonstrate the philanthropic
responsibilities, moral, and ethics of the organization. At the same time, it also supports the
organization to obtain fair return and make a unique image in the marketplace. In addition, the
CSR requires the company to select a border view of their liabilities which consider many
constituencies like stockholders, employees, suppliers, local community, customers, state, local,
federal governments, and other interest community.
In opposition to this, Carroll (2015) examined that the activity of organization can direct impact
on the stakeholders that play an imperative role in improving the performance of the firm. The

PROJECT DISSERTATION 11
stakeholder is a key factor for enhancing the growth of the business. There are different kinds of
factors that can create a problem for the organization in CSR practices like environmental
management, stakeholder engagement, labor standards, and gender balance. Other factors are
eco-efficiency, employee and community relations, anti-corruption measures, good governance,
social equity, human rights, responsible sourcing, and working conditions.
According to Yakovleva (2017), a large number of organizations seeks that CSR activity can be
imperative in accomplishing the business target in less time. Moreover, it is also analyzed that
organization can perform the activity in the context of social well-being that will support the
organization to make a unique image in customer’s mind. It is addressed that the consumers are
loyal and willing to spend more on the retailers if organization think about society. Customers
believe that retailers sell their products and services in the local region for gaining the consumer
loyalty. It is also evaluated that the local products will support organization to enhance the
consumer trust. The environmental factors can negatively influence the services of consumers. It
is also addressed that all CSR acts are attractive to the consumers. It suggested that retailers
concentrate on one activity. It is also found that CSR can support the organization to attract a
large number of consumers in the specified time.
Consumer benefits of CSR in business organization: In context of Tesco Supermarket, UK
According to Galaskiewicz (2016), corporate social responsibility is used to provide consumer
benefits to a business organization. It is beneficial to enhance the public image. Companies
engage the customers in their business practices like entails the needs and wants of customers in
product and service development. It delivers the added value to customers and improves the
image of the company in the customer’s mind. The public image of the company is depending on
the social responsibility programs as a company should be aware of it. It is stated that consumer

PROJECT DISSERTATION 12
believes to shop the products from those retailers which help the community for development. It
could improve the public image in the world.
In support of this, Weiss (2014) evaluated that company provides the quality products and
services to consumers and also engages in performing good corporate social responsibilities. It
also provided consumer benefits by supporting the non-profits and involving in volunteerism,
monetary donations, strong partnerships, and in-kind donations of products and services. The
company also publicizes their efforts and increases the awareness regarding their charity to
create an optimistic image in the customer’s eyes. It is stated that favorable social responsibility
can enhance the public image of company build relationship with the consumers.
According to Tantalo and Priem (2016), the company increases the media coverage by entailing
in corporate social responsibility. There is no need for the company to show the amount of
saving the environment as it knows about each person. But, there is need to ensure that company
engaged in forming an association with the local media outlets because they could cover the
stories, which will provide by an organization. It is stated that Tesco Company provided the
benefits to local communities to increase the customer satisfaction level. Furthermore, when
company involves in production and activities that could adversely impact on the community,
then the media could focus on it. As a result, bad news could be spread as compared to good
news and it will have a negative impact on the business image. It is stated that media visibility is
effective to generate positive sheds about the organization. Hence, strong CSR program gain the
opportunity for the company to get strong news coverage.
On the other hand, Chernev and Blair (2015) discuss that consumers like to buy quality products
at affordable price. Hence, the company uses corporate social responsibility to build customer
loyalty. In this way, it uses quality ingredients in product development. Further, the company can

PROJECT DISSERTATION 13
always tell the consumer about the quality ingredients and health benefits of their products. As a
result, it shows that corporate social responsibility facilitates the consumer benefits in the
business organization.
Wang et al. (2016) asserted that company builds the relationship with customers in terms of their
corporate social responsibility. A strong corporate social responsibility structure is required to
build and keep the trust amongst the company and customers. It could improve strengthen, build
alliances and enhances the working relationships with both new and existing clients. A company
can partner with not-for-profit Company to aid the public value outcomes, in which funds and
resources may be adequate. However, it helps to deliver the added value to customers and aids to
increase the customer loyalty towards company’s products and services.
In support of this, Korschun et al. (2014) stated that company can improve the retention and
organizational commitment by engaging in the corporate social responsibility. In case,
employees feel positive about the CSR of the organization then there could be chances of
increasing the employee’s retention in the organization. CSR could also commit the employees
within an organization when company involves the CSR is their business practices. In this way,
employee’s commitment entails the wide range of favorable beliefs towards their organization
and also involves the number of employees within an organization who make personal sacrifices
for their organization.
Strategy to increase the consumer benefits of CSR in business organization
According to Parsa et al. (2015), there is a different strategy to increase the consumer benefits of
CSR in a business organization. In this way, the company should focus on promoting innovation
to provide consumer benefits. The company should act to make an atmosphere that leads
workforces to step forward with ideas regarding the ways to improve the corporate social

PROJECT DISSERTATION 14
responsibility. The company should encourage the employees for their active participation and
consider their ideas to increase the consumer benefits of corporate social responsibility. Social
responsibility is key drivers in the operation which enables to maintain public relation and
effective to selling point. Thus, it is stated that social responsibility becomes an essential element
of performance culture.
In support of this, Mason and Simmons (2014), it could be recommended that company should
support the local community and participate in the community events and other engagement.
Therefore, it is significant for a company to become a direct supporter of local society’s business
organization and people. It should also buy from local suppliers whenever they can, particularly
if a large percentage of the business comes from the nearest market. In addition, the company
should always find the opportunity to assist the local events, particularly when they are
endorsing local companies.
According to Brammer et al. (2015), the company should practice transparency to enhance the
consumer benefit of CSR. The information system should be practiced within the business
organization to improve the consumer benefits of CSR. It is an accurate evaluation of the state of
today’s business world. When any person is competent to publicize the data about the company
and its practices to the internet then there are no chances that a company hides their information
about the business process for very long. Hence, the company should focus on considering the
effective social responsibilities instead diverting the mind from the business process.
Bai and Chang (2015) discussed that company should use the social responsibility and take the
right direction. A corporation should use open and transparent policies as it can build the trust
among employees towards the organization and engage them to deliver the best customer

PROJECT DISSERTATION 15
services. It can be stated that transparency sends a message to business to put a high value on
social responsibility.
In support of this, Dima et al. (2014) evaluated that sustainability is common areas which
customers and stakeholder use to assess the responsibility of the company. The company should
focus on sustainable purchasing decision by offering recycled printed paper. It should also invest
few extra dollars to select the quality product as it has a huge impact on the company’s role. The
company should work actively to communicate with consumers and their business partners.
Since, customers who observe their irresponsible activities cannot wait to share it with others.

