Unit 3 Report: Theories, Principles & Models in Education & Training

This report explores the application of various theories, principles, and models in education and training, focusing on areas such as learning, communication, assessment, curriculum development, and reflective practice. It analyzes learning theories like Anderson's procedural model, Gagne's learning model, and Bruner and Vygotsky's social constructivism, examining their strengths and weaknesses in the context of inclusive teaching and individual learning preferences. The report also delves into communication theories, particularly Piaget's theory, and its role in facilitating communication with children with disabilities. Furthermore, it discusses assessment theories, including training and learning need analysis, and initial and diagnostic assessment, highlighting their importance in determining children's abilities and care plans. The Skilbeck model of curriculum design is explored for its potential to improve learning for students with disabilities. Finally, the report analyzes reflection and evaluation models like Kolb's Learning Cycle, Schon's theory, and Greenaway's reflective model, emphasizing their application in reviewing and improving teaching practices. This document provides a comprehensive overview for students and educators alike, and Desklib offers a platform to access more such solved assignments and past papers.

Unit 3 Theories
Principles and Models
in Education and
Training

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
TASK 1: Application of theories, principles and models of learning in education and training.....1
TASK 2: Application of theories, principles and models of communication in education and
training.............................................................................................................................................3
TASK 3: Application of theories, principles and models of assessment in education and training 3
TASK 4: Application of theories and models of curriculum development within own area of
specialism.........................................................................................................................................3
TASK 5: Application of theories and models of reflection and evaluation to reviewing own
practice.............................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Education is the major platform which develop knowledge and skill for the future aspect. It
helps to provide the proper aspect which is related with the factor of communication, language
proficiency and many more that show the prospect which is relative with the context of
development (Alomyan and Green, 2019). These all term are required for the acquisition of
knowledge through the process of receiving or giving the systematic instruction and information.
Moreover, training is also an action of teaching or learning which is based on the practical
knowledge that develop skills. The report configures the children with disability and with the use
of model, theories and principle of different aspect such as communication, assessment, learning
and so on develop quality education and training among the disable children (Dochy and et. al.,
2021).
MAIN BODY
TASK 1: Application of theories, principles and models of learning in
education and training.
1.1 Analysis of theories, principles and models of learning with examples applied to teaching,
learning and assessment.
Theories, Principles
and Models of
learning.
How they are
applied to review
own practice. (1.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
Anderson – procedural
declarative which is
value of learning
model. It includes
three stages learning
evaluation cycle.
Through using this
model effectively
can help to provide
review of own
practices.
Provide
measurement to
learning.
Provides short term
benefits.
Includes
benchmark and
capability
measures.
Includes return to
investment
measures.
Gagne
It is a learning model
This can take in
practice to analyse
Gain attention to
students, present
It includes
condition to learn
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Theories, Principles
and Models of
learning.
How they are
applied to review
own practice. (1.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
which includes the
verbal information,
cognitive strategies,
motor skills,
intellectual skills and
attitudes.
the effectiveness
and improves the
learning.
the content,
provides feedback,
assess performance.
the skills to be
accepted in society.
It requires lots of
steps to guided
during teaching
new skills.
Bruner \ Vygotsky
It is learning theory
which includes
essential social
process that support
caregivers, parents and
wider society for
development of
psychological
functions.
This can be used to
provide wider
range of learning to
students through
improving
psychological
functions.
It helps to improve
in education with
all subject area.
It acknowledges
between individuals
within same culture
and different
culture.
This theory is
incomplete.
It has vague.
It cannot be applied
to all the culture.
1.3 An analysis of models of students learning preferences.
There is an analysis of model which includes the learning preferences which are associated with
using different learning model which provides direction and ways to provide learning to
children which can associated to improving their skills.
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1.4 Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment.
Honey and Mumford – learning styles
This is effective learning style which works on Kolb’s work which are associated with different
learning that can include learning activity. It includes activists, reflectors, pragmatists and
theories that allow for learning.
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences is theory which includes multiple intelligences which have
the purpose which includes the skills which can be learn over lifespan.
Strengths- It provides opportunity for authentic learning on student’s needs, talents and interest.
Students are able to share and demonstrate their strength.
Weaknesses- Lack of supporting empirical research.
Coffield et all – Says that none of the learning style have adequate validation and are
independent research. They are having a like with visual, auditory and physical preferences.
TASK 2: Application of theories, principles and models of communication in
education and training.
3

