University Portfolio: THM 211 Sustainable Tourism Assignment

This portfolio assignment explores the concept of sustainable tourism, emphasizing its importance in balancing economic growth with environmental preservation. The student has compiled a scrapbook containing articles, pictures, and book reviews to illustrate the multifaceted nature of sustainable tourism. The content highlights the industry's role in economic development, particularly in emerging nations like Tanzania and the need for destinations to ensure customer satisfaction through authentic experiences. The portfolio includes an in-depth analysis of the Economic Development in Africa Report 2017, which examines how tourism can drive inclusive growth and structural transformation. It also addresses the challenges faced by the tourism sector, such as environmental pollution and the need for strong intersectoral linkages to reduce financial leakages. The assignment underscores the benefits of sustainable tourism, including revenue generation for local communities, while acknowledging the threats that must be addressed to ensure the industry's long-term viability. The provided exhibits showcase how sustainable tourism has gained importance in both developed and emerging nations, emphasizing the need to maintain tourist spots and fragile ecosystems.

Running head: TOURISM
Sustainable Tourism
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author Note:

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Introduction:
Sustainable tourism refers to the practice of carrying out tourism by having minimal environmental effects. As per the World
Tourism Organisation, the United Nations, sustainable sustainable tourism is the integration of triple bottom line with tourism
activities (Unwto.org., 2020). The stakeholders to the tourism industries operate in ways so as to protect the interests of the society
and the environment besides generating high profits. Paulauskaite et al. (2017) mentions that one of the most important trend in the
tourism industry is that consumers today want to gain authentic experiences of the tourist destinations they visit. For example, they
want to enjoy the natural beauty of destinations, interact with the local people and obtain articles like pictures depicting traditions.
Singh (2017) mentions that tourist destinations have to ensure customer satisfaction in order to retain customers and generate revenue.
Thus, combining the thoughts presented in previous two articles, one can point out that it has become extremely important to ensure
environmental sustainability of tourist destinations like beaches in order to ensure authentic experiences to the tourists and generate
revenue. Tourism is one of fastest growing industries globally both in terms of GDP and employment generation (Reed, 2019). Thus,
sustainability in tourism has become extremely important to ensure that nations dependent on the industry, both the developed, and
emerging nations are able to profit from it. In fact, tourism has the potential of driving economic growth of poor economies like
Tanzania (Unctad.org, 2017). The aim of the paper would be present of a scrap book containing articles, pictures and book reviews, all
revolving around sustainable tourism.

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Commentary:
The exhibits below shows that sustainable tourism has gained important positions in both developed and emerging nations
(Unctad.org, 2017). In fact, the middle income nations like Tanzania are also harnessing immense benefits like economic development
and foreign exchange earnings by serving tourists from all round the globe (Tanzaniatourism.go.tz, 2020). Gaining of sustainability
has emerged as the necessity among highly visited and sought after destinations like Hawaii (Huffingtonpost.in, 2015). Countries
having diverse culture and rich heritage like India can market their cultural diversities and ability to create rich tourist experiences, to
attract large numbers of tourists to generate high income (Indiatoday.in, 2016). However, sustainable tourism faces several threats like
environmental pollution which tend to damage ecological balance and ability of destinations to sustainable lives (Gabbatiss, 2018). It
transpires from the discussion that sustainable tourism has several benefits. For example, in order to attract tourists nations have to
maintain their tourist spots like hills and sea beaches, thus ensuring sustainability in these fragile ecosystems. Sustainable tourism
allows the tribal communities associated with certain tourist destinations serve tourists, thereby earning revenue. Thus, sustainability
in tourism has enforced revenue generation among local communities. However, threats like pollution have to tackled to preserve
sustainability in the industry.

