Comprehensive Analysis of Theories, Principles, and Models in E&T

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of theories, principles, and models relevant to education and training. It explores behavioral and cognitivism theories, various learning principles, and models like Kolb's and Honey and Mumford's, emphasizing their application in teaching, learning, and assessment. The report also examines curriculum development theories and models, highlighting ways to implement them in specialized areas. Furthermore, it includes a reflective account that explains how theories and models of reflection can be applied to review and improve teaching practices. The report also covers the importance of identifying and accounting for individual learning preferences to create inclusive learning environments, along with different assessment methods and their principles. The report contains an investigation of different theories and models used in assessment to improve the learning habits of students.

Theories, Principles and Models
in E & T

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
A. Analysis of theories, principles, models of learning and models of learning preferences.....1
B. Ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to teaching
learning and assessment...............................................................................................................2
C. Identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences enables
inclusive teaching, learning and assessment................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................4
A. Investigate theory, principle and model..................................................................................4
B. 3 Completed student assessment.............................................................................................5
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................6
A. Analysing theories and models of curriculum development..................................................6
B. Explaining ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied
in own area of specialism............................................................................................................7
TASK 5............................................................................................................................................8
A. Analysing theories and models of reflection and evaluation..................................................8
B. Reflective account that explains ways in which; Theories and models of reflection can be
applied reviewing own practice...................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
There are different types of situations that are faced by a person in his life. Each of the
situations they face enables them to develop their understanding. Learning is determined to be
the persisting change in human performance. In other words, it is the permanent changes that are
caused due to experience. When talking about companies, there are different set of skills and
learning that a person should possess so that they are able to perform their set of roles with full
efficiency (Arnon, Cottrill and Weller, 2013). It is important to have self-evaluation and
determine the areas in which improvement need to be made. As per the findings made, proper
training should be developed so that the areas can be developed. There are various types of
theories, models and principles for learning. All these are helpful enough for a person to develop
their learning and understanding in positive manner. This report covers analysis of principles,
models and theories of learning preferences. Further, it covers analysis of models and theories
for curriculum development. Lastly, it also includes reflection account which explains ways that
focus on the models and theories.
TASK 1
A. Analysis of theories, principles, models of learning and models of learning preferences
There are different types of theories that are included in learning. All these enable to
develop personal understanding in positive manner. Below given are few of the theories:
 Behavioural theory: As per this theory, main focus is made on the objectively observable
behaviour (Behavioral theory, 2014). In other words, it assumes that learners are passive
and are responded to environmental stimuli.
 Cognitivism theory: This is a type of semi permanent change that occurs in mental
associations or processes (Garvey, Garvey and Megginson, 2017). Further, it does not
require any type of outward exhibition for learning but it mainly focus on internal
processes and other related connections that occur at the time of learning.
Below given are few of the principles for learning: Learning is at centre: It is essential to have learning at centre with activities focused on
growth and cognition. Proper engagement of learning needs to be done so as to become
self-regulated learners who develop their skills enough to control motivation and
emotions at the time of study process.
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 Emotions integrated part of learning: It is identified that individuals are able to develop
their skills more when there are interplay between cognitive, motivation and emotions
(Hancox, Quested and Thøgersen-Ntoumani, 2018). This way, it can be stated that
positive belief for oneself plays vital role in profound understanding.
Below given are models of learning: Kolb’s model: In accordance with this model, there are four different stages that are
involved. These are concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract
conceptualisation and active experimentation. Different people have diverse set of
perception that is carried out for their learning (Sweller, 2011). In this context, there are
various types of factors that influence person’s preferred style, these are educational
experience, social environment, etc. There will be people who prefer to watch others and
learn. However, some of them will prefer to get practical experience and performing the
task.
 Honey and Mumford: This model has four types of characteristics that are carried out by
individuals as per their preferences. These are theorist, activist, reflector and pragmatist.
It is essential to identify preference of each individual for their learning (Spector, Merrill
and Bishop, 2014). When people are trained as per their preference of learning, then the
total time to learn and perform any type of task will be low.
B. Ways in which theories, principles and models of learning applied to teaching learning and
assessment
In accordance with the teaching learning and assessment, it is important to make sure that
one should analyse the preference which each of the student has. There are people who prefer to
develop their learning with the help of practical experience and there are will be some who prefer
to watch and learn (Lin and Hsieh, 2010). With the help of learning models, division should be
made and they need to be provided with information by making use of activities that involves a
group. When a task is performed by a group, then the total time taken by them will be low when
compared with same task done by a single person. The models also suggest ways like case
studies, brain storming, reading, etc.
