An Essay on Thrombosis Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

This essay examines the significant risk of thrombosis in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, a chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels. The essay explores the disease's causes, symptoms, and complications, including nerve and kidney damage, and heart and blood vessel disease. It delves into the process of thrombosis, detailing its classification into arterial and venous forms and the factors that contribute to its development. The report highlights the increased risk of thrombosis in diabetic patients, emphasizing the role of hypercoagulability and endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, the essay covers current and new treatment approaches to regulate thrombosis, including anticoagulant therapy, prophylactic measures, and the use of Warfarin and Heparin therapies. The conclusion underscores the importance of managing diabetes to mitigate the risk of thrombosis and improve patient outcomes. The essay uses multiple references to support the research and findings.

‘Discuss the risk of thrombosis in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.’
Intro Type 2 diabetes mellitus a well-known chronic disease characterized through high
blood sugar levels. Beta cells of body resist normal insulin effect; then type 2 diabetes
occurs. The symptoms of disease can be mild which an individual do not notice
(Konieczyńska, and et. al., 2017). Thrombosis shares various risk factors with cardiovascular
disease involving hypertension, smoking, obesity, dyslipidaemia etc. This is an essay report
which is based on current issue in blood science, i.e., risk of thrombosis in patients with type
2 diabetes mellitus. This report covers information about type 2 diabetes mellitus,
thrombosis and why and how thrombosis affect in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Apart from this, it also covers current and new treatment approaches which are available to
regulate thrombosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Discussion
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one among the common diseases today from which many
people are suffering. It is a chronic condition which influence the way body metabolize sugar
which is a vital source of fuel body. In this, the body either resist the insulin effect or do not
produce enough amount of insulin to maintain sugar levels in the body. The disease is
caused when pancreas is not able to secret enough insulin. The exact cause of the disease is
unknown, however environmental factors and genetics like being inactive and overweight
seem to be the main contributing factor occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Ganesan,
and et. al., 2016). The risk factor of the disease includes inactivity in body, overweight,
inappropriate fat distribution, family history, age, race or ethnicity, prediabetes polycystic
ovarian syndrome, gestational diabetes conducting skill areas. The main symptoms of the
disease include increase hunger, blurred vision, frequent infections, frequent urination,
increased thirst, slow healing sores, fatigue etc. There are many complications associated
with type 2 diabetes including nerve damage, kidney damage, slow healing, heart and blood
vessel disease etc.
Thrombosis
Thrombosis is defined as a blood clot process which is also called thrombus, form in
blood vessels. It can obstruct or block the flow of blood in affected area and cause serious
issues or complications if clot moves to main part of circulatory system like lungs and brain.
It is very normal for the body to develop the factors of clotting such as fibrin and platelets
when the vessels are injured, in order to prevent excessive blood loss from body. It is
broadly classified into arterial thrombosis and venous thrombosis as per where thrombus
exist in body (Lisman, and Ariens, 2016). The Venous thrombosis is the thrombus in vein and
arterial thrombosis occurs in arteries because of its association with rupture of atheroma.
The main cause of thrombosis is abnormal flow of blood, hypercoagulability and injury to
endothelial cells.

Affect of thrombosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients
Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for venous thrombosis and the people who are
suffering from diabetes have high risk of deep vein thrombosis, specifically those who
needed surgery or have rheumatoid arthritis. It includes swelling, aching or pain in the
affected leg. The relative risk of thrombosis is high in the younger patient with diabetes. The
risk of venous thrombosis occurs to be elevated in type 2 diabetic patients. Increase
generation of thrombin and high concentration of procoagulant cell derived microparticles
which are circulating in patients who are suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus suggest
that hypercoagulability might play a significant pathogenic role in maximized frequency of
Venous thrombosis. Diabetic patient has increased frequency of another clinically significant
comorbid medical issue like acute infectious illness, chronic lung disease, chronic kidney
disease, heart failure, immobility and ischemic heart disease which maximize venous
thrombosis risk. It has been shown in the study that diabetic patients have maximized
thrombogenicity owing to hyper reactivity of platelet, hypo fibrinolysis and activation of
coagulation factors (Robson, Kundur, and Singh, 2018).
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused due to insulin resistance by pancreatic beta cell
failure due to which blood glucose levels are elevated and diabetes occurs. For maintaining
the vascular health, normal endothelial cell function is very important. Dysfunction of
endothelial cells is earliest abnormality in thrombosis patient which contributes to later
disease stage. Vascular pathology is the another Central mechanism systematic
inflammation that promote vascular damage. Endothelial cell dysfunction as well as
inflammatory milieu are related to prothrombotic as well as hypofibrinolytic environment,
that facilitate vascular occlusion and leads to stroke, myocardial infarction, occlusive
peripheral vascular disease which all are common complication or issues in diabetic patient
(Kato, and et. al., 2019).
Current and new treatment approaches available to regulate thrombosis in patients with
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
The new and current approaches and theories which are available to regulate and
minimize regulate thrombosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus comprises of many
approaches like Anticoagulant therapy, Prophylaxis therapy, use of Heparin and Warfarin
Therapy. The Anticoagulant therapy comprises of medicine to prevent the blood clot which
is given to the people to prevent high risk of clotting in people suffering from type 2
diabetes through reducing the chances of developing serious condition of strokes and heart
attack. Use of anticoagulant therapy is recommended and helpful for treating the issue of
blood clot and to regulate thrombosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus along with
preventing risk of stroke from the increased age (>75 years), hypertension, prior stroke, left
ventricular dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. Further, it has been also observed that the Oral
anticoagulants which is also known as vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), are also effectively used
to prevent the occurrence and regulate the thrombosis in patients with type 2 diabetes
mellitus through leading a reduction in unwanted blood clots with the help of inhibit
enzymes called vitamin K that are effective to epoxies reductive and vitamin K reductive to
manage the issue of thrombosis and blood clot (Koupenova, and et. al., 2017).