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Supporting elements like articles, book reviews and pictures:
Exhibit 1. Economic development in Africa: Tourism for transformative and inclusive growth (Source: Unctad.org, 2017)
Introduction 1. The United Nations designated 2017 as the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development. The tourism
sector has been praised for its capacity to stimulate economic growth through the creation of jobs and by attracting investment and
fostering entrepreneurship, while also contributing, if properly harnessed, to preservation of ecosystems and biodiversity, protection of
cultural heritage and promotion of empowerment of local communities. 2. Tourism can be an engine for inclusive growth and
sustainable economic development. Since the 1990s, tourism has increasingly contributed to Africa’s growth, employment and trade.
During 1995–2014, international tourist arrivals to Africa grew by an average of 6 per cent per year and tourism export revenues, 9 per
cent per year. The average total contribution of tourism to gross domestic product (GDP) increased from $69 billion in 1995–1998 to
$166 billion in 2011–2014, that is from 6.8 per cent of GDP in Africa to 8.5 per cent of GDP. Furthermore, tourism generated more
than 21 million jobs on average in 2011–2014, which translates into 7.1 per cent of all jobs in Africa. This means that over the period
2011–2014, the tourism industry was supporting 1 out of every 14 jobs. At the same time, tourism has also been associated with
operating in isolation from other parts of the economy, suffering from high financial leakage, generating sociocultural tensions and
environmental damage. History suggests that countries cannot rely on tourism as the sole avenue out of poverty or the only pathway to
sustainable economic development. 3. Tourism’s potential has been recognized by policymakers at the national and international
levels, and is increasingly reflected in national and international policy frameworks. At the global level, Sustainable Development
Goals 8, 12 and 14 highlight the central role of tourism in job creation, local promotion of culture and economic development.

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However, as tourism covers several sectors and is a cross-cutting issue, the development of tourism has an impact on many
Sustainable Development Goals, for example poverty, decent work, gender and infrastructure development. 4. At the continental level,
the African Union’s Agenda 2063 and the Tourism Action Plan under its New Partnership for Africa’s Development recognize
tourism’s importance in driving Africa’s socioeconomic development and structural transformation through job creation, in catalysing
growth in other productive sectors and in fostering inclusion through the participation of women and youth in the sector’s activities. 5.
At the regional level, the policy frameworks of several regional economic communities, including the 1998 Protocol on Tourism of
South African Development Community, the Sustainable Tourism Development Framework of the Common Market for Eastern and
Southern Africa and the Sustainable Tourism Master Plan 2013–2023 of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, highlight
tourism’s importance in supporting socioeconomic development. 6. At the national level, most African countries have national
development plans that outline a country’s vision for its future and identify planned policies and sectoral priorities, which highlight the
importance of tourism. 7. The Economic Development in Africa Report 2017: Tourism for Transformative and Inclusive Growth
examines the role that tourism can play in Africa’s development process. It argues that tourism can be an engine for inclusive growth
and economic development and that it can complement development strategies aimed at fostering economic diversification and
structural transformation within the right policy context. The report does not focus on climate change or its financing aspects as these
have been taken up in much greater detail in recent publications on the sector. The focus is rather on enhancing the role that tourism
can play in socioeconomic development, poverty alleviation, trade, fostering regional integration and structural transformation. To
achieve all of this, Africa must tackle key impediments to developing the tourism sector, such as weak intersectoral linkages.

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TD/B/64/2 3 8. Tourism can also be an important contributor to economic development for several reasons. Specifically: (a) Tourism
has the capacity to significantly contribute to GDP, employment and export earnings. (b) The sector can also offer a compelling case
for prioritization for socioeconomic development in Africa. Tourism is a relatively job-rich sector and employs comparatively high
shares of women and youth. Globally, women make up between 60 and 70 per cent of the tourism labour force, and half of its workers
are aged 25 or younger. It thus has the potential to foster more inclusive growth. (c) With rising disposable incomes and hence more
resources available for leisure and travel, as well as globalization which boosts business travel, the forecast for tourism is positive. It is
expected that international tourist arrivals to Africa will continue to grow robustly to 134 million arrivals by 2030 (World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO), 2016). (d) Given that globally most international travel takes place within a traveller’s own region and that,
with a rising African middle class, continental disposable incomes are likely to increase, there is greater scope for boosting continental
and intraregional travel in Africa. (e) Tourism also has the capacity to generate and spread incomes and has strong spillover effects for
poverty reduction through stronger linkages. Strong linkages catalyse a multiplier effect that can generate broad-based economic
benefits at the national level, as well as in situ employment opportunities and poverty reduction at the local level. In many African
countries, however, tourism linkages remain weak and underexploited. Consequently, much of the value added in the tourism sector is
captured by foreign investors, international tour operators and foreign airline companies, while often only limited benefits remain
within the destination country and flow to the poor. Thus, better linkages can lead to, inter alia, more jobs for the most vulnerable
groups in society, the poor, women and youth. (f) The promotion of peace, justice and strong institutions are prerequisites for
achieving any economic development goals. This is clearly also the case for goals related to the development of tourism. 9. Most

