Analysis Report on Thermodynamic Variables

This report analyzes the effects of thermodynamic variables on fluid and solid surfaces, particularly in the context of petroleum engineering. It reviews existing literature on the subject, discussing the behavior of fluids in various conditions and the importance of optimizing thermal and velocity profiles for system stability. The report highlights key studies and findings related to fluid dynamics, boundary layers, and contact angles in CO2 brine-rock systems, concluding with the need for further analytical techniques in the field.

Analysis Report on the Effect of the Thermodynamic Variables on Fluid and
Solid Surface
Prepared by: (XYZ)
Dated:
INTRODUCTION
The effect of thermodynamic variables on fluid and solid surfaces is an area that many scholars
have made great attempts to study. Notably, the thermodynamic behavior of the crude oil
extraction system is so critical that it determines the performance of the entire system. For
instance, in the oil extraction industry, Petroleum engineers would often be required to design
systems and processes that would enable effective and efficient extraction of the crude oil right
from beneath to the top. In the process, a number of thermodynamic factors are often at play.
Therefore, the focus of this paper is on how the thermodynamic variables affect the fluid and
solid surfaces. Notably, the analysis hereinafter provides an in-depth look at the reason for
discrepancies in the contact angle of CO2 brine-rock theory. However, it is imperative to consult
the previous relevant literature on the said topic.
LITERATURE REVIEW
As mentioned earlier, there are several scholarly works that have been done in the said topic.
Okpara, Ogedengbe, Marc. Rosen (2014) explored the effects fluid velocity and thermal
boundary layer has on the surfaces. Two parallel flat plates were considered for the purpose of
the study. In this study, the author reveals the behavior of the solid surface particles as
propagation of heat is controlled within the plates. There was a mix of ordered and chaotic
movement of particles near the boundary. Notably, there is a thin layer of fluid along the
boundary whose thermal and velocity profiles are more pronounced than in any other region
between the plates. This led to an interesting discovery that: velocity profiles in such a system is
distributed both in horizontal and vertical fashion. The study therefore underscored the criticality
of considering the boundary layer for both the thermal and velocity distributions in the system
hence providing control strategies in the design and operation of the said system.
Additionally, Malvandi, Hedayati & Ganji (2013) made greater attempts to optimize the fluid
flow over an isothermal moving plate. In this case, temperatures were maintained and the focus
shifted to the flow characteristics of the fluid. The aim was to minimize the entropy that is often
the cause for irreversibility in the system. In fact, they observed that: as the plate velocity was
increased, the solution stability decreased and interestingly, the plate moved faster than the fluid.
Admittedly, the velocity profile was greatly affected by the movement of the plate. Besides, the
momentum transfer near the boundary increased hence temperature gradient was magnified in
the process.
However, a great need to finding the solutions to the boundary problems mentioned above has
grown. Bognár (2013) adopted a mathematical approach towards solving the boundary flow
problems. The solution is driven by the Navier-stokes theorem and the numerical methods. By

deriving the system boundary conditions and applying the two mentioned approaches, a near
perfect solution to the problems was attained which helped to further cement the understanding
of the behavior of the system at the fluid-solid surface region.
Lastly, it was critical to briefly explore how different methods have been applied by different
authors to measure the contact angle in CO2 brine-rock theory. Mills, Riazi & Sohrabi (2011)
fundamentally explored this phenomenon by deriving a method that they used to measure the
contact angle. Notably, the captive bubble technique was employed. Interesting findings showed
that the mica and calcite substrates become more water-wet when pressure is reduced while
quarts and biotite become more water-wet when the pressure is increased. The mentioned
method was therefore realized as the most accurate in determining the contact angle of various
brine-rock regimes.
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
From the literature review, it is clear that the flow at the boundary is critical as far as the study
on the effect of the thermodynamic variables on fluid and surface is concerned. The systems
properties vary greatly as fluid flows over the theoretical plates. Notably, governing variables
such as velocity and temperature play a critical role in the determination of performance of the
fluid at the boundaries. Unstable conditions would often arise in certain flow regimes. Subcritical
flow regime would be considered safe for the system but in the supercritical flow regime where
the theoretical plate velocity is higher than the fluid velocity, then unstable conditions will arise.
Unstable conditions have a negative effect on the overall performance of the system. Therefore,
as mentioned earlier, thermal and velocity optimization must simultaneously be attained. Various
simulations reveal the safe regions where optimum system performance can be realized. Should
this be achieved, then system would be described as being ’thermodynamically stable’. However,
this in practice has been a far-fetched achievement. Design engineers would often work towards
the balance so that a near perfect system is established.
CONCLUSION
The paper has succinctly uncovered the major analysis of the effect of the thermodynamic
variables on fluid and solid surface. Certainly, from the analysis, a clear demonstration of the
thermodynamic effects on the system has been elucidated. However, there is still need to develop
further analytical techniques relevant in the study of the said system. Most importantly, however,
petroleum engineers must apply the theoretical techniques in order to derive a near perfect
workable system.
REFERENCE
Okpara ,P., Ogedengbe, O.B.E ., Marc A & Rosen, M.A. 2014. Effects of Velocity and Thermal
Boundary Layer with Sustainable Thermal Control Across Flat Plates. Available from:
file:///C:/Users/Otieno/Downloads/wsf-4_2624_manuscript%20(1).pdf
Malvandi, A., Hedayati, F & Ganji., D.D. 2013. Thermodynamic optimization of fluid flow over
an isothermal moving plate. Available from: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1110016813000598/1-s2.0-

S1110016813000598-main.pdf?_tid=47609c5c-81fe-11e7-afc6-
00000aacb35f&acdnat=1502831658_c6fd15bbd8bc3ddadcb2367a56a9d353
Bognár, G.V. 2013. Analysis of Tribological Phenomena in Viscous Fluid Flows over Solid
Surfaces. Available from: http://real-d.mtak.hu/633/7/dc_230_11_doktori_mu.pdf
Iglauer,S., Mathew, M.S.,& Bresme,F. 2012. Molecular dynamics computations of brine-CO2
interfacial tensions and brineCO2-quartz contact angles and their effects on structural and
residual trapping mechanisms in carbon geo-sequestration. Available from:
https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/handle/20.500.11937/18500/188632_188632.pdf?
sequence=2
Burnside, N.M &. Naylor, M. 2014. Review and implications of relative permeability of
CO2/brine systems and residual trapping of CO2. Available from:
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1750583614000255/1-s2.0-S1750583614000255-main.pdf?
_tid=338bca24-8200-11e7-9ed0-
00000aacb361&acdnat=1502832483_5299515c6e1f5ceec3bb567a7faf644c
Mills,J., Riazi, M & Sohrabi, M. 2011. Wettability of Common Rock-forming Minerals in a
CO2-brine System at Reservoir Conditions. Available at:
http://jgmaas.com/SCA/2011/SCA2011-06.pdf