Thermodynamic Analysis: Fluid and Solid Surface Interactions Report

This report provides an analysis of thermodynamic variables and their effects on fluid and solid surfaces. It delves into the impact of temperature and pressure on fluid particles, examining how these variables influence wettability and contact angles. The study also investigates the application of fractional wettability using the Buckley and Leverett approach, exploring the effects of pressure and temperature on carbon capture and oil storage processes. The literature review explores the thermodynamics of fluid flow through solid surfaces and thermodynamic equilibrium. The report also examines the role of particle density and the implications of these factors on thermodynamic systems. The methodology section outlines models for wettability factors and the use of capillary action to determine fractional wettability. Furthermore, the study aims to identify the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy, as well as the impact of physical properties on particle chemical reactions and internal energy. The analysis aims to determine how variables influence thermodynamic flow as well as thermodynamic fluids.

The analysis of thermodynamic variables on fluid and solid surfaces
[Document subtitle]

The analysis of thermodynamic variables on fluid and solid surfaces
Abstract

Contents
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................1
2. Literature Review.....................................................................................................................1
3. Methodology: Application of Fraction Wettability..................................................................7
3.1. Explaining Fractional Wettability from the Buckley and Leverett approach....................8
3.2. Equilibrium capillary pressure and Fractional Wettability................................................8
4. Analysis and discussion of results..........................................................................................10
5. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................10
6. Future research area..............................................................................................................10
7. References..............................................................................................................................10

The analysis of thermodynamic variables on fluid and solid surfaces
1. Introduction
In thermodynamics, thermal equilibrium is an important factor which exists in fluid. Changes
on different variables highly affect the equilibrium state of the fluid. Once one factor changes,
other variables have to change in order to bring the fluid into equilibrium. The fluid exerts
pressure has great impact on the solid surfaces where the fluid is contained. The materials
making the solid surfaces are an important consideration when looking at the changes on the
fluid factors and the way they vary (Berezovski & Ván, 2017). During the thermodynamics flow,
variations do happen on fluid particles. The thermodynamic flow has directly relation with the
thermodynamics flow. To understand the thermodynamics flow, it is important to understand
the particles variation. Different factors are able to affect the particles in thermodynamics.
Temperature is of such factors which play a critical role in thermodynamic changes. Kinetic
energy which the particles are able to experience is directly related to the temperature of the
particles. Additionally, the particles physical properties play crucial roles in variation of thermal
flow (Moran and Howard, 2008). The physical properties are able to lead to changes in particle
chemical reactions. These changes in particles play important changes in the thermodynamic
flow when the particles change. Moreover, the temperature of the particles also affects the
internal energy of the particles. This leads to changes to the movement of the particles and
therefore affecting the thermodynamic flow. The internal energy plays critical role in movement
of the particles.
Increasing the energy leads to changes in other factors such as the contact angle, wettability
and also adhesion of the particles. Kinetic theory helps to relate the temperature to the
wettability and contact angle of the particles to the system (Mittal, 2008). Temperature also
changes the collision and movement speed of the particles in thermodynamic flow. In addition,
another variable which play an important role in thermodynamic changes is the pressure of the
system. Like temperature, pressure has direct influence of fluid particles and this lead to
variation in fluid parameters and behavior. Pressure has also direct impact on the contact angle
and wettability of the particles to the surface.
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The analysis of thermodynamic variables on fluid and solid surfaces
In addition, pressure and temperature play critical roles when it comes to carbon capture and
oil storage. The particles movements in these two areas are an analysed in this paper. The way
the particles movements changes the thermodynamic flow in oil storage as well as carbon
capture. Increased and decrease of carbon capture depend on the behaviour of the particles
which is related to particles temperature and system pressure. Moreover, oil storage is more
about containing the oil particles and this is related to their movement in the thermodynamic
system (Gemmer, Michel & Mahler, 2009). Particles pressure is an important factor which is
analysed in the oil storage. The densities of the particles are another factor which determines
the particle movement, which affects the contact angle and wettability of the particles to the
system (Mittal, 2008). In oil storage, fractional distillation is related to the particle temperature.
The capture and storage of these particles depend on the amount of temperature they have to
escape.