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African countries, however, face significant challenges and constraints in exploiting the potential of tourism services in trade and
economic development. The Economic Development in Africa Report 2017 aims to identify key barriers and impediments to
unlocking the potential of tourism in Africa to help transform the continent’s economy structurally, and provides policy
recommendations on how those barriers and impediments could be addressed. The focus is on the following four challenges: (a)
strengthening intersectoral linkages; (b) enhancing the capacity of tourism to foster more inclusive growth; (c) tapping the potential of
intraregional tourism through deepening regional integration; and (d) harnessing peace and stability for tourism. II. Main messages
and policy recommendations 10. First, African countries can harness the dynamism of the tourism sector to promote structural
transformation. In part, regional demand for tourism services is increasing owing to the rise of disposable incomes and the middle
class. Along with higher disposable incomes, better transport and facilitated access to visas would further underpin this trend and
provide Africans the means to travel abroad. Moreover, new segments of the tourism market are developing such as medical tourism,
which can provide the impetus for the development of and investment in health-care infrastructure, as in Ghana, Mauritius and
Nigeria. Africa’s tourism sector is dynamic and largely demand driven, and thus requires some government support in partnership
with the private sector if the sector is to become more competitive and developed. Attracting private investment in partnership with
provision by the State of finance to address sector bottlenecks, facilitation of air passenger access, and basic infrastructure and skilled
labour will require integration of the sector into TD/B/64/2 4 national development plans and into the communities concerned. Both
Governments and local actors will have a critical role to play. 11. Governments could begin by reducing visa bureaucracy and
improving information and communications technology, security, underdeveloped health care, airlines and transport infrastructure.

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Support in the long term can be provided to the local private sector to operate hotels and compete with international hotel chains
present in the country. Joint ventures can be encouraged between local firms and international hotel operators so that ownership and
management of hotels involves a mix of local and foreign capital. Local tour operators can provide online booking services so that
tourists purchase tickets and destination packages directly from local suppliers rather than through international tour operators (that is,
generating greater local content into tourism value chains). The tourism sector offers a promising avenue for boosting services exports
for many African countries as part of their economic diversification strategies. Investments in tourism-related infrastructure have
important employment effects. Hotel, airport, road and wider construction projects can provide opportunities for more labour-intensive
activities through direct public procurement practices. Especially where rural tourism is prevalent and building activities use local
materials, local technologies and local small-scale enterprises have much greater potential to generate employment. Similarly,
although it is an employment-intensive activity, waste management is another neglected (often underfunded) but crucial area,
especially where mass market tourism or ecologically sensitive development is envisaged. 12. Second, countries can reduce leakages
out of the tourism sector by fostering economic diversification. Developing strong intersectoral linkages is crucial to ensuring greater
capture of tourists’ expenditures – a key determinant in facilitating the transfer of economic benefits from the sector to local
communities, with incomes derived from employment and business opportunities contributing to improved livelihoods and poverty
reduction. There is clearly some scope for African countries to harness intersectoral linkages of tourism to support the development of
viable upstream industries, not only within the services sector, but also in agriculture and in some manufacturing segments. Given the
degree of heterogeneity, intersectoral linkages of tourism need to take into consideration country- and sector-level contexts. While the

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input–output structure of the value chain influences intersectoral linkages with tourism, a conducive policy framework remains critical
in fostering economic diversification, local sourcing and promoting local value addition. Such a policy framework would focus on the
effectiveness of existing national strategies (for trade, finance, investment, technology and job creation) in promoting economic
growth, which partly relies upon multisectoral investment and technological upgrading at the national level. Productive investment is
also critical, to drive growth, job creation, innovation and trade. As highlighted by UNCTAD (2016a), finance is critically needed to
provide firms with the capital they need to develop, and facilitate private and public investments in infrastructure, plants and
equipment to foster greater competitiveness. As UNCTAD has noted, reaching the levels of development needed to fulfil the
Sustainable Development Goals and to achieve the continent’s agreed long-term Agenda 2063 goals will require action by all
development partners acting together in a revitalized Global Partnership for Sustainable Development (UNCTAD, 2016b). 13. Third,
tourism can contribute to more inclusive growth if the appropriate policy framework is in place. Tackling poverty requires promoting
decent work within both the formal and the informal economy. Tourism can provide significant opportunities for the poor as it is a
labour-intensive sector in which expenditure is more likely to reach them. Furthermore, rural areas in which most poor communities
are concentrated have a comparative advantage in attracting tourism, with locals potentially well positioned to provide popular tourism
products such as music, handicrafts and tours. Linkages between local communities and suppliers must be fostered to better integrate
the poor into the tourism value chain. 14. Youth unemployment is another critical concern as Africa has a young population. Tourism
is playing an important role in generating jobs for young people, although a key challenge for the sector concerns matching the
education and skills of young people with the jobs available. Active efforts to enhance tourism and hospitality schools will make them

