Strategic Leadership and Management: A Tesco Company Report

This report provides an analysis of leadership and management within Tesco, examining the historical development of leadership theories and comparing leadership and management practices in the 21st century. It explores management and leadership theories, such as Management by Objectives, Theory X and Y, Transactional Leadership, and Behavioral Theory, in the context of Tesco's operations. The report also identifies key performance metrics used by Tesco to measure organizational success, including sales, profit, customer recommendations, and employee engagement. It concludes by evaluating Tesco's leadership and management performance, highlighting the importance of effective communication and strategic alignment in achieving organizational goals. This student-contributed assignment is available on Desklib, a platform offering a wide array of study tools and solved assignments for students.

Leadership and
management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Historical development of leadership..........................................................................................3
Analysis and comparison of leadership and management on the basis of 21st century..............4
Analysis of leadership and management with the help of theories.............................................5
Key performance metrics of organizational sector/market/industry...........................................7
Organizational leadership and management performance..........................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Leadership and management plays an important role in the workings of the company. No
company can survive in the market is if the company is lacking management or leadership skills.
It is important to understand that leadership has is own role in the management of the company
however the manger of the company must posses leadership skills as well. In any organisation or
for general people leadership and management is an overlapping functions but in reality these are
two different functions which can help the company in creating an efficient and effective
workplace. It is important for the organisation to understand that both the functions have their
own set of skills, characteristics and functions which can help the company in different situations
(Kohtamäki., 2019). The responsibility of the manger is to to make sure that the things are
getting done in the organisation whereas the responsibility of the leaders is to make sure that the
employees of the company are working towards the goals and objectives of the company. In
context to Tesco, the company was established in the year 1919 by Jack Cohen. The company is
currently headquartered in UK and is working as a retailers in groceries and merchandise. In this
report, information about historical development of leadership will be provided along with a
comparison of leadership and management in 21st century. The report also covers, key
performance matrix of organisation, sector or industry along with organisational management
and leadership performance.
MAIN BODY
Historical development of leadership
Back in 1930's, there were a group of social scientist who began to analyse the term
leadership. Through there studies it was determined that leadership is something that people do
but after a certain point of time it was analysed that it is something that people can learn as well
(Troop Leadership Development's
Origins in White Stag,2021). From that study it was analysed that, there are majorly three types
of leadership which includes democratic, authoritarian and laissez fair. Over a period of time it
was analysed that leadership is a part of decision making which helps the people in strengthening
their groups or developing a project.
Back in 1950's the US forces were highly concerned about the quality of leadership that is going
on in the non commissioned officers. It is extremely important for the forces to make sure that

their troops are getting quality leadership which can help them in achieving their goals and
objectives. By the mid of 1960's blueprint of action named research group has been made who
developed more understanding about leadership and its importance in the organisation. The
committee researched on the different aspects of leadership and evaluated a plan which can help
them in developing different aspects of leadership. In present era, there are several types of
leadership theories which are helping the leaders in managing their work, presently the leaders
choose their leadership styles which are best suited for the organisation and try to create a
meaningful impact on the workers of the company. If an organisation is able to have effective
leadership in their organisation they will be able to have success in the market and will be able to
create an effective workforce as well.
Analysis and comparison of leadership and management on the basis of 21st century
Basis Leadership Management
definition Leaders responsibility is to
make sure that the workers are
happy and satisfied with their
roles and are working with
motivation and confidence.
The role of managers is to
make sure that they are
working according to the
management of the company
and are providing clear
instructions to leaders as well
as subordinates.
Conflicts Leaders tend to search for
opportunities where they can
resolve the conflicts efficiently
within their team members
(Flinn., 2018). It helps them in
providing better clarity and
ideas to their team members as
well.
They tend to avoid conflicts as
much as possible as it tends to
impact the workings of the
company and will create
negativity in the workplaces.
Risk focus The leaders of the company
seeks risk as it helps them in
giving their best performance
The aim of the managers is to
avoid risk as much as possible
and to make sure that the risk