PROJECT DISSERTATION 16
Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Introduction
Research methodology is defined as a procedure which is implemented to pool the facts and
figures with the intention of obtaining the research in a methodological manner. Further, research
methodology is a theoretical and organized assessment of different techniques which are
particularly implemented in the research field. This chapter describes the detail description
regarding research approaches, purpose, strategies, and purpose of data collection method. These
components are beneficial to pool the essential data for solving the research issue and for
attaining the objectives of research effectively. At the same time, this research incorporates the
appropriate research technique and approach with suitable reason (Öberseder, et. al., 2014).
3.2 Research philosophy
Research philosophy is essential to assess the achievement of any specific research by adding
value regarding research knowledge. Research philosophy is effective to boost the understanding
regarding research concern and characteristics of research. In addition, there is certain kind of
philosophy of research which could be used to complete the research as per their nature. These
philosophies are positivism, interpretivism, and realism. It is diverse from each other in terms of
research nature and scope. Interpretivism research philosophy is appropriate for qualitative
research (Lacey, et. al., 2015).
It is widely implemented by a researcher as they can use a small sample to gain understanding
about a large group of people. However, there is need to generate theory by a researcher while
dealing with different sort of research work. Since, it enables to discover the information
regarding research concern. Moreover, interpretivism research philosophy is also used to
determine the social concern. In contrast to this, positivism research philosophy relies on

PROJECT DISSERTATION 17
objective nature of research. Under this philosophy, an investigator uses a high amount of small
size to gather facts and figures. It relies on technical information and statistical facts. Hence, it is
appropriate with the quantitative investigation. Realism philosophy emphasizes on the beliefs
and values which are available in the actual external atmosphere (Epstein and Buhovac, 2014).
This philosophy allows an investigator to implement self-understanding and practice
methodologically to accomplish the research aim and objectives.
For this dissertation, interpretivism research philosophy is used as compared to realism and
positivism research philosophy. Since, this research is based on subjective nature and also
effective to pool beliefs and judgment of research respondents regarding the Consumer Benefits
of Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Organization. It also allows an investigator to
exercise less number of small sizes for generating the data in depth about research concern. It
also aids a researcher to pool the information in detail regarding research concern, which is not
feasible with positivism and realism. In addition, positivism philosophy is not chosen as there is
no need to prove the hypothesis and also no need to pool research concern (Ferrell and Fraedrich,
2015). In addition, realism philosophy is not selected as it highlights on the reality that exists in
society, which is not appropriate with the intention of this research.
3.3 Research Approach
The research approach is another element of research methodology, which is exercised by an
investigator to illustrate the causes of choosing the specific strategies and methods. There are
certain kinds of research approach which are highly implemented by an investigator. These
research approaches are the inductive and deductive approach. Under the deductive research
technique, research hypothesis is developed as per the existing assumption and theories before
pooling data about research concern. This philosophy is also called top-down approach, which is

PROJECT DISSERTATION 18
also suitable with positivism philosophy. On the other side, inductive research approach is
implemented to resolve the research issue by generating theory. This research approach is also
called bottom-up approach, which is feasible with interpretivism research philosophy (Boyd, et
al., 2017). Under this approach, an investigator creates the opinion and views of the respondents
to arrive at a particular solution.
Under this dissertation, inductive approach is chosen as compared to deductive approach as it
aids an investigator to effectively exercise the qualitative information for conducting depth
assessment of research concern. This research approach also facilitates an investigator to pool the
wide range of information regarding the Consumer Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility
in Business Organization. It is also advantageous to address the association amid consumer
benefits and corporate social responsibility (Newman, et. al., 2015). But, a deductive approach is
not chosen because highlights on the set of quantitative information, which could make irrelevant
research.
3.4 Research Strategy
The research strategy is a methodological system of data pooling, which make sure the existence
of the information for attaining the objectives of research effectively. It also aids an investigator
to discover the information about research concern. It also facilitates an investigator to assess the
different mode of data pooling and to address the feasible solution of research concern. There are
different types of research strategies used by an investigator to complete the research like
grounded theory, literature review, experiments, survey through questionnaire and cross-
sectional studies (Green and Peloza, 2015).
Under this dissertation, a literature review is implemented as a research strategy. This strategy is
effective to demonstrate the thoughts of several authors and researcher relation to the Consumer

PROJECT DISSERTATION 19
Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Organization. In addition, this research
strategy focuses on different conceptual framework and reasoning which are beneficial to obtain
a reliable outcome. This research strategy could be effective to assess each concept regarding
research concern. As a result, it would be beneficial to generate positive research outcome.
Along with this, literature review strategy creates easiness to assess the Consumer Benefits of
Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Organization. Since, this strategy is relied on
exploratory nature (Hofman and Newman, 2014). Moreover, this approach allows an investigator
to assess the feasible method for increasing the Consumer Benefits of Corporate Social
Responsibility in Business Organization.
Under this dissertation, survey through questionnaire technique is exercised by an investigator
for gathering the opinion and beliefs of employees about research concern in the context of
Tesco Supermarket, United Kingdom. Survey technique is beneficial for pooling the data as it
aids to decline work discrimination and improve research quality by gathering valid and reliable
facts. Along with this, survey technique is expensive and time-consuming. However, it facilitates
more consistent and precise data regarding research concern. As a result, an investigator could
improve the effectiveness of research outcome (Park and E. Levy, 2014).
Apart from this, there are several sources of secondary data collection technique like journals,
internet, books, articles and company statement. It is used by an investigator to boost significant
understanding regarding research concerns. These sources save the time and cost of an
investigator to pool required data associated with research concern. Although, it is time taking
and expensive but, it is a feasible technique for obtaining the reliable result (Valmohammadi,
2014).