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TD/B/64/2 5 more employable in this sector, while being a positive externality for tourism employers who often absorb staff training
costs. Additional measures to promote more vocational skills training, such as informal apprenticeship schemes, would enhance these
measures. 15. Women tend to be disproportionately engaged in the most vulnerable and poorest paid activities and are challenged by
vertical segregation, unequal pay, discrimination and less access to finance and education. However, women active in tourism appear
to face better odds than in any other sector. Women in return contribute significant benefits to tourism itself – actively encouraging
female participation in tourism can improve tourism product diversification and the protection of local cultures and environments.
Female participation can be boosted by providing training to increase the choice of jobs available to women and their chances for
promotion, and by improving working conditions to promote the well-being of women in lower positions. Women’s entrepreneurship
should also be encouraged to better harness their skills, to promote innovation in the sector and growth. 16. Fourth, African leaders
should focus on strengthening the development of continental and intraregional tourism. Intraregional tourism in Africa is increasing
and offers opportunities for economic and export diversification, if its potential is recognized at the regional economic community and
national levels. African countries would benefit if they made further progress on the free movement of persons and the liberalization
of air transport services. This would facilitate greater access to tourism destinations and boost their destinations’ competitiveness. It
also requires regional economic communities and countries to plan comprehensively for this segment of tourism. As the negotiations
for the creation of a continental free trade area concerning goods and services progress, Governments should ensure that specific
attention is devoted to tourism, as it accounts for the major share of Africa’s trade in services exports. If, as envisaged in Agenda
2063, tourism is to help increase Africa’s share of the global trade in goods and services, it will require the development of regional

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integrated tourism policies, to be implemented in a concerted manner across regional economic communities, and a continental
tourism platform to set service standards and coordinate supportive frameworks between regions to ensure Africa’s improved
competitiveness in the global tourism business. This could also include developing new products specifically for the African market.*
Overall, this would require a shift in focus to place greater emphasis on the importance of African tourists and their tastes. 17. Fifth,
regional collaboration on tackling crises is critical to growth in the tourism sector and to preserving peace. To counter the risks
associated with political unrest, countries should devise comprehensive multi-stakeholder planning and crisis management procedures
(for example, tight security around tourist areas and the availability of safe shelter for tourists). Similarly, countries need to include
tourism in national disaster management plans through appropriate national and regional institutions if efforts to revitalize the sector
after a crisis (for example, through infrastructure finance and new marketing initiatives) are to be successful. There is a case to be
made for stronger regional efforts to achieve peace, as the effects of political unrest on tourism can spill over borders, especially
where a country is considered part of an overall itinerary and tourists substitute one destination country for another. 18. Sixth, Africa
should continue to raise levels of investment in the tourism sector if it is to achieve the targets of the African Tourism Strategy of
Agenda 2063. The African Union and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development consider tourism a priority area for economic
transformation. In 2004, Africa adopted the Tourism Action Plan of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, which is a
framework to foster sustainable tourism on the continent. Subsequently, in the First Ten-Year Implementation Plan 2014–2023 of
Agenda 2063, full implementation of an African tourism strategy and the establishment of an African tourism organization were
envisaged, with a target to at least double the contribution of tourism to GDP in real terms from 2014 to 2023. Given that the total