Purpose
The main purpose of this study is to analyse the different variable which affect the
thermodynamic flow. More specifically, the paper will look at how the variables are able to
affect the contact angle and wettability factors of the thermodynamic particles. In addition, the
paper will analyse the way the temperature and pressure of the particles are able to affect the
carbon capture and oil storage. These are some of the thermodynamic situations which will help
in understanding the way the variable factors influence thermodynamic systems. The major
problem being analysed in this paper is the way the variables influence thermodynamic flow as
well as thermodynamic fluids.
Objectives of the study
To determine how thermodynamic fluid particles change with changes of key thermodynamic
factors.
Specific objectives
1. Analyse effects of pressure and temperature on fluid particles
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The analysis of thermodynamic variables on fluid and solid surfaces
2. Investigate how temperature and pressure affect wettability and contact angle in
thermodynamic fluid
3. Analyse effects of pressure and temperature on carbon capture and oil storage. Method
1- Models for wettability factors will be development to analyze wettability factors
2- Use of Buckley and Leverett approach in analyzing the wettability factors.
3- Use of capillary action to determine the fractional wettability
2. Literature Review
The thermodynamic state of any system is defined as the condition of the state due to
the impact of the fluid at any given moment. Fluid flows through a solid surface and thus
creating different factors which determine its flow (Lebon, Jou,& Casas-Vá zquez, 2008).
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The analysis of thermodynamic variables on fluid and solid surfaces
Thermodynamic equilibrium is one of the key states that the variables always try to achieve in
order to attain proper flow of the fluid. The variables functionality and behavior is highly
depended on the equilibrium state of the system as well as the strength of the surfaces
involved. Change on one variable in the system triggers changes on other parts of the systems
and therefore the system will change them to find equilibrium (Ben-Naim, 2008). A
thermodynamic systems involved use of energy created by the system. The variables will work
within the given energy and try to maintain the functionality and flow of the system. Some of
the common thermodynamic variables include temperature, volume and pressure. All these
variables are involved in the system and their interaction with the solid surface determine the
flow.
At many times, these factors are interdependent and changing one factor triggers a
change on the other factors (Bejan, 2016). The solid surfaces are highly impacted by these
changes and it has to be strong to withstand the energy which the fluid exerts on them. In
addition, the thermodynamic variables are classified according to different categories which
may include the thermal parameters, mechanical parameters add material parameters. The
thermal parameters include the temperature and entropy. These factors relate to the changes
in environmental temperature present in the system (Cengel, & Boles, 2002). The mechanical
parameters on the other hand include the pressure, volume or simply stress and volume strain.
The materials variables include the chemical potential of the fluid and the number of particles
involved. In any system, all these variables will be present and changes on some will trigger
changes on some variable while keeping other constant. Therefore the change on
thermodynamic system will depend on the type of variable changed.
First, in a thermodynamic flow, the number of particles involved is critical since the
different variables depend on the status of the particles (Belkin, et. al., 2015). To understand
the different variables, it is important to understand how the number of particles to relate to
them in a thermodynamic flow. In any systems, there are specific numbers of particles which
are in continuous flow (Moran and Howard, 2008). Changing the number of particle is able to
affect the different variables which are involved. These particles are in motion and usually
collide with each other. Therefore any state of the change of the particle will create either low
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The analysis of thermodynamic variables on fluid and solid surfaces
or lower collision in the system. This will definitely affect the solid surface through which the
flow is taking place (Donald, 2008). The particles although not largely viewed as a variable are
contained on an enclosed system. Changing the different variables means that the particles
state is affected and triggers the change on other. The particles are the main subject in the
thermodynamic flow. Any variable change is imposed on the particle and their interaction
dictates whether the other variables will change. Imposing the change on the particle therefore
is able to show the impact on the key variables and the effect which the solid surface will
experience.
One of the important variable in thermodynamic is the temperature. This factor is
defined as the hotness or coldness of a system. Temperature is a key factor which is able to
define the kinetic energy which the different particles are able to possess (McNaught et al.,
2016). In many cases, the temperature is defined to be the parameter which dictates the
jumping up and down of the particles of the fluid involved. The temperature is able to give the
particles the required energy to move within the thermodynamic system which they are
enclosed in. any changes in temperature have direct change on other variables such as the
pressure (Tschoegl, 2000). The temperature creates the activity energy for the particles within
the system. The movement of the particles within the thermodynamic systems can be defined
according to the temperatures of the system. For instance, low temperature makes the
particles inactive and therefore making them to move at a slower speed. This reduced the
contact angles and wettability on the solid surface where the particles are enclosed (Roshan, Al-
Yaseri, Sarmadivaleh & Iglauer, 2016). The energy with the particles depends on the system
temperature directly. This is the environment at which the particles are able to operate at. At
constant volume and pressure, changing the temperature will affect the pressure and volume
of the environment.