PROJECT DISSERTATION 20
3.5 Research Design
It is another element of research methodology which is beneficial to accomplish the research
objectives in reliable and valid manner. There are certain techniques which are exercised by an
investigator to complete the research. These techniques are quantitative, qualitative and mixed
research technique. The qualitative research design is interpretative and boosts the knowledge of
research in detail. This research design relies on belief, opinion, and languages of participants.
This design entails different strategies like questionnaire, focus group, experiment and interview
(Cooper, 2017).
In contrast to this, quantitative research design assesses the several events as per the number of
responses. Under this technique, the question is initiated with how often, and how many. It is a
scientific technique to solve the difficult set of information. In addition, mixed research design
contains the advantages of both quantitative and qualitative research design (Sun and Cui, 2014).
For this research, mix research design is used by an investigator for attaining the research
objectives. Since, this research design focuses on characteristics of both research design i.e.
qualitative and quantitative research design. In such case, quantitative research design is
exercised to determine the number of responses of candidates. Along with this, qualitative
research design is implemented to define the association between consumer benefits and
corporate social responsibility (Bolton and Mattila, 2015).
Mix research design facilitates an investigator to avoid the obstacles from the research that could
be happened while conducting the research. Thus, mix research design provides theoretical and
conceptual information about the Consumer Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility in
Business Organization (Blowfield and Murray, 2014).

PROJECT DISSERTATION 21
3.6 Research Purpose
Research purpose allows an investigator to create and enhance their awareness regarding the
Consumer Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Organization. An investigator
can exercise exploratory, explanatory and descriptive research design as per the nature of
research matter. Descriptive research is implemented to define and assess the characteristics and
behavior of sample population by pooling the beliefs, ideas, and opinion of participants. There is
the certain intention of using descriptive research design such as defining, discussing and
authenticating the research findings. It is highly used to conduct depth assessment of research
concern (Hur, et. al., 2014).
In contrast to this, exploratory research facilitates an investigator to explore something
innovative however it does not intend to facilitate valid and decisive solution regarding research
issue. In addition, explanatory research is implemented to determine the research concern by
assessing different variables. It is also implemented to evaluate the cause and effect association
amid distinct variables which are required to attain the aim and objectives of the research. This
research is difficult and versatile to carry out (Taghian, et. al., 2015).
For this research study, exploratory research is chosen by an investigator as it facilitates them to
assess the answer regarding how Corporate Social Responsibility increases consumer benefits in
Business Organization. As opposed to this, exploratory research is not implemented in this
dissertation as it relies on previous experience rather than focusing on current experience (Story
and Neves, 2015).
3.7 Data Collection Method
Data gathering technique is implemented to collect and assess the data about research concern.
There are certain techniques which are exercised to pool the data named primary and secondary

PROJECT DISSERTATION 22
data collection technique. Primary data collection technique is used to pool the fresh and first-
hand information. It is collected from different sources like survey through a questionnaire,
interview, focus group, and observation. As opposed to this, secondary data gathering techniques
are used to collect the authentic information in minimum time. There are different sources of
acquiring secondary data named annual report, journals, textbooks, newspapers, magazines, and
online resources (Grougiou, et. al., 2016).
For this dissertation, both data gathering technique is used by an investigator due to its accuracy
with the analyzing Consumer Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility in Business
Organization. In this way, primary data is sourced from survey through questionnaire while
secondary data is sourced from the literature review. Primary data is used to pool reliable and
valid information but it takes less time. At the same time, secondary data is used to increase
depth knowledge regarding research concern in less time (Farooq, et. al., 2014).
3.8 Sampling Procedure
Sampling is a process to choose the respondents from a large amount of population. It is
implemented to take the observation via statistical assessment. This procedure is implemented to
for choosing the feasible respondents in order to obtain the primary data regarding research
issue. There is two sampling technique, which could be implemented to select the right
candidates for getting primary data such as non-probability sampling and probability sampling
(Mazutis and Slawinski, 2015).
With the intention of this dissertation, probability sampling technique is chosen by an
investigator to select the respondents for implementing survey through a questionnaire. It helps
to boost the knowledge about a research problem. In this sampling technique, the simple random
sampling method is implemented by an investigator to select the respondents for obtaining the

PROJECT DISSERTATION 23
survey and to increase the knowledge about research concern. Under this technique, samples
have selected from the respondents on the random basis as, it facilitates the equal opportunity for
all the participants to respond in the research study (Eccles, et. al., 2014).
For this dissertation, 50 workforces are selected as a sample size from distinct companies. An
investigator has taken the prior consent from selected applicants by sending confirmation letter
through e-mail. After that, a questionnaire format has sent to all respondents through e-mails
with proper guidance and instruction. Researchers have appealed to the participants to get their
responses in specified time duration as it aids them to obtain reliable outcome related to research
concern (Dhaliwal, et. al., 2014).
3.9 Data Analysis Methodology
It is a significant chapter of research methodology which is used to address the valid and reliable
result, after gathering the facts, an investigator is engaged to analyze such data through statistical
and content analysis techniques. For this dissertation, statistical data analysis technique is
implemented to analyze the facts through MS-excel. It is beneficial to interpret the facts and
figures in an understandable way. This software is implemented to demonstrate the information
through different charts, graphs, and diagram (Pino, et. al., 2016).
3.10 Ethical Consideration
Ethical consideration is a significant aspect of the dissertation which is used to increase the
reliability and validity of research and its result. Since, there are chances of happening ethical
uncertainties related to plagiarism, manipulation of data, and confidentiality of research data.
Under this dissertation, ethical aspect is related to certain technique and strategies which are
implemented by an investigator to reduce the chances of ethical concern. Moreover, secondary
information is collected via a wide range of sources such as journals, websites, online and offline

PROJECT DISSERTATION 24
articles and books. These sources are implemented by an investigator by giving appropriate in-
text and references (Flammer, 2015).
These sources are cited carefully for eliminating the copyright issues. An investigator has pooled
the information from secondary data collection techniques hence they have carefully avoided the
plagiarism and manipulation issue to conduct the research ethically. This research is written by
an investigator in own sentences with appropriate in-texting. In addition to this, an investigator
has maintained the secrecy and confidentiality of the participant’s data to eliminate the ethical
concern from the research study. Furthermore, university instruction and approaches related to
code of conduct are implemented in this research to avoid ethical challenges (Petrenko, et. al.,
2016).
3.11 Summary
From the above interpretation, it could be concluded that research methodology is significant for
the researcher to attain the research aim and objectives in a specified time period. Since, it allows
an investigator to pool, assess and interpret the information in an effective way. In addition, data
gathering technique is implemented by an investigator to discover the ideas from different
sources. It could be also summarized that research methodology is effective to eliminate the
ethical challenges which could enhance the appropriateness of research.
Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion
Theme 1: Meaning and concept of corporate social responsibility in business organization
Chart 1: Group customer loyalty