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contribution of tourism to GDP increased from 6.1 per cent in 1995 to 8.3 per cent in 2015, with a peak of 9.9 per cent in 2007, it will
be challenging to achieve the target by 2023. * See Economic Development in Africa Report 2017: Tourism for Transformative and
Inclusive Growth, chapters 2 and 4. TD/B/64/2 6 At this rate, the tourism sector would need to grow much faster than GDP and more
rapidly than it has since the global financial crisis. The recommendations outlined in this report are intended to contribute to the
realization of the targets of an African tourism strategy under Agenda 2063. 19. Finally, there is an urgent need to address the lack of
tourism data. This could be undertaken as part of ongoing efforts to improve macroeconomic data collection. African Governments, in
collaboration with development partners, need to develop and implement effective methods of collecting tourism data to accurately
assess the sector’s contribution to social and economic development. However, at present, many countries are experiencing a severe
shortage of basic tourism statistics. There is little information on how different components of the tourism sector contribute to its
aggregate impact, the distribution of such impacts or how they may be increased. Considering the large amount of data required for
evaluating supply- and demand-related aggregates, it remains a challenge to effectively disaggregate available data to evaluate how
economic impact varies by type of tourist, type of tourism or the structure of the sector. There is a dearth of available data on tourism
activities categorized by gender and an inconsistent measurement of flows of cross-border traders (a subcategory of business tourists)
on the continent. In part, accurate measurement of the effects of tourism policy analysis is also hindered because the sector is not
designated as an industry in standard economic accounts. This highlights the need of Government for improved data, for enhanced
quantitative and economic policy analysis of the sector.

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Exhibit 2. An excerpt of Tanzania Tourism Association showing sustainable tourism packages (tanzaniatourism.go.tz 2020):

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Exhibit 3. Sustainable tourism lodges in the Seringeti National Park, Tanzania (Source: Fourseasons.com, 2020):
Exhibit 4. Article titled, ‘What Is the Meaning of Sustainable Tourism?’ (Source: Read, 2018)
What Is the Meaning of Sustainable Tourism?
TRAVEL TIPS
Johanna Read, Leaf Group Updated April 25, 2018
What Is the Meaning of Sustainable Tourism? (Photo: )
Travelers want to visit places that are unique, safe and clean, where local residents are happy and healthy, and where there’s minimal
poverty and crime. The people who live in tourist destinations want this too. Sustainable tourism is critical for achieving these goals. Also

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called “responsible tourism,” sustainable tourism is simply making a destination better, rather than worse, by visiting it. Everyone in the
tourism industry has a role. For the traveler, there are many easy things to do (or not do) to help ensure the tourism industry
is sustainable for the long term.
Environmental Sustainability
Most travelers already practice environmental sustainability at home, so it’s not a stretch to do it when traveling, too. Environmental
sustainability includes simple things like not taking a plastic bag in a store, being mindful of water use, reusing your hotel towels, and
walking or taking public transportation over driving gas-guzzling cars.
An easy way to practice environmental sustainability is to choose local fruit juices over bottled drinks, especially those from multinational
companies. Drinking from a local coconut, for example, means drinking from a container that is biodegradable that isn’t shipped across
an ocean. Use a metal or bamboo straw rather than a plastic one. In places where the tap water isn’t potable, drink water from a
reusable bottle and fill it from large bottles of water rather than buying single-use small bottles.
Economic Sustainability
Tourists can help or hurt local economies with their decisions, too. Choosing locally owned hotels, restaurants and guides rather than
chains and Western companies means that more of your tourist dollars stay in the local economy. Buying products produced locally not
only helps maintain local jobs, but it helps keep destinations unique. Factories produce goods to ship around the world, adding dishonest
“Made in Laos” or “Made in Peru” labels. Shop in fair trade markets.
Know local prices and tipping customs and negotiate fairly. Paying too much for a taxi or a souvenir might mean it becomes more
lucrative to be a taxi driver or sell to tourists than it does to be a teacher, nurse or doctor.
Tourists can affect economic sustainability negatively even when they think they’re doing good. Don’t bring goods from home to donate
to a school, for example. You’re affecting the livelihood of local authors, bookmakers and sellers of school supplies, plus making
assumptions about what the school actually needs. Volunteer abroad carefully. It’s important not to take paid work away from local
residents.