When proper focus is made on principles, then it requires to set goals that have to be
attained. When objectives are set, then it helps to develop path on which it can be attained.
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However, there are conditions in which all individuals are not able to maintain the spirit for
learning any type of skills. This is because of lack in motivation or interest they have when they
are not able to achieve their goals (Moore and Kearsley, 2011). Trainer need to make learning as
their central aspect and this is possible when the learners are boosted up on frequent basis so that
they are able to achieve their desired goals. Further, learning is a never ending process, from
birth till death a person is learner and so it requires one to be conscious about the situations they
face so that they are able to learn from it.
In accordance with the theories, individuals have to focus on setting up groups as it
enables to learn from each other. There are certain set of skills and capabilities that each person
possesses. When groups are formed, then it becomes favourable enough to learn from others
(Cruess and Cruess, 2006). Further, SMART targets should be set that will enable to determine
the steps which should be considered so that they are able to implement strategies to reach them.
In addition to this, individual learning plan can be developed. This is a type of strategies in
which people set out targets depending upon time for which each of the learning aspect is set that
has to be attained within speculated time period.
C. Identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences enables inclusive
teaching, learning and assessment
In order to take account of learners, there are different types of strategies that are helpful.
In this context, below given are few of the ways that can be followed:
Monitoring: Learners need to be monitored for type of tasks that they perform. This
enables to determine the areas in which improvement need to be made (Nicol and Macfarlane‐
Dick, 2006). When monitoring is made, then it becomes favourable enough to take up proper
steps that can be taken to enhance the learning.
Assessment: It requires to have time to time assessment to be made. This need to set out
time for each of the learning aspects that has to be attained. When speculated time period is set,
then it becomes favourable enough to determine whether the plan that is developed will be
completed or not.
When there is individual learning, then it is beneficial in many ways. With this respect, it
helps to improve academic performance. People are able to set out their targets that they are
willing to attain. Further, it also increases confidence level in performing any type of task
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(Knowles, Holton and Swanson, 2014). It is identified that individuals hesitate to perform task
when they have to perform it earlier. Moreover, students are able to determine their own
limitations. Further, it requires to have self-evaluation to be made in which they think over the
performance. Through confidence they are able to perform any type of task that are given to
them. With the help of assessment, teachers are able to play key role in developing attitude
towards learning. This has positive impact over students as they get to monitor their own work.
In addition to this, they are able to able to engage in self-reviewing and peers so as to start up
with the process of prompting students for taking up the responsibilities for their learning.
School approaches to self learning enables to get help for individual teachers and it also
helps to create or to develop new attitude for independent learning among students (Metzler,
2017). When teachers formulate plan in which students are asked to work in groups, it also helps
to develop their skills and learning. In addition to this, getting feedback from others is also
helpful enough to identify the areas that can be focused on development.
TASK 2
Covered in PPT
TASK 3
A. Investigate theory, principle and model
Investigation theory is help to learn new things and improve the learning skills. It is help
to provide the eruditeness process and provide the explanation of way to improve the level of
learning. This theory is help to general explantation and observation made over the time, explain
and predict behaviour over the time (Ling and et.al 2016). Investigation theory can provide a
focal point to improve the learning habit and reflective designer. Assessment is a method which
measures the degree and grade of acquiring which has taken place inside or outside of the
schoolroom. Skills, knowledge and knowledge can be measured against a pre discovered regular
set by the tutor or study body of a capable mental faculty or reservation. Learning is help to
improve knowledge and understanding power in work place. In this context models of
assessment in focus on some important part are as follows :-
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 Formative: - In formative assessment, variety of method is to be used in teacher. It is
focus on used to conduct in process evaluation of students and improve the performance
level and learning habit.
 Summative :- In summative assessment is to evaluated student learning at the end of the
instructional unit by comparing it against some set standard or benchmark.
 Diagnostic :- In this context focus on each and every student and improve the learning
habit or evaluate the strength, weakness, knowledge and skill (Warren and et.al 2015.). It
is help to improve the skills of the student and with the help of diagnostic models is help
to remove the weakness of student and improve learning skills.
In this context principle of assessment is help to improve the future action and help to
involvement in support and provide the best judgement and improve judgement skills. It is help
to improve ethical skills.
Example:-
 The school officer neediness to know whether scholarly person have been perusal the
topics best-known in the state regulation (Parkay and et.al 2014). Actually, by assessing
these subject, the serviceman wants to modification the likeliness that scholarly person
will be perusing them.