PROJECT DISSERTATION 25
(Sources: Glavas and Kelley, 2014).
Above chart illustrates that customer loyalty is increased by 1.2% by putting customers first and
focus on them. It is also assessed that there are a large number of shoppers who prefer to shop at
Tesco. Tesco has made improvement and builds positive environment (Tesco, 2017).
The finding is supported by Inoue and Kent (2014) as it is discussed that corporate social
responsibility is prominent to create a unique image of the organization in the market. It also
supports to improve the existing situation of environmental as well as social. The corporate
social responsibility helps the company to practice rules and regulation of the environment.
Moreover, it is evaluated that the corporate social responsibility can confront “corporate
citizenship" that will include short-term cost. But, at the same time, there is no chance to get
instant financial profit to the company. Furthermore, it helps to enhance the environmental and
social situation.
Chart 2: CSR

PROJECT DISSERTATION 26
(Sources: Ebrahim, et. al., 2014).
It is analyzed that the high number of retailers are eager to address the impact of their business
on economy, environment, and society. They are using a wide range of CSR agenda and three
sets of concern regarding CSR activities. Firstly, retailers are aware to settle their different goal
of CSR. It is assessed that environmental expenses of importing fresh food from the different
nationalities are balanced by Tesco to focus on social benefits in less developed economies. For
example, Tesco retailers may face difficulties to tradeoffs between competing and conflicting
goals. It is analyzed that company faces emerging problem in terms of implementing CSR
activities (Zheng, et. al., 2015).
This finding is supported by Ioannou and Serafeim (2015) as it is stated that many companies
seek that corporate social responsibility directly influences the growth of business at the
specified time and cost. Furthermore, it is also evaluated that company could imply CSR activity
for social well-being, which will help the organization to make a favorable image in the
consumer’s mind. It is found that the customers and willing to pay more on particular retailers

PROJECT DISSERTATION 27
when a company thinks towards the society. In addition, it is also found that company can
increase their product sale through consumer loyalty. The local product and services could be
supportive to simply influence the trust of consumers. It is also found that corporate social
responsibility can directly influence the consumers. It is also recommended that the retailers
focus on each act. It is also addressed that CSR can help the company to influence a large
number of customers in less time.
Secondly, it is assessed that there is a sense in which a high amount of commitments and agendas
entailed in the retailers. It is not easy for Tesco to attain all desires in the tough competitive UK
retail business atmosphere. Furthermore, Tesco retailers use environmental goals and focus on
the commitment of local communities where their stores are located to consider corporate social
responsibility (Tesco, 2016). But, there is need of high expenses to give commercial priorities. It
is also evaluated that individual store manager facing problem in terms of scheduling of staff.
For instance, Tesco store managers may pressure on the workforces into working outside the
hours that are suitable to maintain work-life balance and refuse to discharge workforces for
training and management development (Crane and Glozer, 2016).
This finding is supported by the view of Scheinbaum and Lacey (2015), as it was evaluated that
corporate social responsibility could be stated as economic, ethical, discretional and legal desires
that society wants from the organization at a specific time period. The aspects of CSR indicate
that company has ethical, philanthropic and moral accountabilities. There are chances for a
company to obtain the maximum return for shareholders and fulfill the norms. A conventional
vision of company recommends that CSR is the responsibility of the stockholders and owners.
But, there is need of an organization to adopt the wider aspect of CSR which will not only

PROJECT DISSERTATION 28
include the stockholders but also involve the customers, local communities, employees,
environmental group, suppliers and federal group (EMCC, 2017).
Theme 2: Consumer benefits of CSR in business organization: In context of Tesco
Supermarket, UK
Chart 3: Group supplier satisfaction
(Sources: Park, et. al., 2014).
From the above chart, it could be depicted that Tesco has built trusted partnerships by 12% in
2015-16. It also shows that 70% of its suppliers are satisfied as it has built a good relationship
with suppliers. Thus, it can be stated that Tesco has built sharp enhancement to satisfy the
suppliers since last year (Battilana and Lee, 2014).
This finding is supported by Kolk (2016) as it is discussed that corporate social responsibility is
implied to get customer advantages in the business. It also supports to make a unique image in
the marketplace. Organizations engage their consumers through including the consumers in the
product and service development. It enables the organization to offer the added value to the
consumers and enhance their image in consumer’s mind. Moreover, the public image of the
organization is fully depended on the social responsibility of an organization could be aware of

PROJECT DISSERTATION 29
it. It is also examined that customer believes to purchase their goods from the retailers who play
an imperative role in the community development. It could support to enhance their public image
in the world. This theme involved the issues regarding the extent to which retailers are
connected with CSR to retain and improve reputation. It also differentiates and sustains their
retail products and pursues competitive benefits within the retail business. In contrast to this,
Tesco retailers entail the CSR commitment and value in their business practices for improving
their brand image. These CSR activities entail different benefits for customers such as quality
products and services.
This theme involved the issues regarding the extent to which retailers are connected with CSR to
retain and improve reputation. It also differentiates and sustains their retail products and pursues
competitive benefits within the retail business. In contrast to this, Tesco retailers entail the CSR
commitment and value in their business practices for improving their brand image. These CSR
activities entail different benefits for customers such as quality products and services (Tingchi et.
al., 2014).
This finding is supported by Ofori et al. (2014) as it is examined that organization enhances their
profitability by practicing the corporate social responsibility. An organization has no need to
demonstrate the amount of securing the atmosphere because they comprehend about each
individual. In addition, it is also evaluated that Tesco organization offered the benefits to
regional communities to enhance the consumer satisfaction level. Moreover, it is also analyzed
that if organization activity negatively influences the society then media could concentrate on it.
At the same time, it is evaluated that media can positive as well as negative impact on
organization growth. Thus, strong CSR program enhances the opportunity for the organization to
gain their profitability.