and providing right guidance
to their team members.
factor is not affecting the
workings of the company
much.
Power The ultimate power of leaders
is towards the workings of
employees and power to
influence team members.
The power of managers is to
influence and deliver the tasks
to subordinates and leaders so
that they can deliver that to
their members.
Function The function is to influence the
the team members and align
their gaols and objectives with
the gaols and objectives of the
company so that they can give
their 100% towards the
achievement.
The aim is to communicate the
tasks of the company clearly to
the subordinates or leaders
(Sahibzada and et. al., 2021).
Along with that to make sure
that the management of the
company is as per the
requirements of the company.
Communication They communicate with the
team members about the task
that they have to complete in
order to fulfil the goals and
objectives of the company.
The communication of
managers is with the leaders.
Their role is to communicate
the tasks which have to be
completed to the leaders so
that they can communicate to
the team members effectively.
Analysis of leadership and management with the help of theories
Management theories
It refers to a set of rules and regulations which helps in understanding how to manage the
workings of the company. With the help of management theories the companies can manage
their workforce as well as workplace more effectively and efficiently (Graves and et. al., 2019).
It is important for the companies to make sure that supervisors are correctly implementing the

strategies in the workplace and the employees of the company are working with utmost
motivation and management theories helps the company in doing so. Some of the management
theories are given below:
Management by objectives:
It refers to the approach which states that in order to enhance the performance of the
employees it is important for the company to have a clear set of objectives which can help the
company in providing a clear picture to the employees of the company. It provides clear
direction of workings to the employees of the company and will make sure that the employees
are satisfied in the organisation (Miller., 2018). The aim of the theory is to establish a
management information system which can help the company in comparing the actual
performance of the company with the expected performance. It is important for the company to
ensure that their objectives are according to the SMART acronyms. It means that the objectives
of the company must be specific, measurable, achievable, reliable and time bound. It will help
the company in creating an objectives which are easy to understand and are achievable within a
given period of time. In context to Tesco, the company make sure that the company is providing
a clear brief to their employees in order to make them understand about the objectives of the
company.
Theory X and Y:
the theory was first proposed by American social psychologist, Douglas McGregor, in his
book “The Human Side of Enterprise”. The theory stated two types of human behaviour in an
organisation which helps the company in analysing which management practice will be suit to
the workings of the company. In context to theory X, the manager of the company believes that
the employees of the company are not motivated to do their work and are highly unsatisfied.
They assume that the employees of the company are disliking their work and in order to make
them work they use authoritarian approach in their workings (Liu and Hallinger., 2018). On the
other hand, theory Y states that the perception of managers towards their employees is that their
employees are highly responsible and motivated towards their work. They understand their roles
and responsibilities and are working accordingly, in that case the managers of the company uses
participative style of leadership and try to encourage their employees to take more participation
in the workings of the company. In case of Tesco, the company believes in applying theory Y in
their workings as it helps them in enhancing the performance of their employees.

Leadership theories
it refers to the theories which helps the leaders in understanding their part of roles and
responsibilities and how they should work with the team. The aim of the leader is to influence
the team members to work and to align the goals and objectives of employees to the goals and
objectives of the company in order to enhance their performance and to increase their
productivity.
Transactional leadership theory: this theory indicates the leadership style which
encourages active participation of team members in the activities of the company. They invite
new ideas in the decision making process and also like to provide opportunities to the members.
They provide motivation to the employees or the team members and also try to manage the
workings of them effectively and efficiently (Grøn and et. al., 2020). In this style of leadership
the leaders of the company have to continuously provide instructions and structure as well as
monitoring in order to make sure that the task is completed on time. The company uses this
techniques as they provide something to the employees and exchange it for something else. It is
beneficial for employer as well as employee.
Behavioural theory of leadership: the theory states that the focus of the leaders is to be on
environment rather than on the abilities. The environment in which the leader is at will make
them effective or ineffective leader irrespective of their abilities. In context to Tesco, the
company keenly look for the natural attributes and behaviour of the candidate more than the
abilities of the candidates. They put focus on analysing the reaction of the leader in a given
situation and in a given period of time.
Key performance metrics of organizational sector/market/industry
It is important for the companies to measure their growth with the help of key
performance metric as it will help the company in analysing their success in terms of profit as
well as in terms of other factors including growth and performance of the company in the
market. It is important for the company to have approaches which can help them in analysing
their key performance metric.
In case of Tesco, the company is the world's third largest international grocery and
merchandise retail group with more than 6500 stores worldwide. The scale of workings of the
company is massive and requires strong communication network which can efficiently
communicate the strategies of the company in the organisation (Six KPIs for an Entire

