Exploring Theories, Principles, and Models for Teaching and Learning

This report provides a comprehensive overview of theories, principles, and models for achieving inspirational teaching and learning. It delves into learning preferences, including behaviorism, cognitivism, social constructivism, and humanism, along with principles like feedback, repetition, and participation. The report also discusses pedagogical and andragogical models, emphasizing Kolb's reflective learning model. Furthermore, it explores communication theories like the Johari window and Shannon-Weaver model, highlighting their application in teaching and assessment. The document also addresses curriculum development theories and models, as well as theories and models of reflection, detailing how these concepts can be applied to enhance teaching practices. The report emphasizes individualized learning approaches and strategies for meeting diverse learning needs, promoting inclusive teaching and assessment.

THEORIES, PRINCIPLES
AND MODELS TO
ACHIEVE INSPIRATIONAL
TEACHING AND
LEARNING

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
TASK A...........................................................................................................................................3
Understanding the theories, principles and models of learning preferences along with their
application...................................................................................................................................3
Implication of the theories, principles and modals of learning in learning process....................5
Analysing the points of referral that are available for meeting the learning needs.....................5
TASK B...........................................................................................................................................6
Describing the theories, principles and models of communication along with its application in
teaching and learning assessment ...............................................................................................6
TASK C...........................................................................................................................................8
Theories, principles and models of assessment...........................................................................8
Ways through which models, theories and principles can be applied in learning assessment....9
TASK D.........................................................................................................................................10
Theories and models of the curriculum development...............................................................10
Ways through which the theories, models of curriculum development can be applied............13
TASK E..........................................................................................................................................13
Theories and models of reflection.............................................................................................13
Models for the reflection...........................................................................................................14
The ways through which theories and models of reflection can be applied.............................15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Teaching and learning are interrelated concepts. Teaching refers to, providing a lecture or lesson
about a particular topic or subject to a group of learners. On the other hand, learning refers to
gaining and learning the knowledge through studying and experiencing the taught lessons.
Teaching plays the vital role in the process of learning. There are certain type of theories,
principles and models has been set in order to achieve an inspirational teaching and learning. The
theories, provides a way for learning. (Bates, 2019). The principles and models set the guidelines
and adds more efficiency in the process of learning and teaching. These element helps in making
the process more efficient. This report will illustrate the theories, principles and models of
learning and communication in education along with the different ways of its application. Apart
from this, the report will also describe, the concept of curriculum development within the own
area of the specialism and the reflection and evaluation of models and theories in reviewing own
practice.
MAIN BODY
TASK A
Understanding the theories, principles and models of learning preferences along with their
application
These three elements theories, principles and models are very significant in the achievement of
inspirational learning. These key factors set a base for the learner, so the learner can experience
the better sense of learning. It has been mainly parted in four ways :
1. Behaviourism– This theory says, that the positive environment during the process of
learning helps in making learning more efficient by the learners. Under this, the teacher
stand at the centre and surrounded by the learners. The learners or students learns the
topic by playing games or quiz. The teacher makes the list of important topics and
provide lessons by playing games and quiz. (Lian and et.al., 2020). This theory enables
the learner to learn their concepts with experiencing the fun.
2. Cognitivism- This theory helps in learning by focusing on mental process of the students.
Students have different state of mind therefore, this theory helps them to be active in the
process. Under this, the teacher use the tools like, spider maps, visual aids and
presentation for describing the topic to the learners and attracts the focus of the students.

This theory maintains the mental level of the learner by attracting them and the learners
even shares their personal experiences which relates them to knowledge they are getting.
2. Social constructivism– This theory works on the concept of two-way communication.
Under this, the learner does not only get the knowledge, along with this the students itself
acts as an active part in the process. The learner shares his knowledge through group
discussions and group work. This theory works with the aim of making learner more
active and enables them to share his existing knowledge.
3. Humanism- This theory focuses on the emotional values of the students during the
process of learning. Under this, the students are guided and self-motivated by the teacher
which boost up their confidence level. (Jiang and et.al., 2019). A confident student gives
his best while learning the subject. This theory works with the aim of motivating the
learners in order to give their best.
Principles of learning
It includes:
Feedback- The feedback refers to providing the idea to the students about their performance.
This principle of learning provides the guidance to the students in order to make improvement in
the learning.
Repetition- The learning should be done on regular basis. This principle suggests that the
learning should be in repetition form. So, the learner do not forget the topics.
Participation- This refers to take active participation in the process of the learning. The learning
can only become effective when the active participation has been taken by the learner. The desire
towards learning results in adding more glory in the learning.
Models of learning preferences
The models help in making the learning more efficient, models helps learner in focusing more
while understanding and gaining the knowledge. There are mainly two types of models which
makes learning style more efficient and those are pedagogical and andragogical model.
Pedagogical approach- It involves the one way communication. Under this, the teacher explain
the topic and students have to listen them. (Al-Emran, Mezhuyev and Kamaludin, 2018). While
on the other hand,