PROJECT DISSERTATION 30
It is also evaluated that Tesco retailers develop and adopts new concepts regarding CSR within
the corporate culture to provide benefits to customers. CSR is an essential aspect in retail sectors
as Tesco Retailers use it within their business model. In the UK, Tesco is one of the leading
players which have implemented CSR activities in terms of carbon neutral. It also engaged in
CSR practices by moving with respect to fairly traded products, decline waste from landfill and
implements organic raw material in its food products. This emphasizes on carbon neutrality may
reveal a renewed environmental concern within the corporate agenda of CSR. It does not only
emphasize on company benefits but also focuses on customer benefits (Battaglia, et. al., 2014).
For instance, Tesco Retailers invest approximately £600 million in ‘carbon labeling’ as its
products and operational process are more sustainable.
This finding is also favored by the view of Dyllick and Muff (2016), as it was discussed that
consumers want to buy quality products at affordable price. A company that exercises corporate
social responsibility can develop customer loyalty by focusing on developing quality products
and using superior ingredients. It is also stated that Tesco builds brand loyalty by offering the
health benefits to customers.
Theme 3: Strategies to increase the consumer benefits of CSR in business organization: In
context of Tesco Supermarket, UK
Chart 4: Share price of Tesco Supermarket

PROJECT DISSERTATION 31
(Sources: Boulouta and Pitelis, 2014).
The above chart depicts that share price is increasing due to focusing on corporate social
responsibility. It has also focused on increasing the consumer benefits of corporate social
responsibility within an organization (Wu, et. al., 2015).
The finding is also favored by the opinion of Quarshie et al. (2016) as it is stated that
organization should help the regional community and respond to the group events and other
engagement. Hence, it is imperative for the organization to become an effective supporter of
local societies and organization. Moreover, the company should also buy their raw materials
from local suppliers due to making their freshness of food. Moreover, the organization should
always address the opportunities to aid the local occasions, especially if they are local
companies.
It is analyzed that company responsibility is central to the way by which company can run their
business. It is evident that retailer makes a relationship with local communities, customers, and
environment. Company responsibility leadership is offered by cross-functional committees such

PROJECT DISSERTATION 32
as CEO and another senior director. The committee meets monthly to assess appropriate
practices and policies and address the opportunities to enhance the business sustainability. It
also monitors the key performance indicator for CR and engages with external and internal
stakeholders to overcome the CSR issue and increase its awareness. A community plan is
considered by Tesco to strength their business performance (Zhu, et. al., 2014). It is relied on
"Steering Wheel" model, in which Tesco retailer will set out a specific project to deliver it in
following 1 year.
Chart 5: Food waste across the UK
(Sources: Aras, 2016).
From this case study, it is also evaluated that only retailer publishes certain data about UK food
waste in own operational process. Tesco has committed that those food are not safe for human
consumption will go to waste from UK retail stores by the end of 2017. It has also rolled out to
surplus food donation program amid a large number of individuals (Wang, et. al., 2015).
It is also analyzed that Tesco has cut down the sugar content from UK soft drinks by an average
of 5% each year. It also focuses on delivering free fruit for children in their UK Stores. It has
increased approximately £13.7 million for National Charity Partnership with UK Diabetes and
the Foundation of British Heart. Tesco has also launched the refreshed code of business conduct.
It has also initiated refreshed code of business conduct and training program for a colleague on

PROJECT DISSERTATION 33
anti-bribery, income recognition and also uses supplier code where possible. It has built
awareness campaign ‘Protector Line’ for their customers (Mishra and Modi, 2016).
This finding is supported by the view of Saleem et al. (2016), as it was described that company
should support the local community by organizing community events and other engagements.
Tesco should become a direct supporter of the local community and people. It should also
purchase from local suppliers when a large percentage of business comes from the nearest
market. Tesco should address the opportunities for supporting the local events, particularly when
they are endorsing local businesses.
This finding is supported by the view of Rawhouser et al. (2015) as it was described that
company should support the local community by organizing community events and other
engagements. Tesco should become a direct supporter of the local community and people. It
should also purchase from local suppliers when a large percentage of business comes from the
nearest market. Tesco should address the opportunities for supporting the local events,
particularly when they are endorsing local businesses.
Chapter 5: Conclusions
Meaning and concept of corporate social responsibility in business organization
From the above findings, it could be concluded that retailers are attentive that to settle their
different goals regarding corporate social responsibility. It is evaluated that environmental cost
of importing fresh food products from another country are balanced by Tesco via emphasizing on
social advantages in less developed nations. It could be determined that CSR is an effective
practice to commit the retailers in the business as it provides greater satisfaction to customers. It
could be found out that Tesco faces complexities to accomplish all desires in the tough
competitive UK retail business environment. Customer loyalty is gained by 1.2% by engaging

PROJECT DISSERTATION 34
the customers primarily and then focus on them. There are high quantities of shoppers who give
their preference to shop the products and services from Tesco as it has made enhancement and
created favorable atmosphere.
Consumer benefits of CSR in business organization: In context of Tesco Supermarket, UK
From the above findings, it could be summarized that Tesco has created trustworthy partners by
12% in 2016. It could be also stated that 70% of its suppliers are satisfied with Tesco because it
has developed an effective relationship with their suppliers. It could be also concluded that Tesco
retailers create and adopt new concept associated with CSR within company culture to facilitate
advantages to the customer. It could be also summarized that Tesco is one of the leading
company in the UK, which is highly engaged in CSR activities such as reducing carbon
neutrality. It can be also concluded that CSR activities provide different benefits to consumers
such as moderately traded product, reduce waste from landfill and execute organic raw material
in its food products.
Strategies to increase the consumer benefits of CSR in business organization: In context of
Tesco Supermarket, UK
As per the above findings, it could be concluded that company responsibility is central to the
way by which corporation can operate their business. It is also evaluated that retailers build a
relationship with customers, environment, and committees. It could be also summarized that
community plan is entailed by Tesco to improve their business productivity. Company
responsibility leadership is provided by cross-functional committee like CEO and another senior
director. It also focuses on delivering free fruit for children in their UK Stores. It has increased
approximately £13.7 million for National Charity Partnership with UK Diabetes and the
Foundation of British Heart.