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Be particularly cautious when interacting with children. Don’t buy anything for or from a child. Unscrupulous cartels use kids to con
tourists into buying them a book or milk for a baby sibling, but the child is forced to return the product, and the shopkeeper and cartel
make a profit, while the child receives next to nothing. Plus, buying from children keeps them from attending local schools when they can
earn tourist dollars on the street.
Social Sustainability
Your goal with social sustainability is to help preserve the local customs and culture of the place you’re visiting. First, never treat people
as tourist attractions. Don’t photograph them or their homes without permission. Never forget that cultural practices like the alms-giving
ceremony in Luang Prabang, Laos, for example, are religious traditions, not shows put on for tourists. Value the people and culture of
the place you’re visiting. Don’t exclaim how cheap things are or complain about a place being dirty.
Be aware of local etiquette. Tourists can inadvertently cause offense by not realizing that customs are different in the place they’re
visiting. For example, style of dress in most countries is more formal and conservative than in the United States. In Buddhist and Muslim
countries, for example, men and women should not wear short shorts or walk barefoot anywhere except the pool or beach. Women
should not reveal their shoulders, cleavage, bellies and thighs. In some places, like the Angkor temples in Cambodia, both male and
female tourists will be refused entry if they’re not covered from shoulders to knees.
Animals and Sustainable Tourism
The protection of wild animals is an aspect of sustainable tourism, but efforts also need to be made to ensure that animal tourism
benefits the communities that live nearby.
For example, a national park was created to ensure the mountain gorillas of Uganda, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the
Congo are protected – mountain gorillas can’t survive in zoos. But the people who used to live in what is now the national park were
displaced. Many were moved to already poverty-stricken communities with few jobs and where people live on subsistence farms. They
are no longer able to practice their traditional hunter-gatherer culture. Without their own land, they can’t grow their own food.
Without education, health care, clean water, the ability to feed their families and a connection to their heritage, it’s easy for
disenfranchisement and resentment of tourism to grow. This puts not only tourism at risk but the wild animals the parks were meant to

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protect. Tourists can help by embracing national park fees. In 2017, Rwanda doubled the price of the fee to trek with mountain gorillas.
This means more money to not only help protect their mountain gorillas, but increased funding for schools, health care and other
essential services for the people who live nearby and who contribute to a positive tourist experience.
Exhibit 5. A glimpse of a beach in Hawaii (Source: Huffingtonpost.in, 2015)
The word “sustainable” is a bit of a buzzword, evoking images of wind turbines, solar panels, and barefoot hippies eating locally grown kale. While the
idea of living in a way that doesn’t compromise the future is gaining traction in business, academia and politics, it has long been a cornerstone of
Hawaiian culture.
Hawaiians have always stressed “Aloha a malama ka aina,” for in return the land will love and take care of you. For people who depended on the natural
environment to live, this was an intuitive notion; recklessness and wastefulness would spell certain disaster. The love and appreciation for the land was as
much a spiritual connection as it was an economic reality.

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Here’s the problem: The economic reality of Hawaii today is that we depend almost singularly on tourism, with nearly six times more visitors than residents
coming to Hawaii every year. Those visitors provide hundreds of thousands of jobs and inject millions of dollars into the local economy – all well-tread
information.
As Hawaii progressively strides in the direction of sustainability, it begs the question: Is there such a thing as sustainable tourism?
Exhibit 6. An advertisement showing different aspects of sustainable tourism in India (Source: Indiatoday.in, 2016)

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Exhibit 7. Plastic pollution in marine environmental areas (Source: Gabbatiss, 2018).

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References:
Fourseasons.com. (2020). Retrieved 30 March 2020, from https://www.fourseasons.com/serengeti/
Gabbatiss, J. (2018). Independent.co.uk. Retrieved 30 March 2020, from https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/plastic-
pollution-sea-increase-government-scientists-uk-oceans-a8266356.html
Huffingtonpost.in. (2015). Retrieved 30 March 2020, from https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/sustainable-tourism-
hawaii_n_7598254?ri18n=true Indiatoday.in. (2016). Retrieved 30 March 2020, from https://www.indiatoday.in/education-
today/gk-current-affairs/story/15-indian-states-and-their-amazing-tourism-logos-304903-2016-01-21
Paulauskaite, D., Powell, R., Coca‐Stefaniak, J. A., & Morrison, A. M. (2017). Living like a local: Authentic tourism experiences and
the sharing economy. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(6), 619-628.
Read, J. (2018). Traveltips.usatoday.com. Retrieved 30 March 2020, from https://traveltips.usatoday.com/meaning-sustainable-
tourism-2297.html
Reed, D. (2019). Forbes.com. Retrieved 30 March 2020, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielreed/2019/03/08/booming-global-
travel-tourism-is-driving-economies-and-job-growth-despite-u-s-china-trade-strains/#684b7a052b85

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Singh, M. (2017). Customer Relationship Management in Travel & Tourism Industry. IOSR Journal of Business and Management
(IOSR-JBM), 19(6), 47-53.
Tanzaniatourism.go.tz. (2020). Retrieved 30 March 2020, from https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/ttb/associations
Unctad.org. (2017). Retrieved 30 March 2020, from https://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/tdb64d2_en.pdf
Unwto.org. (2020). Retrieved 30 March 2020, from https://www.unwto.org/sustainable-development