Speaker notes: According to the Piaget, for the proper the communication the Piaget is reliable in
order to develop the proper concept of conversation with the children with disability. The
conversation is defined as the logical thinking ability that help to allow the person in order to
configure that certain quantity that may be remain the same which is despite which the core of
adjustment of the container, shape and many more. Therefore, it helps to develops the mode of
communication with the children with disability (Mayfield, Mayfield and Walker, 2020).
Speaker notes: For example, the child is facing the issue of autism that is known as learning
disability and child usually do not communicate. In such situation, the Piaget theory play vital
role in the order to create the communication and interaction with the child with the concept of
assimilation and that provide accommodation to learn language. In addition, the second aspect of
the derive case study to build the child interference for the group communication which is place
by using the same theory which is Jean Piaget theory of communication that provide a group
activity to learn the language (Omar, Y.Z., 2020).
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Speaker notes: The major strength of the Piaget theory is usually focus on the learning behaviour
which is related the concept of assimilation and accommodation of learning towards the language
that play vital role in development of positive impact of communication and group
communication. For example, the theory of Piaget and Vygotsky support the language in order to
process the communication and group communication which show the impact of verbal and
nonverbal communication. Whereas, the Piaget well suggested that the language of the children
with disability is depend on the though and its development. In order to make a proper force to
share their view or idea the theory place role in verbal and nonverbal aspect of communication.
The verbal communication motivates the children to talk and interaction, they also show their
expression, empathy and responsive towards the word that they feel. In other hand, the nonverbal
communication also consists of awareness of body language, impact of emotion and accessibility
toward the digital material (Ruben and Gigliotti, 2021).
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TASK 3: Application of theories, principles and models of assessment in
education and training
Speaker notes: The theories which is used within the assessment is training and learning need
analysis and initial and diagnostic assessment. The children with disability are usually require
some kind of assessment in order to access the learning in the proper ways (Stahl and
Hakkarainen, 2021). In addition, the training and learning need analysis which work as theory
which is contributed within the assess of learning towards the children with disability. The theory
helps to explain about the identification of learning and development need which is based on the
conduct of a formal and informal assessment that prevailing level of skill and attitude or any
current anticipated gaps in order to inform the decision which is about the learning provision that
is required at the individual level, team and the organisational level. In this, the formal learning
need analysis show the alternative term which is called as training need analysis or the training
and learning need analysis may be seen as the health check on the skills, talent and capabilities.
6

Speaker notes: Initial and diagnostic assessment is well defined as the starting of the analysis of
children and observe them in appropriate which help to configure their capabilities and talent and
diagnostic assessment usually provide the aspect which may contributed within the children
scope of development and plan the education and training in such a way which help to provide
the quality based learning among the children with disability (Tatsis, Wagner and Maj-Tatsis,
2018).
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Speaker notes: The theories are useful in order to determine the core value of children and their
abilities and care plan such as followed with activities or games which may influential in order to
support the children that develop quality of learning among the children who is dealing with
disabilities. The planning which is prepare while taking the aspect of assessment are usually
helpful in order to achieve the goal or aim which is prepared for the children development and
accessibility for the learning. For instance, it shows the learning with the traffic light cards,
questioning which generate the logical and problem solving aspect and development of critical
thinking which influence the child to think logically and act as according the question which they
will be answered. Overall, the assessment helps to provide assess towards the learning of
children (Zhang and Neyazi, 2020).
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TASK 4: Application of theories and models of curriculum development
within own area of specialism.
Speaker notes: This theory can be applied to students which can include positive incentives for
individual, class and group behaviour. Here, curriculum approaches can be differing where
behaviour is considered as learning within education to get learning about changing behaviour to
learn. It can create positive incentives for individual or group.
9

