This comprehensive report delves into the principles of business economics, utilizing Tesco Plc as a central case study. The report begins by exploring the economic problem of scarcity and its implications for Tesco, examining resource allocation strategies and the importance of making choices. It then analyzes the roles of supply and demand, market equilibrium, and the impact of different market systems, including free, command, and mixed economies. Opportunity costs are discussed in the context of Tesco's investment decisions. Furthermore, the report examines elasticity of demand and its significance in market interactions, including consumer-producer rivalries and the role of government. Pricing strategies and their implications on Tesco's operations are also discussed. The report further analyzes the UK economy's changes in the 21st century and its impact on business organizations, along with an examination of macroeconomic policy tools and government policy success. Finally, it explores the impact of international trade, including the comparative theory, advantages and disadvantages of free trade, and the effects of emerging economies and economic shocks on the UK economy.