Strategic Leadership & Management: Tesco's Strategies - BM304

This report provides an analysis of strategic leadership and management theories, using Tesco as a case study. It explores historical perspectives (classical, behavioral, and modern) and delves into leadership and management theories, including the transactional model. The report examines motiva...Read More

BA (HONS) BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
ASSESSMENT 2 SLM
Module: BM304 STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND
MANAGEMENT
Word Limit: 3,000
WORD COUNT 3,578

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Chosen organisations..................................................................................................................3
HISTORICAL = CLASSICAL, BEHAVIOURAL, MODERN.................................................3
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT THEORIES................................................................3
Transactional model....................................................................................................................4
Motivation and behaviour...........................................................................................................7
Leadership approach................................................................................................................8
Leadership behaviour...............................................................................................................9
Organisational culture............................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Strategic leadership and management is the process of practising various styles of management
that will help in developing Achieving a vision for the organisation and enable ways to adapt as
well as remain competitive within the changing market world. Strategic management allows
making use of Specific arrangement means to achieve the vision – through structures, motivating
employees that will foster the sense of unity and work in direction that will include
implementing the changes within organisation (Kim, 2020). The main objective behind having
strategic leadership is to streamline the process that will boost the productivity and will promote
good activities such as innovation. This report deals with the various areas related to
management and leadership theories while evaluating the relation between leadership and
motivation.
Chosen organisations
The chosen organisations are Tesco for the report also in which all the strategic and leadership
strategies are followed.
HISTORICAL = CLASSICAL, BEHAVIOURAL, MODERN
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT THEORIES
These two terms are the very closely related and are essential in understanding the importance of
effective management. They form crucial component that includes having remarkable leadership
behaviours that is built on the environment where every employee will grow and develop while
excelling in their area of specialization.
Leadership is the process of building potential to influence and drive a group of people for
accomplishing a common goal of the organisation (Al Thani and Obeidat, 2020). This influence
comes from various areas such as formal sources present at the managerial positions within the
organisation. There are some major differences between leadership and management.
According to Goleman it is termed as leadership as the process which are lead to influence
people in order to achieving the objective of the company.

Management is referring to the process for dealing by controlling people or things, also it helps
to achieve the goal and improve the business position. There is close relation between manager
and leader because the leader invents in the situation where manager organizes the work. There
are different styles of leadership which are help in managements it is help for directing, guiding,
managing and motivating the people. It has been described that there are so many research are
which are help the effective leadership in order to different situation (Tinker-Walker and Walker,
2020). On other hand, the functions of management are act of planning the task which is
directing the people and helps for organising the task. It is also help for developing the
organisation on the basis of leadership style. There are four types of leadership styles such as
Democratic leadership, autocratic, bureaucratic and laissez-faire of leadership these all are
applied on different situation. If the organisations follow democratic style, the leader is like to
listen to their employees and also encouraging them and suggesting them in the process of
decision making.
This process is applied when there is any new strategy will be implemented by the leaders. It has
impacted well on the development of the organisation. Leaders are usually asked to employees
by knowing about the challenges which are faced by them for achieving the objective. Also, they
are like to avoid of making strategies and plans in the isolation (Anderson, 2017). It is also help
for increasing the productivity of the firm with increasing the organisational profit. Also, it is not
necessary that all the leadership style will remain same because there are different situation on
which all the work should be managed. On other hand, strategic management is related to the
process which are help for setting the goals and objectives and its procedures which are make the
company competitive. The steps of strategic management are help for completing the process in
a systemic way so that it can help for monitoring the strategy.
Transactional model
To build the communication better are help to the employees in order to maintain their goods
relations with the peers. It includes, liner model where the sender will send a message and
receiver will receive the same. In the interactive model of communication, there is also chances

