Report on Thermodynamics Variables in Solid and Fluid Surfaces

This report analyzes thermodynamics variables on solid and fluid surfaces within a porous medium, focusing on wettability and contact angle. The study investigates the interplay of these variables, especially concerning CO2 and brine, and their impact on fluid flow and distribution within porous media. It reviews existing literature, including the work of Al-Yaseri and Arif, to identify inconsistencies and propose a more reliable method for analyzing these variables. The objectives include analyzing CO2 and brine wettability, identifying changes in fluid and solid wettability materials, and determining the effects of thermodynamic variables on wettability. The report also addresses challenges such as inconsistencies in research data and the use of various formulas. The findings suggest that low pressure and high temperature can improve structural and residual medium ability, leading to increased water strength in wettability and greater capillary forces.

Running Head: THERMODYNAMICS VARIABLES 1
Thermodynamics Variables
Student’s Name
Institution

THERMODYNAMICS VARIABLES 2
Issue Statement
This paper has the pleasure of analyzing the variables in thermodynamics on solid and fluid surfaces in a
porous medium with the focus on coming up with a better method of analysis of these variables. Making
this study a success was done by reviewing different sources of information to eliminate errors and
inconsistencies hence leading to an acceptable contribution to the field (Bahman, 2017).
Background
There is an immense tension in the strength of oil and water which are both naturally existing
components in the deposits of water. However, these components cannot mix. Gas and oil are
hydrocarbons, they are composed of elements of hydrogen and carbon. The state of immiscibility
between oil and water has led to the probable separation. To add to this, natural gas also does not mix
with components of oil. This makes the two fluids be able to exist in a reservoir having surface free
energy. The matrix of fluid is able to be kept in unison in these reservoirs by electric forces occurring
naturally thereby leading to adhesive and cohesive forces. Forces that are cohesive exist between
particles coming from one type of medium while adhesive forces exist between particles coming from
different types of media. The force of adhesion is the factor that brings about immiscibility (R., George,
& Xiaoming, 2017).
Wettability comes sin in this stud to bring out the determination of multiphase flow in a porous medium.
The flow has to take place in a fluid matric by one fluid with a rock solid surface being in constant
contact. From this determination, the flow rate and the flow direction of the involving fluid within the
porous medium in between the pores and spaces is possible to contribute to this fluid distribution. The
formation process of this fluid in the surface of the earth is through this occurrence. One more
importance of wettability is the fluid matrix saturation that can be determined by it (Gintaras, 2017).

THERMODYNAMICS VARIABLES 3
Contact angle concept in thermodynamics addressed the influence of the fluid matrix and solid surface
on the porous medium in reservoirs. Determination of contact angle is made possible by consideration
of various impact phases resulting from force fields with a balance between these forces applicable in its
theoretical analysis. Contact angle relates to multiphase flow in a porous medium with influence from
CO2. These two variables wettability and contact angle affect the capillary forces limiting gas movement
due to balance caused by the capillary forces and buoyancy (Peter & Julio, 2017).
Scope
This study takes note of the work from Al-Yaseri and Arif in the field of properties of thermodynamics
and extends their work by researching more on the contact angle and wettability between solid and
fluid surfaces. In the process of researching, information from such secondary sources is being reviewed
with their conduction of experimental data based on the topic at hand. The use of this technique is to
come up with an inexpensive method that can make an established impact on the changing variables in
thermodynamic properties. From taking findings from various researchers, there may be inconsistencies
in the findings in leading to interference in precise findings. This research, therefore, considers this
possibility and eliminates by literature material variety comparison to makes a final assured result that is
agreeable by scholars, experts and researchers in the thermodynamics field (Dixon, 2005).
Objectives
The study aims at;
 Analyzing the CO2 and brine wettability.
 Identification and analysis of fluid and solid wettability material changes.
To come up with responsible effects on wettability by thermodynamic variables.
Expected outcomes

THERMODYNAMICS VARIABLES 4
The study is to find a way of bringing out the inferences of the thermodynamic variable effects on the
CO2 contact angle in a number of materials obtained from the various researchers that exist. One of
such references comes from Arif’s research whose data states that fluid matrix tension is affected by
density differences between liquid and gas phases, gravity causing acceleration, the tension between
the liquid and gas interface and fluid matrix molecular shape. In accordance with the contact angle, Al-
Yaseri makes a comparison of the CO2 has the gas density to make a reduced inaccuracy by bringing the
influencing factors as; liquid-solid tension, gas-solid tension and gas-liquid tension. The Young formula is
then combined with Sharp kinks equation to reduce errors. The research also brings out the relation
between advancing, receding and contact angle. Also, the study intends to determine factors leading to
wettability (Frank & Raj, 2017).
Challenges
Some of the challenges that seem to be unavoidable are the use of different research sources. Using
these reference sources leads to inconsistencies in the obtained data (Ibrahim & Null, 2011). However,
these errors have to be rectified to produce acceptable findings that can be used in the study of
variables in fluid and solid thermodynamics. One more slight challenge is the use of various formulas to
come up with one merged formula that is correct.
Reflection
Reflecting on the conduct of the study, there is a produced conclusion of the existence of low pressure
as well as high temperature are good variables that lead to improved structural and residual medium
ability. His discovery is due to the promoted increase in water strength in wettability leading to greater
capillary forces with great relative permeability in a porous medium (Theodore, Adrienne, Frank, &
David, 2016).

THERMODYNAMICS VARIABLES 5
References
Bahman, Z. (2017). Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Nuclear Reactors. Hawalli: Springer.
Dixon, S. (2005). Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery. Kuwait City: Elsevier.
Frank, K., & Raj, P. (2017). CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering, Second Edition. Kuwait City: CRC
Press.
Gintaras, V. (2017). Comprehensive Quality by Design for Pharmaceutical Product Development and
Manufacture. Sabah as Salim: John Wiley & Sons.
Ibrahim, D., & Null. (2011). Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications. Ar Riqqah: John Wiley &
Sons.
Peter, A., & Julio, P. (2017). Elements of Physical Chemistry. Sabah as Salim: Oxford University Press.
R., S., George, Z., & Xiaoming, C. (2017). Solid-State Properties of Pharmaceutical Materials. Hawalli:
John Wiley & Sons.
Theodore, L., Adrienne, S., Frank, P., & David, P. (2016). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer.
Kuwait City: Wiley.