PROJECT DISSERTATION 35
Chapter 6: Recommendations
It could be recommended that Tesco should aid to operate in environmental norms which are set
by statutory authorities. It could be beneficial to decline the cost and improve operating
efficiencies. The company should deal barely with the norms determined by statutory authorities
to provide consumer benefits. Tesco should integrate the CSR practices with its business goal as
it would be beneficial to improve the productivity and operational efficiency. It should also
provide better environmental conditions for customers as it will provide high customer
satisfaction and increase customer loyalty (Droppert and Bennett, 2015).
It is also suggested that company should use effective CSR practices as it could provide better
opportunity to build a corporate image. The company can announce their plan for several sorts of
social philanthropic conducts to pull the attention of bulk of customers. Tesco should also
generate a methodological and deliberate strategy to keep the focus on social welfare activities. It
will not only improve its image at the current time but also aids the company to build a favorable
image in terms of societal issue. It will also aid a corporation to build a positive image in the
future (Suliman, et. al., 2016).
It could be recommended that companies should use CSR as a reactive strategy to make progress
from the lost fortune of an organization. It could gain the confidence of society in which they
dealt. Tesco can also use proactive strategy in terms of CSR by forecasting and determining the
expenses of not discharging the social responsibility. Consequently, it can minimize their
spending related to this practice (He and Lai, 2014).
Reflection
GSM program was beneficial for me to develop the knowledge about different areas like human
resource management for event sectors, and corporate hospitality. It is beneficial for me to

PROJECT DISSERTATION 36
organize the events for staff members and stakeholders within an organization. This program has
built my skills regarding management and event design. This program was effective to
understand the accounting information. Consequently, I am able to collect and manage, record,
report, and retrieve the financial information of the company. Hence, it has not only built my
professional life but also improves my personal life. This program enables me to develop event
law and services. It was effective for me to build computer literacy. As a result, I am able to use
computer and related technologies and can build different skills such as advanced problem
solving and elementary use of programming.
Furthermore, this program has built my comprehension about event financial marketing. This
program has created my comprehension about the management accounting as it was beneficial
for me to enhance my personal and professional career. Since, I am able to manage accounting in
terms of devising planning, management decision making, and performance management
system. This program also enables me to provide expertise in event financial reporting and
control the management in development and execution of organizational strategy.
I have gained my learning about the Total Quality Management for the Events Sector as I am
competent to manage the quality in event organization. Further, I can grow my career in event
sector. Earlier this program, I have no ideas about the corporate hospitality but after attending
this program, I was proficient to deal in corporate hospitality.
This program has also built my learning about the strategic management. Through this, I was
capable to make a strategic decision within an organization. This program was also effective to
build comprehension about event design. It has also built my comprehension with regards to
event planning process as I can enhance my personal and professional life. Since, it has
developed my knowledge that event manager should use three rules to make event planning such

PROJECT DISSERTATION 37
as just calm brainstorming, no pressure and create a vision for completing the event. As a result,
I can become a good event manager.
This program has also generated my knowledge with respect to the development of personal
planning. It enables me to create an action plan as per the awareness, reflection, goal-setting,
and reflection and planning for personal enhancement in terms of career, and self-improvement.
It has also created my understanding regarding marketing aspect as I can work in the field of
marketing and enhance my career in long-term. It could be also beneficial for me to become a
good marketing manager in the future in a reputed organization.

PROJECT DISSERTATION 38
References
ArAs, G. (2016) A handbook of corporate governance and social responsibility. USA: CRC
Press.
Bai, X., and Chang, J. (2015) Corporate social responsibility and firm performance: The
mediating role of marketing competence and the moderating role of market environment, Asia
Pacific Journal of Management, 32(2), pp. 505-530.
Battaglia, M., Testa, F., Bianchi, L., Iraldo, F., and Frey, M. (2014) Corporate social
responsibility and competitiveness within SMEs of the fashion industry: Evidence from Italy and
France, Sustainability, 6(2), pp. 872-893.
Battilana, J., and Lee, M. (2014) Advancing research on hybrid organizing–Insights from the
study of social enterprises, Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), pp. 397-441.
Benn, S., Dunphy, D., and Griffiths, A. (2014) Organizational change for corporate
sustainability. UK: Routledge.
Blowfield, M., and Murray, A. (2014) Corporate responsibility. USA: Oxford University Press.
Bolton, L. E., and Mattila, A. S. (2015) How does corporate social responsibility affect consumer
response to a service failure in buyer-seller relationships?, Journal of Retailing, 91(1), pp. 140-
153.
Boulouta, I., and Pitelis, C. N. (2014) Who needs CSR? The impact of corporate social
responsibility on national competitiveness, Journal of Business Ethics, 119(3), pp. 349-364.
Boyd, B., Henning, N., Reyna, E., Wang, D., Welch, M., and Hoffman, A. J. (2017) Hybrid
organizations: New business models for environmental leadership. UK: Routledge.

PROJECT DISSERTATION 39
Brammer, S., He, H., and Mellahi, K. (2015) Corporate social responsibility, employee
organizational identification, and creative effort: The moderating impact of corporate
ability, Group and Organization Management, 40(3), pp. 323-352.
Carroll, A. B. (2015) Corporate social responsibility. Organizational dynamics, 44(2), pp. 87-96.
Carroll, A., and Buchholtz, A. (2014) Business and Society: Ethics, sustainability, and
stakeholder management. UK: Nelson Education.
Chernev, A., and Blair, S. (2015) Doing well by doing good: The benevolent halo of corporate
social responsibility, Journal of Consumer Research, 41(6), pp. 1412-1425.
Cooper, S. (2017) Corporate social performance: A stakeholder approach. USA: Taylor and
Francis.
Crane, A., and Glozer, S. (2016) Researching corporate social responsibility communication:
themes, opportunities, and challenges, Journal of Management Studies, 53(7), pp. 1223-1252.
Crane, A., and Matten, D. (2016) Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and
sustainability in the age of globalization. USA: Oxford University Press.
Deepa, S., and Chitramani, P. (2018) CSR in Retailing Industry-A Case of Three Retail Stores.
[Online]. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282701370_CSR_IN_RETAILING_INDUSTRY-
A_CASE_OF_THREE_RETAIL_STORES (Accessed: 11 January 2018).
Dhaliwal, D., Li, O. Z., Tsang, A., and Yang, Y. G. (2014) Corporate social responsibility
disclosure and the cost of equity capital: The roles of stakeholder orientation and financial
transparency, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 33(4), pp. 328-355.
Dima, I. C., Grabara, J., and Modrak, V. (2014) Sustainable logistics and business
competitiveness, International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 15 (2), pp. 148-156.