of having feedback where the sender will know that the message is received and understood. Las
model is transactional model where the communicators will co- create the process and develop
outcomes that are effective for interaction.
Types of communication:
Formal communication is about following a structure including emails; informal communication
on the other hand, is about free flow in any direction. It is quick and easy to navigate.
Leading effective teams
Effective teams act as competitive advantage as it helps in utilising the knowledge required for
innovation as well as solving problems. It helps in building teams by transferring, capturing and
combining their knowledge to be sustained within company. Obstacles in forming effective
teams include having minimal leadership capabilities, poor communication within team members
as well as lack of ability to have long- shot thinking (Luciano, M.M., Nahrgang, J.D. and
Shropshire, C., 2020.). For leading the effective team there are the leaders which are likely to
build relationship to loyalty and trust. Considering the p for harmonizing and influence. This is
also important to be clear when it works for communicating each employee's valuable as ideas,
also be aware about the unspoken feeling. This is also help it should be clear. There are includes
with some characteristics such as common goal, team roles, open communication, team roles,
practical problem solving, time management, bonding etc.
Workshop
The workshop is related to the getting feedback from the peers for maintain the progress to fond
the reports. Also, teamwork is important for the workshop because all the performance are comes
under the management of team. Further the workshop are help in order to maintain and
developing the good strategy with the peers. There are some of the element which are need for
developing such as executive support, understanding organisational need, leadership
competencies, crafting the change management plan.

Leadership Management
It allows asking questions and clearing the
doubts of the employees.
It helps in providing clear direction to its
employees.
Leadership deals with building motivation
among team members.
Management holds an authority over working
members (Leroy, Van Dierendonck and Den
Hartog, 2018).
It creates changes. It manages and reacts to changes present
within the work place.
Leadership develops power. Management exercises power.
Skills and functions required for management process
Skills include interpersonal skills that are helpful in maintaining successful relations and
respecting them. Interpersonal skills help in maintaining the professional boundaries. These
skills are help for tactics and behaviour of the person that are used for interaction. This skill is
important in management because it is helps to promote likeability, approachability and comfort.
There are managers who possess the strong interpersonal skills that are helps for motivating the
staff and challenging themselves for the better job. Interpersonal skills are making the worker
feel about the problem or concern with their leaders (Al-Kfairy and Mellor, 2020).
There are different types of interpersonal skills such as verbal and non-verbal communication
that are lead for leading the team in the good direction. Also, listening skills is important to
follow in the organisation because when the employees are listen to their leaders carefully it can
be easy for them to understand the situation and avoid the challenges. Similarly, it has been
analysed that when the employee listen to their employees it can create the positive environment
in the organisation because there are so many problems which are leader can solve at that level.
Interpersonal skills are also related to the motivation in order to motivate the employees so that
they can work effectively and help to increases the productivity (Will, Al-Kfairy and Mellor,
2019).

