Leaders, Managers, and Their Characteristics Report

This report provides an overview of the differences between leaders and managers within an organizational context, focusing on their roles and characteristics. It highlights the importance of leadership in motivating employees and providing guidance, contrasting it with the managerial focus on efficiency and task completion. The report delves into various management theories, including classical, behavioral, and contingency theories, examining their implications for organizations like Tesco. It also explores leadership styles such as action-centered, transformational, and transactional leadership, emphasizing the importance of adapting to changing environments and employee needs. Furthermore, the report differentiates between soft skills, such as communication and teamwork, and hard skills, like technical abilities, which are crucial for success in the workplace. The report aims to provide insights into effective leadership and management practices, supported by relevant academic references.

MANAGEMENT
AND OPERATIONS

INTRODUCTION
■ Management is the administration of business
practices to create the highest level of
efficiency possible within an organization.
■ It is concerned with converting materials and
labor into goods and services as efficiently as
possible to maximize the profit of an
organization.
■ Present report will lay emphasis on difference
between leaders and managers.

Role of the leaders and manager and
characteristics
■ Leaders
■ Leader is the personality that motivates
the employees to accomplishing the
goals towards the Tesco.
■ Leaders are also had high degree of the
control over the people within
workplaces. They are the innovators
and provide guidance to the employees
that is beneficial for the staff members.

Characteristic and roles of the Managers
■ Characteristic
■ Time management- They have the time
management characteristic as they are responsible
that all the employees can do their task on time and
work done is effectively.
■ Communication- Mangers needs to communicate
with their employees about their roles and
responsibilities. They have to communicate the
employees about the task delegated to them.
Communication is the one of the characteristic that
enhances the employees' relationship with the
others. Managers are able to listen their team about
their issues, expectations as well as responsibilities
effectively.

Classical management theory:
■ This theory is based on the belief that
workers only have physical and economic
needs. It does not take into account social
needs or job satisfaction, but instead
advocates a specialization of labor,
centralized leadership and decision-making,
and profit maximization.
■ In this Tesco must be engaged in providing
adequate salary to employees so that they are
able to fulfill their economic needs. This will
support firm in engaging workers in
organization.

Behavioral theory:
■ This theory explains that it is important for Tesco to
understand emotions, needs and nature of
employees.
■ This will help them in gaining trust of employees.
Also showing empathy towards workers is must as
it will assist organization in enhancing their
productivity. It will also help firm in growing.
■ It will also assist them in enhancing group
dynamics.

Contingency theory:
■ In this theory leaders of Tesco must be
involved in taking actions according to
situation. They must be flexible and have
an adjusting attitude towards changing
environment.
■ They will also be involved in taking
decision according to needs and demands
of workers.
■ Also decision must not hamper the
thought and values of employees as it will
reduce productivity of employees.

Action centered leadership:
■ In this leaders must be contingent in their action. They must be engaged in motivating
employees of Tesco to achieve their task, enhance team productivity and enhance their
skills and abilities.
■ This will assist firm in achieving their objectives on timely basis. Leaders must be
involved in identifying mission, vision and goals of firm so that they can make it clear
in front of employees and help them in achieving it.

Transformational and transactional
leadership:
■ Transformational leadership is that style in which leaders are engaged in motivating and
engaging employees in firm so that their shared vision can be achieved.
■ On the other hand, transactional leadership in which leaders of Tesco are been engaged
in supervising the workers so that group performance and productivity can be improved.

SOFT AND HARD SKILLS
■ Soft skills- They are traits that are desirable to the employee's personality such as they
revolves around the communication, teamwork, character, work ethics. Soft skills are
transferable among industries and jobs. For example leadership, communication,
problem solver ,strong work ethics ,decision maker, self-motivated and many more.
■ Hard skills – These are the skills that includes the specified abilities and knowledge
needed for the success within a job such as Web designing, computer
programming ,writing, accounting as well as other qualities that needs to be required
within a job.

REFERENCES
■ Podsakoff, P.M. and Podsakoff, N.P., 2019. Experimental designs in management and
leadership research: Strengths, limitations, and recommendations for improving
publishability. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), pp.11-33.
■ Armstrong, M., 2016. Armstrong's handbook of management and leadership for HR:
Developing effective people skills for better leadership and management. Kogan Page
Publishers.