 Classrooms polls :- In classrooms Polls let students give consequence quickly and
accurately. A silent poll is clear for those “shy” scholarly person who have difficulty
speaking up. These are also a quick way to check perceptive using mobile application. It
is help to improving learning habit.
B. 3 Completed student assessment
As per the above assessment is to be focus on improve learning habit in student. In this
context focus on the formative assessment learning to learn. It is focus on the building student
assessment and skills (McClelland and et.al 2016). It is help to improve understand the learning
and own development appropriate strategy for learning. In this context is focus on three most
important assessment are as follows :-
 Formative assessment :- In formative assessment is most important for student and
improve the level of performance for student. Teacher is focussing on student’s
execution during direction, and usually happen on a regular basis end-to-end the
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direction procedure. It is help to improve the student performance level and do work on
time.
 Summative assessment :- In this context teacher is to be focus on student learning and
summative assessment in working condition. In this assessment student achievement at
the end of the instruction and focus on what's is right and wrong (Petty and et.al 2014).
To set a proper benchmark or to set a target to achieve that point. It is focus on
evaluation of each student and improve the learning habit.
Dynamic assessment :- It is kind of interactive assessment used in the eduction and helping
professions. Dynamic assessment is products on research is to be conduct for the development of
students. It is help focus on child development strategy and improvement in child. In this
assessment is based on the observation of student modifiability post test. It is help to
development of learning potential and development of student mind (Parkay and et.al 2014). The
importance is on the idiosyncratic quality to assume the ability/noisiness being tested later being
exposed to direction. This method of conductive the learning outcome and manage and identify
the skills of students possesses as well as the learning potential.
TASK 4
A. Analysing theories and models of curriculum development
Curriculum can be determined as a systematic plan that assists in establishing and
creating improvement in educational system (Duncan and Goddard, 2016). This is generally
formulated and followed in educational institutes and schools that helped in effective learning
plan for students. For effective development of curriculum, there are different types of models
and theories that are included. Below given are some of the theories related to it:
Scientific theory: These are generally implemented by teachers in order to promote
learning of facts, assumptions and laws. This is highly effective in improving learning and
evaluating practices. Moreover, it also enables to raise the knowledge and provide appropriate
support to students to grow.
McDonald’s theory: This is a type of theory that helps to focus on developing plan for
improvement. Main focus of this theory is to learn, teach and formulate effective plan as
teaching system (Fägerlind and Saha, 2016). This way, they are able to learn in systematic and
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specific manner. Further, learning is made effective by involving students in the plan of
development as per the task and behaviour.
Johnson’s theory: This is focused on the outcomes of plan that is developed for
improving learning. It enables to assess the educator to distinguish among practical and
theoretical aspects of curriculum development. Teachers are able to focus towards one specific
area and this way students are able to develop and grow.
Maccias’ theory: There are four different aspects that are considered in this theory (Reece
and Walker, 2016). This consists of valuation, praxiological, formal and comprise that fall under
this theory. All these aspects deal with various types of situations towards curriculum plan. It
enables to provide practical experience to students and all the doubts that they have related with
the areas of study are clarified.
Valuational theory: It is helpful for the educator to develop or to set up benchmark for
development plan. This is considered to be the best practices that help to assist educational
institute in driving performance and objectives for learning.
This way, it can be stated that curriculum is highly important as it enables the students to
determine the steps that they have to take. In this process, educators play vital role in
understanding the areas in which improvement needs to be made (Stocker, Burmester and Allen,
2014). When these are identified, then they have to follow strategies that can support students to
develop their learning and knowledge.
B. Explaining ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied in
own area of specialism
In order to implement any type of theories, it requires to have strong interaction from the
side of students and other educators so that all are able to accept the changes that they are willing
to make. There are conditions in which all are not able to accept the changes. Further, there is
different type of perception that is carried out by each one of the people involved and so it
requires to have strong interaction will all people involved (Dalkir and Beaulieu, 2017). This
way, feedback can be taken through which improvement can be made in positive manner.
Further, all educators need to have proper understanding of the theories. When there are doubts
that people have for the areas of improvement, then it becomes difficult for individuals to adopt
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the changes. Moreover, it is important that people are motivated for all the conditions that arise.
When people are motivated, then they will put on their full efforts towards the plan.
Further, Philosophical and humanistic theory is a type of curriculum development that
enables to assist educators so that they can develop analytical skills of the student. To make them
implemented, it is important that the entire information for the same are provided to educators.