Communication skills
Communication skills are an essential key towards management process. It includes all forms of
communication that is present between senior level and front line employees. There are different
styles of communication and everyone is performing accordingly, communication is help to
understanding about the situation and knowledge. This also helps for identifying the ability in
order to overcome the barriers so it helps to easily understand the challenges. The clarity in
communication is very important to replying the accurate questions. IT helps to create the
positive environments that are help in building the techniques that are solve the conversation by
the navigation tools
.Delegation skills
Delegation skills helps in managing the workload while overseeing the employees during
the time of workload and reducing working stress. There are some steps which are important to
consider for successful delegation (Mellor, 2018). Such steps are firstly, defining the task then
selecting the team or individual accordingly in order to assessing the ability and the need of
training. There are so many reasons which are help for explaining accordingly by stating the
resources required at the particular deadline. The last step is related to communicate and support
so that this can help for transferring the responsibility at particular task for one person to another.
From the perspective of management, it has been analysed that there is delegation is occurring
when the manager is assigning the specific tasks to the employees.
Functions within management process includes, planning, that is about defining goals for
the organisation and developing vision and plan for its future. Strategies are planned that will
help in attaining goals (Mellor, 2019). Another function is organising, that deals with allocation
and arrangement of resources for implementing the plans successfully. Leading is management
function that involves ensuring completion of tasks and adherence to policies. And lastly, it is
controlling that helps in ensuring the performance of employees
Motivation and behaviour
Need satisfaction is blocked as a result of coping behaviour. This is rational as well as irrational
and includes the substitution of need to be satisfied with the blocked need and another alternative
that will satisfy the original need (Luciano, Nahrgang, and Shropshire, 2020.). Blocked needs are
unsuccessful within the coping behaviours that will result in various forms of irrational
behaviours.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs:
This framework helps in understanding strengths of certain needs and will remain strong until
these needs are satisfied. These needs include, psychological needs, safety needs regarding major
workplace hazard and the concern based on sacrificing creativity and taking certain initiative.
Social needs are about feeling loving and belonging while developing sense of connection. Self-
esteem includes building confidence, respecting other people and being one unique individual.
Lastly, there are self- actualisation needs that involve creativity and purpose as well as meaning
for the work done and inner potential. The highest need in this theory is related to self-
actualisation because it is ''what a man can be, he must be'' it refers to the need of people which
are important to achieve as the full potential in the human being (Mellor, 2019).
Vroom Expectancy theory:
This approach is used to identify additional factors that will affect the needs of strength. It forms
a link between efforts placed and performance of individuals. In the case where one will feel a
need will respond accordingly. It produces expectancy of working hard and improving
performance within their behaviour. Expectancy is the probability of satisfying the needs based
on some past criteria and experience. It is also known as the belief of an individual past
experience, perceived difficulty and self- confidence in order to standard of the performance. For
example, there are so many organisation which are recycle the paper because they are believe
that it is important to conserve it in order to improve the environmental issues such as
deforestation. Also, the people believe that it has need efforts for recycling the paper (Al-Kfairy,
Khaddaj and Mellor, 2018).
Leadership approach
Model of performance:
The ACHIEVE model of performance is an abbreviation standing for various parameters such as,
ability based on knowledge and skills, clarity within the understanding of role and perception,
help in form of organisational support, incentive as motivation and willingness to work,
evaluation with the help of coaching and feedbacks, validity and lastly, environment. This model
enables to isolate the factors that impact working performance.
Organisational theory:

Scientific management model helps in providing complete and systematic explanation regarding
various scientific methods as well as techniques (Keeton, 2018). It promotes organisational
efficiency and includes methods that will make the work more efficient. Human relation
movement is related to develop the organisation based on the behaviours of people working and
at workplace. It helps in motivating and cultivating achievements within a workplace setting. It
revolves around team work and motivating them.
Trait approach to leadership:
This approach is focused on the personal attributes and traits that are related to leaders. Main
highlight is on the leaders and to identify their personal traits. These traits helps in producing
patterns based on behaviours that are consistent across various situations. This theory gives the
constructive information about the leadership and it is applied at the all level of organisation
whether it is top or lower. Also, there are the managers which can utilize the information about
the leadership. It is also helping for determining in individual possesses for the particular set of
characteristics that are also effective when the leadership helping at the right qualities for move
on.
Leadership behaviour
Situational approach to leadership:
This is related to asserting leadership to no best way in the case of leading others while focusing
on the leadership style. The behaviour of leaders depends on the characteristics of their followers
(Lioukas and Voudouris, 2020). Critical evaluation of different leadership approaches and
models of change management. For the first time it has changed due to ability and willingness so
that team can work accordingly without any problem. On the other hand, changing the methods
has created more work and it is not possible to do accordingly because there are different
perceptions of people. It focuses on leadership within various situations and matching the style
with employees to obtain best results. This is also need for developing the value of understanding
for those who are not having the ability of working. There are different types When the leader is
change the leadership style it has the reason because of Also it has changed the leadership style
for innovation in technology so that it can produce organic food products. It is been analysed that
are both the impact of leadership style negative as well as positive and negative.