PROJECT DISSERTATION 40
Droppert, H., and Bennett, S. (2015) Corporate social responsibility in global health: An
exploratory study of multinational pharmaceutical firms, Globalization, and health, 11(1), P. 15.
Dyllick, T., and Muff, K. (2016) Clarifying the meaning of sustainable business: Introducing a
typology from business-as-usual to true business sustainability, Organization, and
Environment, 29(2), pp. 156-174.
Ebrahim, A., Battilana, J., and Mair, J. (2014) The governance of social enterprises: Mission drift
and accountability challenges in hybrid organizations, Research in Organizational Behavior, 34,
pp. 81-100.
Eccles, R. G., Ioannou, I., and Serafeim, G. (2014) The impact of corporate sustainability on
organizational processes and performance, Management Science, 60(11), pp. 2835-2857.
EMCC (2017) United Kingdom: Tesco case study report. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/case-studies/the-greening-of-industries-in-
the-eu/united-kingdom-tesco-case-study-report (Accessed: 11 January 2018).
Epstein, M. J., and Buhovac, A. R. (2014) Making sustainability work: Best practices in
managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. USA: Berrett-
Koehler Publishers.
Farooq, M., Farooq, O., and Jasimuddin, S. M. (2014) Employees response to corporate social
responsibility: Exploring the role of employees’ collectivist orientation, European Management
Journal, 32(6), pp. 916-927.
Farooq, O., Payaud, M., Merunka, D., and Valette-Florence, P. (2014) The impact of corporate
social responsibility on organizational commitment: Exploring multiple mediation
mechanisms, Journal of Business Ethics, 125(4), pp. 563-580.

PROJECT DISSERTATION 41
Ferrell, O. C., and Fraedrich, J. (2015) Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases. UK:
Nelson Education.
Flammer, C. (2015) Does product market competition foster corporate social responsibility?
Evidence from trade liberalization, Strategic Management Journal, 36(10), pp. 1469-1485.
Galaskiewicz, J. (2016) Social organization of an urban grants economy: A study of business
philanthropy and nonprofit organizations. UK: Elsevier.
Glavas, A., and Kelley, K. (2014) The effects of perceived corporate social responsibility on
employee attitudes, Business Ethics Quarterly, 24(2), pp. 165-202.
Green, T., and Peloza, J. (2015) How did the recession change the communication of corporate
social responsibility activities?, Long Range Planning, 48(2), pp. 108-122.
Grougiou, V., Dedoulis, E., and Leventis, S. (2016) Corporate social responsibility reporting and
organizational stigma: The case of “sin” industries, Journal of Business Research, 69(2), pp.
905-914.
He, Y., and Lai, K. K. (2014) The effect of corporate social responsibility on brand loyalty: the
mediating role of brand image, Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 25(3-4), pp.
249-263.
Hofman, P. S., and Newman, A. (2014) The impact of perceived corporate social responsibility
on organizational commitment and the moderating role of collectivism and masculinity:
Evidence from China, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(5), pp.
631-652.
Hur, W. M., Kim, H., and Woo, J. (2014) How CSR leads to corporate brand equity: Mediating
mechanisms of corporate brand credibility and reputation, Journal of Business Ethics, 125(1), pp.
75-86.

PROJECT DISSERTATION 42
IBS CDC (2017) Tesco's Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives. [Online]. Available at:
http://www.ibscdc.org/Free%20Cases/Tesco's%20Corporate%20Social%20Responsibility
%20Initiatives%20p3.htm (Accessed: 11 January 2018).
Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C. B., and Swain, S. D. (2014) Corporate social responsibility,
customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees, Journal of
Marketing, 78(3), pp. 20-37.
Lacey, R., Kennett-Hensel, P. A., and Manolis, C. (2015) Is corporate social responsibility a
motivator or hygiene factor? Insights into its bivalent nature, Journal of the Academy of
Marketing Science, 43(3), pp. 315-332.
Mason, C., and Simmons, J. (2014) Embedding corporate social responsibility in corporate
governance: A stakeholder systems approach, Journal of Business Ethics, 119(1), pp. 77-86.
Mazutis, D. D., and Slawinski, N. (2015) Reconnecting business and society: Perceptions of
authenticity in corporate social responsibility, Journal of Business Ethics, 131(1), pp. 137-150.
Mishra, S., and Modi, S. B. (2016) Corporate social responsibility and shareholder wealth: the
role of marketing capability. UK: American Marketing Association.
Newman, A., Nielsen, I., and Miao, Q. (2015) The impact of employee perceptions of
organizational corporate social responsibility practices on job performance and organizational
citizenship behavior: Evidence from the Chinese private sector, The International Journal of
Human Resource Management, 26(9), pp. 1226-1242.
Öberseder, M., Schlegelmilch, B. B., Murphy, P. E., and Gruber, V. (2014) Consumers’
perceptions of corporate social responsibility: scale development and validation, Journal of
Business Ethics, 124(1), pp. 101-115.

PROJECT DISSERTATION 43
Park, B. I., Chidlow, A., and Choi, J. (2014) Corporate social responsibility: Stakeholders
influence on MNEs’ activities, International Business Review, 23(5), pp. 966-980.
Park, J., Lee, H., and Kim, C. (2014) Corporate social responsibilities, consumer trust and
corporate reputation: South Korean consumers' perspectives. Journal of Business
Research, 67(3), pp. 295-302.
Park, S. Y., and E. Levy, S. (2014) Corporate social responsibility: perspectives of hotel frontline
employees, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(3), pp. 332-348.
Parsa, H. G., Lord, K. R., Putrevu, S., and Kreeger, J. (2015) Corporate social and environmental
responsibility in services: Will consumers pay for it?, Journal of retailing and consumer
services, 22, pp. 250-260.
Petrenko, O. V., Aime, F., Ridge, J., and Hill, A. (2016) Corporate social responsibility or CEO
narcissism? CSR motivations and organizational performance, Strategic Management
Journal, 37(2), pp. 262-279.
Pino, G., Amatulli, C., De Angelis, M., and Peluso, A. M. (2016) The influence of corporate
social responsibility on consumers' attitudes and intentions toward genetically modified foods:
evidence from Italy, Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, pp. 2861-2869.
Saeidi, S. P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S. P., and Saaeidi, S. A. (2015) How does corporate
social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive
advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction, Journal of Business Research, 68(2), pp. 341-
350.
Saleem, S., Kumar, A., and Shahid, A. (2016) Arguments against corporate social
responsibility. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(8) pp. 1-2.