Students face different type of situation and thus, they get to learn and develop. They get boosted
up with the help of learning practice that are followed and enables to face any type of situation
(Moore and Kearsley, 2011). Moreover, it consists of humanistic theory for development plan
that is helpful enough to improve intellectual and physical skills of students. There are different
ways with the help of which development plan can be implemented. In this context, it includes
designing curriculum development plan. All the areas that have to be covered should be included
in the design so that a clear picture can be set. Further, the developer has to keep in mind
different situations that they have to face and then develop the plan. Facts and information need
to be gathered from the side of students so that effective plan can be developed (Lin and Hsieh,
2010). Further, proper monitoring needs to be done so that all the issues or problems that are
faced by them can be identified that proper steps are taken by them to overcome. Lastly, tests
should be conducted so that educators are able to determine the development of students.
TASK 5
A. Analysing theories and models of reflection and evaluation
To perform any type of task, it is important for a person have certain set of skills so that
they are able to conduct them with their full efficiency (Spector, Merrill and Bishop, 2014).
There are different models and theories that are included in refection and evaluation, few of them
are as follows:
Gibbs reflective model: This is a type of self reflection model that is helpful enough to
determine the areas and think systematically regarding the phrases of an activity or experience
(Sweller, 2011). In accordance with this model, there are 6 stages that are involved. Below given
are explanations made for each of the stages: Description: As per this stage, all the important information regarding the incident that
occurred it shared.
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 Feelings: The type of situation that was shared, then the actual feeling that the individual
had is also shared. This enables to know whether the exercise was helpful or not. Evaluation: Overall analysis is made so that the experience that was shared was good or
bad (Hancox, Quested and Thøgersen-Ntoumani, 2018). There are mainly two different
types of experience that individuals face. One will be positive and other will be negative. Analysis: It is important for the individuals to make a sense out of the situation that was
faced. Conclusion: From each of the situations that are faced enables to determine the type of
benefit that has occurred. Some of the situation will be helpful in learning or to realise the
areas in which improvement need to be made.
 Action plan: Appropriate steps needs to be taken so that the experience will help to
develop skills or knowledge (Garvey, Garvey and Megginson, 2017).
Honey and Mumford: This is a type of reflective model that consists of four different
types of aspects that are as follows: Activist: These are considered to be people who learn from performing or doing the
activities. Theorist: These are type of people who aim at understanding the main cause behind the
situation. Pragmatist: They are able to put learning into action. All things that they learn are able to
implement in the real situations that they face (Arnon, Cottrill and Weller, 2013).
 Reflector: These are type of people who learn from observing and thinking about the
situation that had occurred.
The above given models are helpful enough to conduct self-evaluation and to make
analysis. This way, the areas in which improvement need to be made are considered.
B. Reflective account that explains ways in which theories and models of reflection can be
applied reviewing own practice
In order to review own practice, I prefer to make use of Gibbs model. There are different
areas that are covered in it. These are helpful enough to make sure that effective self reflection is
made. Further, it also consists of action plan that enables to take up appropriate steps which will
help to overcome the problem in positive manner. As per the analysis made, it is identified that I
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lack skills like communication, problem solving, decision making, etc. In order to develop these
areas, it is important to make sure that I develop a plan that will help me to enhance these areas
within speculated time period. With the help of Gibbs model, I was able to understand the issues
that were faced by me. Further, there are issues that I identified for working in groups. In order
to overcome this problem, I aimed at interaction with each of the members within the group
personally. This way, I was able to understand each one and to know the type of skills and
capabilities that they possessed.
Further, it is identified that self reflective models are helpful to know more about the
steps that have to be considered to get over them. Moreover, it requires to understand the
preferences that have to be made which will help me to learn. As per the model, I was able to
identify that I learn from observing others. However, I also require to get practical experience so
that the work or task can be done with effectiveness. Further, when the task that is performed by
one, then I am able to understand them and the next time I will be effective. Further, I am able to
develop my skills by observing others. There are certain set of strategies that are applied by
people to perform their work. I am able to develop my skills and capabilities by making proper
observations and taking suggestions from others. In addition to this, self reflective models should
be applied on frequent basis as it enables to determine the areas that need to be improved. This
way, skills and capabilities can be enhanced in positive manner.
CONCLUSION
In accordance with the report, it can be stated that educators need to have strong
educational system that enables to support learners in an effective manner. Further, all the people
involved in learning and development should be conveyed about the changes that are to be made.
Moreover, for curriculum, it requires to have effective design to be developed that consists of
step by step actions that have to be followed by students. In addition to this, proper monitoring
should be done so that all the students are analysed and evaluated. As a result, those areas in
which improvement is required can be identified.
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