Andragogical approach- It involves two -way communication. Under this, the discussion
between the teacher and learner takes place. The students share their knowledge with the
teachers and the teacher discussed the topics with them.
The andragogy model proves to be more efficient as two-way communication enables the
students in exploring their knowledge. Kolb has also described the effective model of learning
that includes the reflection of the students. This model is based on the reflective pattern of the
students. Under this, the learner takes active participation and analyse own performance. This
results in providing them exact idea I relation of their learning.
Implication of the theories, principles and modals of learning in learning process
The theories of learning can be applied in these manners. In behaviourism theory the implication
is done through reward and punishment methods. The students or learners are treated according
to their behaviour by the teacher. In terms of cognitivism theory, the application of theory is
done by creating a scenario under which the teacher share his experience and creates a familiar
environment for the learners. (Al-Rahmi and et.al., 2019). The application of social theory is
done by changing the scenario of classroom into a social groups, where students collaborate with
each other and exchange their knowledge. This helps them in assessing the knowledge by their
own. The humanism theory approaches the students by creating their self-esteem. The teachers
provide motivation to the learners and increase their confidence and train them so, the can have
more ability while learning. Application of the learning principles enables the student to being
consistent about learning and the models enforces them to conduct self- analysation.
Analysing the points of referral that are available for meeting the learning needs
Individual learning is the method which enables individualized learning and allow learners to
learn at their self pace with the help of teacher's direction. This concept is providing the different
ways to learners in demonstrating their learning. Analysing and meeting the individual learner's
need helps in boosting their morals and encourages them to perform much better.
Steps for meeting the individual need in learning1. The first step is to create the learning goal for the students. Under this, the lessons which
are provided to the students should be linked to the interest of the students so, they can
see the learning as their goal.

2. Students should be given different ways of learning, the one way communication will
make them distract. Different ways of learning such as reading, writing, visual, and
auditory ways should be applied.3. Students should boost to work in that way which results in best for them. Teacher should
not force learner to learn, according to their approach. The learners can have their own
approach under the guidance of the teacher.4. Group has to be established in the classroom, so the learners can have discussions and use
their existing knowledge along with gaining new knowledge.5. The topic has to be present in different format this will helps students in learning.
Different formats leads to different options and the learner can learn the topics in that
format which is easy for them.6. Analysing and monitoring each and every learner throughout the process of learning is
one of the most important step under the concept of individual learning process.
(Namhata and Patnaik, 2019). This will help students in clearing their doubts and boost
their learning power.
These steps result in inclusive teaching, learning and assessment. This helps in assuming an
expected result for each and every student as teacher monitors them therefore, they know the
ability of each and every student. It helps in deciding the ways under which, the lessons should
be provided to the student. The learners get different approaches and ways for gaining
knowledge and this increase their interest while learning.
TASK B
Describing the theories, principles and models of communication along with its application in
teaching and learning assessment
Communication theories, principles and modals plays an important role in education system. The
process of communication helps the learner and teacher in exchanging their thoughts. The
communication theories enables the teacher in explaining the concepts. And on the other hand, it
enables the learner to discuss their query or doubts. There are certain theories of communication
in the education system and those are:
Johari window theory and model