Further, Prophylactic therapy which consists of preventive measure to fend off a
disease along with safe guarding an individual with type 2 diabetes from another unwanted
consequence like blood clot and thrombosis through medication or a treatment which are
designed and used to prevent a disease from occurring. Further, it has been also observed
that the Prophylactic therapy also guiding a diabetes patient from preventing the spread of
occurrence and other infection tending to prevent and ward off thrombosis in patients with
type 2 diabetes mellitus. Apart from this, Prophylaxis also comprises of a total and entire
examination of oral cavity to prevent oral cancer and risk of periodicities and medical
problems associated with diabetes and issues of thrombosis in patients with type 2 diabetes
mellitus (Drabik, Wołkow, and Undas, 2017).
Beside this, it has been seen that the use of Warfarin Therapy reduces the risk of
thromboembolic stroke which is increased in cases of AF patients especially in those
patients who are suffering with type - 2 diabetes. Thus, the main aim of using Warfarin
therapy is to decrease the chances of clotting tendency of blood to prevent and regulate the
issue of thrombosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Apart from this, use of Heparin
which comprises of an anticoagulant or blood thinner which is used to prevents the
formation of blood clots and also act as helpful approach to regulate thrombosis in patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heparin is a used as Current and new treatment approaches
to treat and prevent blood clotting in the individuals who are caused by certain medical
conditions or medical procedures like type 2 diabetes and is also used before certain surgery
to reduce the risk of blood clots (Robson, Kundur, and Singh, 2018).
Conclusion
As per the above mentioned report, it has been concluded that diabetes mellitus is a chronic
disease which occurs due to resistance of insulin in the body or not secreting enough insulin
by pancreatic cells. In thrombosis, blood clot is formed in the vessels which obstruct flow of
blood and causes serious complications when clot moves to lungs and brain part of
circulatory system. The risk of vascular thrombosis is high in the patient with diabetes. There
are some current and new treatment available which help in regulating thrombosis in the
patient who are suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. This include anticoagulant therapy,
warfarin therapy, prophylaxis therapy etc. All these help in regulating the disease in proper
way.
References
Konieczyńska, M., and et. al., 2017. Interplay between elevated cellular fibronectin and
plasma fibrin clot properties in type 2 diabetes. Thrombosis and
haemostasis, 117(09), pp.1671-1678.
Ganesan, A.N., and et. al., 2016. The impact of atrial fibrillation type on the risk of
thromboembolism, mortality, and bleeding: a systematic review and meta-
analysis. European heart journal, 37(20), pp.1591-1602.
Lisman, T. and Ariens, R.A., 2016, June. Alterations in fibrin structure in patients with liver
diseases. In Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis (Vol. 42, No. 04, pp. 389-396).
Thieme Medical Publishers.

Robson, R., Kundur, A.R. and Singh, I., 2018. Oxidative stress biomarkers in type 2 diabetes
mellitus for assessment of cardiovascular disease risk. Diabetes & Metabolic
Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 12(3), pp.455-462.
Kato, E.T., and et. al., 2019. Effect of dapagliflozin on heart failure and mortality in type 2
diabetes mellitus. Circulation, 139(22), pp.2528-2536.
Koupenova, M., and et. al., 2017. Thrombosis and platelets: an update. European heart
journal, 38(11), pp.785-791.
Drabik, L., Wołkow, P. and Undas, A., 2017. Fibrin clot permeability as a predictor of stroke
and bleeding in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. Stroke, 48(10),
pp.2716-2722.