Moreover, the physical properties of the particles are able to determine the movement
of the particles to influence the contact angle and wettability. Different factors of the particles
such as the density, vapor pressure, electrical conductivity are able to determine the level at
which the particles are able to determine the temperature absorption. In addition, other key
physical properties which affect the reaction of the temperature include the chemical reaction
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The analysis of thermodynamic variables on fluid and solid surfaces
extend. Thermal radiation and sound speed are other key factors which have proven to be
critical in affecting the thermodynamic status of particles temperature (Dalarsson, Dalarsson &
Golubović, 2011 ). In thermodynamics, the temperature variable is simply the definition of the
physical hotness or coldness of the particles of the fluid. In thermodynamics, temperature is
considered to be an intensive variable. This is because the differential coefficient of the variable
is defined with respect to another factor of the thermodynamic system. Temperature is
transferred through the available medium and thus it means that it will reach the particles
through such medium. This makes the temperature an intensive variable in thermodynamic
situation. The particles contact with the medium for long time makes the temperature to be
transferred to the particles and thus affecting their temperature status (McCollam, 2007).
Zeroth law is used to explain the temperature transfer within the different points. The
temperature is able to affect other variables both intensive and extensive variables. First, the
temperature is able to define the entropy of the system. The entropy is the energy of the
system. The particles are at constant energy and when temperature is changed, it creates the
change of the energy.
For the internal energy, the temperature is defined as a key partial derivative. The
wettability of the system is highly affected by the temperature through the entropy of the
system (Kurzyński, 2006 ). The temperature is able to increase the energy of the particles.
Increasing the temperature means that the particles move at high speed and thus making more
collisions to the surface. Increased collision results to increase wettability of the solid surface
(International Symposium on Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, & Mittal, 2008).
Therefore temperature can be defined to be directly related to the wettability in a
thermodynamic system. The temperature makes the particles to gain more energy and making
them to making high contact with the surface more frequently. This movement helps to
increase the particles contact with the external solid surface where the particles are flowing
through. These collisions are critical in defining the wettabilitty status of the particle to the
system. This is an important variable which affect the particles movement within the surface.
The wettability is defined by the amount of internal energy which is composed on the particles
(International Symposium on Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, & Mittal, 2002). This
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The analysis of thermodynamic variables on fluid and solid surfaces
energy plays a critical role on the particle movement and thus defining the wettability status of
the thermodynamic system. Therefore, the temperature will play a critical role in increasing the
energy of the particles and thus increasing wettability status of the system. For any defined
surface, the temperature is found to affect the system as follows;
T =(∂ U
∂ S )
V,N
According to the kinetic theory, temperature is based on macroscopic system, which is
composed of microscopic particles. The temperature definition is defined as the hotness of two
bodies with respect to the thermodynamic equilibria (Hillert, 2008). The contact angle for the
particle is largely defined by the energy which the particles have. Since the temperature is able
to increase the energy and contact, the temperature will have direct impact on the contact
angle of the particles. The speed of the particles increases the collision status and thus defining
the contact angle of the particles. Generally, particle increase on the system is able to increase
the contact angle of the particle with the system (Berezovski & Ván, 2017 ). The contact angle is
therefore to increase with the increase in temperature for the particles. Increased temperature
is able to increase the speed at which the particles move. This increases the angle at which the
particles will be able to bounce back when striking the surface.
In addition, the temperature is able to affect other thermodynamic variables. Increasing
temperature as seen increases the speed of the particle movement and thus increases the
particle collisions (Danov, 2001). The collision increase is experienced between the particles and
the solid surface where the fluid moves. This collision is able to define the pressure which the
system has at any given moment. Therefore increasing the temperature increases the collisions
and thus increasing the system pressure. Nevertheless, the temperature will have different
effect o the volume of the system. The volume will highly depend on the material for the solid
surface upon which the thermodynamic fluid is contained (Hillert, 2008). The pressure increase
will define whether the material will expand to accommodate the pressure. Therefore pressure
will have little impact on the volume of the system. Weaker solid surfaces will increase in
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The analysis of thermodynamic variables on fluid and solid surfaces
volume when the temperature is increase since the particles move at higher speed, forcing the
material to expand.