Speaker notes: Skilbeck model includes the curriculum design which include development firmly
within cultural framework. This can allow to change the experience of teachers and through
modifying can allow and transforming pupil to experience and providing insights into cultural
values, frameworks and symbolic systems. This can allow to improve students learning who are
facing disability. This allow to get a conceptual framework which are associated with decision
making with evaluation criteria. It includes focus, approach, content, process and structure which
can be applied to improve learning and help in providing better effort to associate with providing
learning to students.
TASK 5: Application of theories and models of reflection and evaluation to
reviewing own practice.
5.1 Analysis of theories and models of reflection and evaluation with examples of how they are
applied to own practice.
Theories, Principles and
Models with
description.
How they are
applied to review
own practice. (5.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
Kolb’s Learning Cycle This is useful to Here every stage It may lead to false
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Theories, Principles and
Models with
description.
How they are
applied to review
own practice. (5.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
According to Bates
(2019) This is a cycle of
reflection. This
includes different stages
process which are
associated with
providing new
knowledge. This can
help to improve the
learning that can result
of reflection,
experience,
experimentation and
conceptualisation.
use each lesson and
include on lesson
observations. Here,
through using the
reflection it allows
to analyse own
performance which
can be helpful in
providing learning
to create
improvement in
performance.
includes the better
performance that
can help to improve
through each stage.
It also influences
learning theories
with current data.
Creative and
innovative.
conclusion. It not
provide help and
support in
understanding and
explaining new
experience.
It can cause
dogmatic thinking.
Schon theory is a
reflective model.
According to Donald,
Schon refers to an
ability of professional
which can enable them
to think about what are
they doing during doing
anything. It also states
about managing the
indeterminate zones
regarding professional
It can help in
reviewing own
proactive through
reflection where it
asks question about
the action and
related highlights
which includes
during the event
and after the event.
It encourage
innovation. Help to
identify about
benefits of
performing any
activity or event.
Allows to use
previous
experience in new
condition.
It does not allow to
understand every
professional about
through this
reflective process.
It is uncomfortable
to evaluate own
practicing.
It is time
consuming.
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Theories, Principles and
Models with
description.
How they are
applied to review
own practice. (5.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
practices which can
required to improve the
ability thinking through
previous experience and
with new condition.
Greenaway reflective
model.
This is the reflective
model which emphasis
the Do-Review-Plan. It
helps to learn through
experience.
This can be taken
in use to analyse
own work and
experience which
are associated with
working and
effective response
that can help
through following
the main Do-
Review-Plan.
It allows to get and
experience through
performing any
task. It also hep to
review what has
happened which
can help to learn
and improve for
next time.
It does not provide
way to perform
work effectively.
This is time
consuming process
which requires so
much time.
Gibbs
It refers to famous
reflective model which
includes experience,
description, feelings,
evaluation, analysis,
conclusion and action
plan.
It can help in
review through
different stages of
reflection.
Easy to peform and
understand.
Allow to learn over
time with
experience.
Help in making
better judgement.
It is superficial
reflection. Have
less potential for
personal and
professional
development.
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Theories, Principles and
Models with
description.
How they are
applied to review
own practice. (5.2)
Strengths Weaknesses
Johns
This reflective theory
includes individual own
thoughts and feelings
and consider actual
situation to take action.
It provides internal
and external focus
of individual.
It allows to focus
on internal
emotions and
thoughts.
Attributes
inaccuracy in large
number of causes.
Different people
with different idea
with same words.
Brookfield
It is reflection of model
which help to discover
value of lessons with
using critical reflection.
Through using the
four lenses of
Brookfield help to
engage in process
like
autobiographical
process, student’s
eyes process and
others.
It educator remind
oneself about the
research to
experience in
critical
conversation.
It enable educator
to discover value
regarding self-
reflection.
Peers can act
unprofessionally.
There is lack of
depth in reflection.
Moon
This is a reflective
theory which includes
the process to have
taken place within
levels to move students
from one to another
level.
This can be applied
and help in
anticipating the
outcomes which
are applied as
relatively complex
idea.
It shows
comprehensive and
step-by-step
process. It is
helpful in learning
the reflection.
It helps to seems
emotions.
It is time taking
model and needs
efforts and overall
commitment.
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CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is well analysed that the children with disability within the centre
require support and care for the communication, learning, assessment and many more which
make them feasible in order to access the need and requirement. The growth and development of
children are usually play vital role within the centre that assess the learning and communication
with the help of different type of model, theories and principle which help to provide the aspect
for the growth and development. In addition, the Piaget, Vygotsky and many more theories are
taking under consideration for the report.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Alomyan, H. and Green, D., 2019, August. Learning theories: Implications for online learning
design. In Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on E-Society, E-
Education and E-Technology (pp. 126-130).
Dochy and et. al., 2021. Theories of Workplace Learning in Changing Times. Routledge.
Mayfield, M., Mayfield, J. and Walker, R., 2020. Emerging and Noteworthy Theories.
In Fundamental Theories of Business Communication (pp. 187-210). Palgrave
Macmillan, Cham.
Mukhalalati, B.A. and Taylor, A., 2019. Adult learning theories in context: a quick guide for
healthcare professional educators. Journal of medical education and curricular
development, 6, p.2382120519840332.
Omar, Y.Z., 2020. Implication of theories of learning in teaching grammar in Libyan
schools. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 3(5), pp.01-10.
Ruben, B.D. and Gigliotti, R.A., 2021. Explaining incongruities between leadership theory and
practice: integrating theories of resonance, communication and systems. Leadership &
Organization Development Journal.
Stahl, G. and Hakkarainen, K., 2021. Theories of CSCL. In International handbook of computer-
supported collaborative learning (pp. 23-43). Springer, Cham.
Tatsis, K., Wagner, D. and Maj-Tatsis, B., 2018. Authority and politeness theories: conflict and
alignment in mathematics group communication. ZDM, 50(6), pp.1029-1039.
Zhang, W. and Neyazi, T.A., 2020. Communication and technology theories from the South: The
cases of China and India. Annals of the International Communication Association, 44(1),
pp.34-49.
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