This technique helps in improving the self- awareness of the individual. It helps in understanding
the connection between the learner and the teacher. This is a useful tool which works with the
aim of improving and making communication skills efficient between the learner and the student.
The johari window theory and model includes four elements and those are open self, blind self,
hidden self and unknown self. These different panes show the level of communication efficiency
of learners with their teachers. The model mainly focuses on the feedback given by the teachers.
OPEN SELF BLIND SELF
HIDDEN SELF UNKNOWN SELF
Open self involves the communication between the learner and teacher in order to take a
feedback from the teacher. Under this, the information regarding the learner is known by himself
and his teacher. This open self pane enables the learner to express his feeling in front of the
teacher, so the learner did not face any kind of insecurity in expressing their thoughts. (Kannisto
and et.al., 2019). The blind self is that phase where the information regarding the learner known
by everyone but not by himself. This area works as a barrier in the communication check. In
order to solve this barrier the learner must discuss everything with their group and their teacher
so the personality and the image of the learner can be clear in the mind of the people.
Hidden self refers to that information which a learner hides from their teacher. This
happens when the students have some issues in expressing their thoughts. The teachers must
monitor their students and carry on discussion with them. So, the students feel easy to share their
doubts without hiding anything. The unknown self refers to that situation under which the learner
himself is unknown about his ability to learn. The direct communication with the teacher can
help in knowing the ability of learner to the teacher and the student himself recognize their
ability to understand something.
Communication cycle theory and model by shannon-weaver
The communication cycle theory and model helps in establishing the good relation between the
students and the teacher. This theory and model involves five aspects and those are sendor,
encoder, channel, decoder and the receiver. This theory helps in enabling the students to
experience that communication which is completely understood by them. The model of
communication cycle involves the sendor, encoder, channel, decoder and the receiver.
The sendor is the person who pass the information. It can be student or can be teacher.
When teacher explains the topic to students is considered as a sendor, the teacher uses various

method for explaining, it can be oral or visual. The teacher itself performs the elements of sendor
and encoder. The guider pass his knowledge towards the students is the part of sending and
encoding the message. Channel refers to passing the knowledge or information without any noise
otherwise the information is not approached by the learner. Decoder and receiver are the function
which has to be performed by the learner. The teacher passes the information after that the
students decodes that information in their mind by using their own language and gets the
message of the teacher. Complete focus by the learner and guider is required in order to perform
this model. This model helps in better understanding of the topics and enables the learner to
develop and solve the doubts.
Transactional analysis
This theory and model includes the social interaction between the learner and the teacher in order
to maintain efficient communication. These theory and model says that in education system
certain social discussion should take place so, the students get a chance to be active in the
communication process. (Elmore, 2019). The discussion between the students and teachers helps
in creating more knowledge and along with this t helps in the level of communication between
the learner and the guider. These discussions involve the personal experience of the learner.
There is one major principle of communication in teaching learning process and that is, there
should be effective environment has to be maintained in classroom so, the students does not feel
hesitate in order to share their doubts. This leads to the clearance of doubt in the mind of the
student. As a result, the student will understand the topic in more efficient way.
TASK C
Theories, principles and models of assessment
Assessment refers to creating a base about the learning, understanding and development of the
students. The theories, principles and models of assessment includes validity, reliability,
currency, transparency, developmental feedback, medal and mission, sufficiency and
authenticity.
Validity: It makes sure that the assessment is appropriate for the students or not. Assessment
validity is define as how it correctly calculate the relevant performance of the learner.

Reliability: it means that if two assessor are have the same opinion about the work which is
based on the assessment brief than the work is reliable. This refers to keep a check on the marks
given to the students along with the grades.
Currency: It involves the evidences which proves that results are organized according to the
performance of the students.
Transparency: This aspects involves the outside organization in the process of learning. It
involves that the marker should give the marks by following the transparent assessment criteria.
Development feedback: As feedback for the students is importat, so they can perform
according to that, it will help them to learn new things or the way to provide the better sense to
things. (Murphy and Broadfoot, 2017).
Medals: These are the rewards given to the students in order to boost their confidence. Therefore
tutor can proceed to conduct the activity in which they can give the rewards to the students who
ace the exams.
Missions: It is the information which provide the areas to the learner to make changes and
improvement for achieving their learning goals and mission.
Sufficiency: The sufficiency aspect says that the evidence which are shown under the currency is
enough to prove the competence, it defines that the learner is not only depend on the situations to
show their competency.
Authenticity: The authenticity says that the work which has been showed in the exams is done
by the learner himself.
Efficiency: It is important that for the student and tutor the assessment will be efficient so that
learning outcomes can be achieve.
All these theories and principles of assessment are followed in order to maintain fair
environment in the education system.
Ways through which models, theories and principles can be applied in learning assessment
Different models, theories and principles helps the learner to complete their assessment
with good remarks (Lamb, and Wyatt, 2019). Various models help the learner in the application
and evolution of the assessment. First thing need to apply is that it is important to know the
objective of the assessment so that applicable models can be used which helps the learner in
assessing the assessment. Learner should keep such things in their mind while applying models
and theories in assessment-