Another key thermodynamic variable which is critical for any system is the pressure. For
any particular space, the pressure is defined the force which is applied to the surface per unit
area. This is the force which the particles of the surface are able to apply to the system when
they come into contact with the solid surface (Berezovski & Ván, 2017 ). Pressure is distributed
across the different solid boundaries where the fluid is composed. Generally, pressure is
considered to be a conjugate factor to the volume of the system in thermodynamics. As a
conjugate, the pressure is known to cause key changes on volume for the system. This is
because the pressure creates the force which stresses the system where the fluid is moving
through. Combination of the pressure and volume is able to result to the amount of energy
which the system is able to lose due to the mechanical work. Generally, pressure is defined as
the driving force which leads to the volume as the associated displacement in a thermodynamic
system. In a thermodynamic, the pressure is a seen as stress tensor. This is because the
pressure is able to exert the pressure to the system (Chang, 2014). Increasing the pressure for
the system means that the solid surface contact of the particle is increased. Therefore, due to
their effect, pressure plays a critical role in defining different thermodynamic reactions. To
understand the pressure, understanding of the particles is essential to enhance the pressure
action on the thermodynamic system.
Pressure in any given system is defined from the contact to the external solid surface.
Increasing the contact is able to define the increased pressure. Wettability on the other hand is
defined by the level of contact which the system is able experience. Increasing the area of
collision to the surface is able to increase the wettability (Mittal, & International Symposium on
Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, 2009). When pressure is increased, the collision per
unit time is increased. This means that the wettability is increased at the same time. Therefore,
it has been found that pressure increase contributes to increase to wettability (Mittal, 2008).
Many more molecules are able to hit the solid surface when the pressure for the
thermodynamic is high. Thus general considerations attribute these collisions to the surface
with wettability. Pressure for the fluids increases their movement and the level at which they
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The analysis of thermodynamic variables on fluid and solid surfaces
hit the surface. This contributes highly to the increase of the wettability factor in the
thermodynamics (International Symposium on Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, &
Mittal, 2002). In addition, the increased pressure is able to increase the volume and thus
increasing the hitting area. This increases the wettbility area for the given solid surface.
Therefore from the perspective of the area considered, the increase in pressure increases the
area for wettability and therefore contributing to the increase of the factor.
The pressure also has direct influence of the angle of contact for the particles. At high
pressure, the thermodynamic particles are able to move at high speed and thus hitting the solid
surface much harder (Cengel and Michael, 2011). The particles will be able to bounce with high
contact angle when the pressure is increased. Considering the particle movement at low
pressure, they come with low energy which produce very small contact angle. Therefore the
pressure has direct effect on the contact angle. In fact, pressure and the contact angle for the
particles in thermodynamics have been found to be directly correlated. Increasing the pressure
factor is able to contribute to an increase of the contact angle for the particles. The particles at
high pressure move with a lot of energy, which make them to emit the energy and bouncing at
a bigger angle (Marsland, Brown, & Valente, 2015). In addition, when under pressure, the
particle sizes are able to increase and thus creating an increase in the contact angle to the
surface. The pressure makes the particles large since they absorb much energy. With the
energy and speed, the particles are able to hit the surface more and increasing the contact
angle involved.
In the case of carbon capture and oil storage, the pressure is able to dictate the amount
of carbon captured. The increase in pressure reduces the amount of gas which can be stored in
any solid surface. High pressure ensures that the particles are in motion causing a lot of
collision. This is not favorable especially when a lot of gas has to be captured. For effectively
capture, the wettability and contact angle must be minimum. This will ensure that increased
carbon capture is attained at any given moment. Low pressure is able to produce low contact
angle and wettability. The gas at low pressure means a lot of particles are captured unlike at
high pressure. When done at high pressure, the particles have a lot of energy to move around
and therefore making is hard for the capture process. Therefore for the capture of carbon, the
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