Organisation? How Tesco Overhauled its Performance Management Framework, 2021).
Previously the company was using corporate steering wheel technique in their management in
order to analyse their performance and their strategic objectives. The approach helps the
company in communicating their objectives and strategies to the employees in a simple one page
framework including all the necessary information that is needed to be provided to the
employees. The approach covered five objectives which are financial, customer, community,
people and operations.
In recent years the company has adopted another approach which has taken the simplicity
to a whole new level. The corporate steering wheel approach was replaces by six simple
indicators which helped the company in creating focus and alignment on the important matters.
The six performance indicators are sales, profit, operating cash flow, recommendations of
customers as well as come back time, recommendations of colleges about the workplace, trusted
partnerships. It is important for the companies to focus on these factors as they will help the
company in targeting and capturing their market more efficiently and will also enhance and
improve the workings of the company.
The biggest challenge in front of the organisation in this approach is to communicate
these factors clearly throughout the organisation so that everyone can clearly understand these
factors as they are very high level because of their limited number of objectives (Pažur., 2020).
It is difficult for the company to make sure that the informations has clearly reached to the lower
level of employees and they have understood the task.
Organizational leadership and management performance
In present scenario, the markets of the company are highly dynamic which requires more
attention of leaders as well as managers. In order to have an effective management and
leadership in the organisation it is important for the leaders and managers to continuously change
their styles according to the situation (Butler., 2020). In context to Tesco, the company firmly
believes in providing best in class environment to their workers so that they can have growth and
job satisfaction. They believe in trying more management and leadership style according to the
situation so that correct decisions can be made. It is important for the organisation to make sure
that their leaders are capable of guiding, influencing and controlling the employees and are
making the employees work according to the goals and objectives of the company effectively
and efficiently.

Some of the guidelines which are followed by the leaders and managers of Tesco in order to
improve their performance to the enhance the management of the company are given below:
 the leaders and the managers provide more focus on the training and development of
employees which can have a greater impact on the workings of employees in a good way.
 The management continuously try to keep a close check on the performance of
employees and try to create a healthy working environment which enhances the
productivity of employees.
 The leaders and managers of the company continuously motivate their employees which
help them in providing job satisfaction to employees as well as a sense of valued
employees which increase the employee retention rate of the company (Jackson., 2019).
By providing an effective leadership and management, the company enhances the performance
of employees and will also provide them job satisfaction which is one of the most important
factor in retaining the talented employees of the company.

CONCLUSION
From the above report it is concluded that in order to have success in the market it is
important for the companies to have efficient leadership as well as management. If a company is
lacking in any field then they will not be able to achieve their gaols and objectives. In order to
have an effective workforce which is working towards the mission and vision of the company it
is important to clearly communicate the objectives of the company to the employees so that they
will be able to understand their roles and responsibilities. The report covers, importance of
leadership and management in the organisation along with the trends in the leadership and
management style so that they can fit in the dynamic environment of company as well as
industry.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Butler, J., 2020. Learning to lead: a discussion of development programs for academic leadership
capability in Australian Universities. Journal of higher education policy and
management, 42(4), pp.424-437.
Flinn, K., 2018. Leadership development: A complexity approach. Routledge.
Graves and et. al., 2019. Employee proenvironmental behavior in Russia: The roles of top
management commitment, managerial leadership, and employee motives. Resources,
Conservation and Recycling, 140, pp.54-64.
Grøn and et. al., 2020. Public managers’ leadership identity: concept, causes, and consequences.
Public Management Review, 22(11), pp.1696-1716.
Jackson, B., 2019. The power of place in public leadership research and development.
International Journal of Public Leadership.
Kohtamäki, V., 2019. Academic leadership and university reform-guided management changes
in Finland. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 41(1), pp.70-85.
Liu, S. and Hallinger, P., 2018. Principal instructional leadership, teacher self-efficacy, and
teacher professional learning in China: Testing a mediated-effects model. Educational
administration quarterly, 54(4), pp.501-528.
Miller, P.W., 2018. School leadership is context dependent. In The Nature of School Leadership
(pp. 121-142). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Pažur, M., 2020. Development and validation of a research instrument for measuring the
presence of democratic school leadership characteristics. Educational Management
Administration & Leadership, p.1741143220937312.
Sahibzada and et. al., 2021. Knowledge-oriented leadership towards organizational performance:
symmetrical and asymmetrical approach. Business Process Management Journal.
online
Troop Leadership Development's
Origins in White Stag,2021 [online]. Available through
<https://www.whitestag.org/history/jlt_historical_background.html>

Six KPIs for an Entire Organisation? How Tesco Overhauled its Performance Management
Framework, 2021 [online]. Available through <https://bernardmarr.com/six-kpis-for-an-
entire-organisation-how-tesco-overhauled-its-performance-management-framework/>