PROJECT DISSERTATION 44
Scheinbaum, A. C., and Lacey, R. (2015) Event social responsibility: A note to improve
outcomes for sponsors and events, Journal of Business Research, 68(9), pp. 1982-1986.
The story, J., and Neves, P. (2015)When corporate social responsibility (CSR) increases
performance: exploring the role of intrinsic and extrinsic CSR attribution, Business Ethics: A
European Review, 24(2), pp. 111-124.
Suliman, A. M., Al-Khatib, H. T., and Thomas, S. E. (2016) Corporate Social
Responsibility. Corporate Social Performance: Reflecting on the Past and Investing in the
Future, P. 15.
Sun, W., and Cui, K. (2014) Linking corporate social responsibility to firm default
risk, European Management Journal, 32(2), pp. 275-287.
Taghian, M., D’Souza, C., and Polonsky, M. (2015) A stakeholder approach to corporate social
responsibility, reputation and business performance, Social Responsibility Journal, 11(2), pp.
340-363.
Tai, F. M., and Chuang, S. H. (2014) Corporate social responsibility, Business, 6(03), P. 117.
Tantalo, C., and Priem, R. L. (2016) Value creation through stakeholder synergy. Strategic
Management Journal, 37(2), pp. 314-329.
Tesco (2016) An update on our Corporate Responsibility commitments. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.tescoplc.com/media/391787/corporate-responsibility-update_nov-2016-
final.pdf(Accessed: 11 January 2018).
Tesco (2017) Annual Report. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.tescoplc.com/media/264194/annual-report-2016.pdf (Accessed: 11 January 2018).
Tesco (2017) Corporate Social Responsibility. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.tesco.ie/corporate-responsibility/ (Accessed: 11 January 2018).

PROJECT DISSERTATION 45
Tesco (2017) Corporate Social Responsibility. [Online]. Available at:
https://corporatesocialresponsibility.weebly.com/affects-of-CSR-to-tesco.html (Accessed: 11
January 2018).
Tingchi Liu, M., Anthony Wong, I., Shi, G., Chu, R., and L. Brock, J. (2014) The impact of
corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance and perceived brand quality on customer-
based brand preference, Journal of Services Marketing, 28(3), pp. 181-194.
Valmohammadi, C. (2014) Impact of corporate social responsibility practices on organizational
performance: an ISO 26000 perspective. Social Responsibility Journal, 10(3), pp. 455-479.
Vitell, S. J. (2015) A case for consumer social responsibility (CSR): Including a selected review
of consumer ethics/social responsibility research, Journal of Business Ethics, 130(4), pp. 767-
774.
Wang, D. H. M., Chen, P. H., Yu, T. H. K., and Hsiao, C. Y. (2015) The effects of corporate
social responsibility on brand equity and firm performance, Journal of business research, 68(11),
pp. 2232-2236.
Wang, H., Tong, L., Takeuchi, R., and George, G. (2016) Corporate social responsibility: An
overview and new research directions thematic issue on corporate social responsibility, Academy
of Management Journal, 59(2), pp. 534-544.
Weiss, J. W. (2014) Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. UK:
Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Wu, L. Z., Kwan, H. K., Yim, F. H. K., Chiu, R. K., and He, X. (2015) CEO ethical leadership
and corporate social responsibility: A moderated mediation model, Journal of Business
Ethics, 130(4), pp. 819-831.
Yakovleva, N. (2017) Corporate social responsibility in the mining industries. UK: Routledge.

PROJECT DISSERTATION 46
Zheng, Q., Luo, Y., and Maksimov, V. (2015) Achieving legitimacy through corporate social
responsibility: The case of emerging economy firms, Journal of World Business, 50(3), pp. 389-
403.
Zhu, Y., Sun, L. Y., and Leung, A. S. (2014) Corporate social responsibility, firm reputation, and
firm performance: The role of ethical leadership, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 31(4), pp.
925-947.
Additional reading
Brei, V., and Böhm, S. (2014) ‘1L= 10L for Africa’: Corporate social responsibility and the
transformation of bottled water into a ‘consumer activist commodity, Discourse, and
Society, 25(1), pp. 3-31.
de Bakker, F. (2016) Managing corporate social responsibility in action: talking, doing and
measuring. USA: CRC Press.
Gallardo-Vázquez, D., and Sanchez-Hernandez, M. I. (2014) Measuring Corporate Social
Responsibility for competitive success at a regional level, Journal of Cleaner Production, 72, pp.
14-22.
Griffin, J. J., and Prakash, A. (2014) Corporate responsibility: Initiatives and
mechanisms, Business and Society, 53(4), pp. 465-482.
Hockerts, K. (2015) A cognitive perspective on the business case for corporate
sustainability, Business Strategy and the Environment, 24(2), pp. 102-122.
Inoue, Y., and Kent, A. (2014) A conceptual framework for understanding the effects of
corporate social marketing on consumer behavior, Journal of Business Ethics, 121(4), pp. 621-
633.

PROJECT DISSERTATION 47
Ioannou, I., and Serafeim, G. (2015) The impact of corporate social responsibility on investment
recommendations: Analysts' perceptions and shifting institutional logics, Strategic Management
Journal, 36(7), pp. 1053-1081.
Kolk, A. (2016) The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the
environment to CSR and sustainable development, Journal of World Business, 51(1), pp. 23-34.
Ofori, D. F., S-Darko, M. D., and Nyuur, R. B. (2014) Corporate social responsibility and
financial performance: Fact or fiction? A look at Ghanaian banks. Acta Commercii, 14(1), pp. 1-
11.
Quarshie, A. M., Salmi, A., and Leuschner, R. (2016) Sustainability and corporate social
responsibility in supply chains: The state of research in supply chain management and business
ethics journals, Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 22(2), pp. 82-97.
Rawhouser, H., Cummings, M., and Crane, A. (2015) Benefit corporation legislation and the
emergence of a social hybrid category, California Management Review, 57(3), pp. 13-35.
Scherer, A. G., Rasche, A., Palazzo, G., and Spicer, A. (2016) Managing for political corporate
social responsibility: New challenges and directions for PCSR 2.0, Journal of Management
Studies, 53(3), pp. 273-298.
Swimberghe, K. R., and Wooldridge, B. R. (2014) Drivers of customer relationships in quick-
service restaurants: The role of corporate social responsibility, Cornell Hospitality
Quarterly, 55(4), pp. 354-364.
Tench, R., Sun, W., and Jones, B. (2014) Communicating corporate social responsibility:
Perspectives and practice. UK: Emerald Group Publishing.