Essay: Molecular Basis of Tissue Transplantation and Rejection

This essay explores the intricate process of tissue transplantation, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that govern graft acceptance or rejection. It begins with an introduction to tissue transplantation, highlighting the crucial role of the immune system in recognizing and responding to foreign tissues. The essay then delves into the molecular biology of transplantation, emphasizing the importance of HLA proteins and histocompatibility. It discusses the genetic basis of rejection, the lab techniques used for diagnosis, and the ethical considerations surrounding transplantation. Furthermore, the essay examines immunosuppressive treatments and uses references from primary literature. The essay provides an understanding of skin allografts, and the treatments used to avoid rejection. The Harvard referencing system is used throughout the essay.

Tissue Transplantation and Rejection
INTRODUCTION
 Tissue transplantation is a method when the
tissues are taken from the donor and then it is
transplanted with the help of surgery to another
person. This is a new field of transplant
immunology. Though has the potential to save
lives, the immune system response to the rejection
of the graft or the tissues pose a crucial barrier in
the field of Tissue transplantation
(Vallabhajosyula et al. 2017). Among all the
transplantation the skin allografts face the most
auto rejection from immune system.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
The immune system’s main objective is to reject any
kind of foreign particles when introduced in the body.
The graft depends upon various factors, for instance,
the receiver has its own sets of HLA proteins that has
to exclusively match the donor to produce the
histocompatibility. According to Hautz et al. (2013),
skin is the largest organ of the body and often the skin
rejection is observed frequently, especially in head and
face transplantation.
GENETIC BASIS
In human beings there are major closely linked
gene lies in the short arm of chromosome 6, therefore
when the MHC are identical then only the tissues are
readily accepted. Therefore, there should be
immunosuppressive treatment has to be maintained
whenever there is case of MHC antigen mismatch.
LAB TECHNIQUE USED
As per the technology that is used to detect the
acute rejection of the allograft is by the
histological analysis of graft biopsy, which is
accordance with international classification
system. Inheritance can also influence the
histocompatibility of antigens and tolerance
towards allografts (Moreau et al. 2013).
 The process of skin biopsies is easy.
 However, the collection of the tissue which
are underlying has been linked with high and
burden for the patient.
 The anatomical location can has risk of
structural damage in patients (Hautz et al.
2013).
ETHICS: During the transplantation the ethics of
procurement should be maintained and the consent
of the patient who is donating the organ / tissue /
cell should be essentially taken, furthermore, the
consent of the receiver of the graft should be taken
as well.
TREATMENT`: Immunosuppressive drugs like:
Calcinuerin inhibitor, Anti proliferative agent and
Corticosteroids.
REFERENCES:
Hautz, T., Zelger, B.G., Weißenbacher, A., Zelger, B., Brandacher, G.,
Landin, L., Morelon, E., Kanitakis, J., Jablecki, J., Lee, W.A. and
Pratschke, J., 2013. Standardizing skin biopsy sampling to assess rejection
in vascularized composite allotransplantation. Clinical
transplantation, 27(2), pp.E81-E90.
Moreau, A., Varey, E., Anegon, I. and Cuturi, M.C., 2013. Effector
mechanisms of rejection. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in
medicine, 3(11), p.a015461.
Niederkorn, J.Y., 2013. Corneal transplantation and immune privilege.
International reviews of immunology, 32(1), pp.57-67.
Vallabhajosyula, P., Korutla, L., Habertheuer, A., Yu, M., Rostami, S.,
Yuan, C.X., Reddy, S., Liu, C., Korutla, V., Koeberlein, B. and Trofe-
Clark, J., 2017. Tissue-specific exosome biomarkers for noninvasively
monitoring immunologic rejection of transplanted tissue. The Journal of
clinical investigation, 127(4), pp.1375-1391.