Tannenbaum- Schmidt identifies various styles within leadership that run in continuum from
having rigid authority to full freedom. Leaders will make the decisions and make the team follow
the same.
Fiedler contingency model within management is related with the effectiveness of a leader
within company (Abu Mustafa, and et.al, 2021). This model consists of personal characteristics
related to motivation and useful for interaction. There are three types of relation such as leader-
member relation which are help to determine in the group. For example, when the leaders are
took the decision regarding rejection with the reluctant compliance with orders, in this situation
there are compliance with the order where the relation are low. Task structure are reflecting the
degree in which one specific way that required job it means that is related to job project are
structured or unstructured. The leader position power is describes the organisational power that
goes with position on that situation where leader occupies.
Organisational culture
Leadership successfulness and effectiveness:
Successful leadership will focus on measuring outputs and productivity of the working
individuals. Success depends on the behaviour of individuals and group. Effective leadership on
other hand determines the internal state of the individual while being attitudinal in nature. This
leadership is effectiveness which has the ability that are effectively influence the followers and
the other stakeholder organisational that are reaching the goal of organisation.
Bass successful leadership continuum:
It specifies the ways in which leader will influence its subordinates and will ensure that they are
working while being fully aware of the importance of each task. Therefore, increasing awareness
are the same. There are four factors which are established the transformational leaders that are
demonstrate in type four factors such as intellectual stimulation, individual consideration,
inspirational motivation and idealized influence.
Determining organisational effectiveness:
It can be measured in terms of net profit in comparison of desired profit. Other measures include
collecting growth data and attaining customer satisfaction. There are some determinants which is
related to effectiveness of organisation such as skills related to the skilled employees that are

faster, more effective and more productive. Other determinants are related to the behaviour of the
organisation that can help to improve the productivity of employees which can be detracting
from it. The culture of the organisation is related to the behaviour.
Task and relationship behaviours
Task behaviour is where the actions are centred and based on task of doing the job in the best
way possible (Wang, 2019). Relationship behaviours are related to actions associated with
making and developing relationships with others.
Examples of leadership styles:
Autocratic leadership style allows making quick decision as it does not involve employees in the
decision- making process Democratic leadership involves and understands perspective of each
employee before making any final decision. (Wang 2018).
Situational leader and constructive discipline
Regressive cycle:
It includes various interventions that are essential for the leader to make during the time when
the team or a single individual is not performing up to the mark.
Importance of timing and intervention:
Timing is critical for the leaders of business as they play an important part in boosting the
employee morale. Effective time management helps in understanding the time to take actions
within various situations. Leadership interventions deal with focusing on independent variables
with the help of training. It is the process by which leaders will influence participants and attain
the goals and objectives of company members (Leroy, Van Dierendonck and Den Hartog, 2018).
Self- awareness and leadership styles
Flexibility is the areas where one is able to adapt as well as respond on quick basis to the
changes present in the external environment to gain competitive advantage and sustain the

competitive position. Adaptability within workplace is the capability to adjust towards the
changes in the environment and practice adaptability. It includes responding quickly to changes
and working on new ideas from which work can be done
Managing performance
Factors that builds up the performance of the organisation includes its leadership, motivation,
culture of the organisation as well as managing knowledge of the employees in effective way.
The organisational performance can be increased with the help of improving condition in the
workplace, optimising methods of communication, allowing flexibility to employees and
providing them with proper training. There are some strategies which are related to such as
defining and communicating the company goals that can helps for performance and its
objectives. And, utilise the performance management software.
For managing the performance, there are some feedbacks which are offer frequent feedback so
that it improves the communication. Then, using the peer reviews so that it can help to
Recognition, so that it can help for setting the regular meetings for discussing results and
outcomes (Mellor, R.B., 2019).
Women and leadership
There are so many people who under estimate women and disparities between women and men
at the workplace. in order to glass ceiling and the women career advancement. It is import to sure
about personal, cultural and organisational dynamics that are significantly influencing the
advancement of women career. This is also effect the pervasive resistance for the effort of
minorities and women for reaching top ranks for managing the corporation of employees. There
are different perception of people because they are still thinking women are not willing to work
because of the maternal duties.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded that there are some strategic leadership the practice which are helps in
executing and using the different styles for the management and it is also help for developing the
vision of the organisation which are enables for adopting in order to remain competitive for
changing the technological and economic culture. The report discussed about different leadership
styles also analysed the historical development of leadership. Further, identified the leadership
and management theories related to motivation and performance management with the help of
identifying organisational factors that are affect the organisation.

REFERENCES
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