Assessment should be rational:
As assessment are designed to increase the knowledge of the learner, it is use as determining the
learning ability outcomes of the learner. As the way to approve the new models and principles
for the assessment required a periodic view for its validity it can be achieved by the external
specialist so that they can approve to use such models and theories in assessment.
Assessment should be efficient:
Assessment must be efficient so that it can be easily understood to learner as well as subject
specialist, therefore the objectives of the assessment should be clear so that learner can
understand the main purpose through which they can be able to choose relevant models, theories
and principles which can help them to enhance their knowledge in particular assessment.
For an example if an assessment does not consist of reliability, transparency then it is hard for
the learner to understand therefore from this they will have to face bad consequences (Kivunja,
2018).
Planning of the assessment includes the learners and the various aspect of learning as
screening, visualizing, diagnostic assessment, formative assessment which helps the learner in
completing the assessment. As diagnostic assessment help the both learner and subject specialist
about the present abilities and desired futuristics necessities. Formative assessment describe as a
identification of the information which required to cover in the assessment also give the effective
teaching and learning ways. It is most important to add this in assessment to know that if learner
is not understanding the point then this issue can be resolved at a time.
TASK D
Theories and models of the curriculum development
Curriculum development is the step by step process of developing or boosting the
learning way in any learning centre which can be school or university. The process of curriculum
development differ from different learning centres it will include the analysis, creating,
evaluation. Basically curriculum development can understood as a procedure through which an
learning centre develops the course plan.
Models for the curriculum vitae are as follows:
Curriculum product:

Curriculum as a product can be understood as a collection of defining records which used to
define the existing and new entering of the learner is capable of, they have to explain their
command areas throughout the course and the results for having the commands in these activities
(Basera, 2019). The main purpose of this model can be seen as a outcome which can be seen
after applying proper knowledge and experience in course activities. The way of curriculum
theory is majorly impacted by the creation of management thinking. This model also explains
that the curriculum product is not only a syllabus or learning course but instead it is a
communication between the tutor and learner through which learners are allowed to give their
voice over content and teaching.
Curriculum process:
In this model curriculum is not seen as a physical thing instead it is a interaction or
communication between the learner and tutor. This process can be evaluated by taking an
example as tutor enters the particular learning institution with sets of skills and critical thinking
ability they very well-known to their role and the expectations which are from their students.
They perform or take set of actions to teach their students by developing interaction with them
they repeat this process for the better outcomes. Therefore, through this model analysation of
learner take place as how they are learning and what will be the impact of this knowledge on
their future (McGlamery and Shillingstad, 2017).
Curriculum praxis:
Praxis is a iterative method of taking the certain actions. Curriculum praxis can be understood as
a curriculum conceptualization which is defined from the attitude regarding the human well-
being. This model makes the direct commitment to emancipation.
Curriculum spiral:
It is the curriculum in which the concept are present in repeated form. As for the student they can
see the same topic throughout their learning journey in school.
Curriculum linear:
It provides the step by step process for developing the curriculum, as first required to design the
objectives.
Curriculum thematic:

It is called as themes because in which the concept is designed according to the perception of the
learners. In which the tutor can proceed to use the language which is familiar to the student so it
enhance their interest in learning process.
Theories for curriculum development are as follows:
Tyler theory:
Tyler theory is created by the Ralph Tyler in the year 1940 prototypical of the curriculum
development based on the scientific way. He generally wrote about the basic curriculum
development principles which helps the learners to make curriculum.
Identification of the basic curriculum principles
First to identify the main objective of the lecture which can be understood as what thing required
for the learner to understand becoming a successful. Therefore, all the objectives should be clear
and consistent. For an example if institution is creating a particular language curriculum then
students need to write about that language (Pullee and Pritchard, 2018). Secondly to create a
learning advancement in the learner which can help them to accomplish the first step. Lastly
learners needs to organize their learning experience.
Stenhouse theory:
This theory is described as a main purpose of the tutor and instructor is paramount. As tutor
becomes researcher for their better teaching experience. Through which tutor can reflect on their
actions which helps them to develop the better understanding between the learner and it helps the
tutor to modify or improve their skills.
Dewey theory:
Dewey believes that learner must need to interact with their learning environment in order to
change the learning process for acquiring the knowledge and learning. It is also stated that for
both teacher and learner can learn together.
Taba theory:
Taba stated that there are ways to develop the curriculum. In which this theory is generally used
to increase the thinking skills of the learner. That means tutor must need to aware of the learner’s
requirement and to take part in the curriculum development of the learner.