Risk Assessment Audit Report: Toi Ohomai L-Block Female Toilets

This audit report focuses on assessing the health and safety risks within the L-block female toilets at Toi Ohomai Institute. The report begins with an executive summary highlighting the importance of maintaining health and safety standards within the college environment. It then delves into the role of audit risk management strategies, emphasizing the identification and evaluation of potential risks. The report identifies the toilets as a high-risk area for disease outbreaks, supported by evidence-based auditing standards. The auditing process is outlined, and specific recommendations are provided to the management team to improve hygiene, sanitation, and overall safety. The report emphasizes the importance of aeration, sensor taps, proper handwashing facilities, and the use of disinfectants to mitigate potential health hazards. The report also mentions the importance of cafeteria hygiene. The audit follows the Ministry of Health guidelines, providing a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the toilets and offering actionable insights for improvement.

Running Head: AUDIT REPORT 1
L block toilets Audit Report
Name
Institution

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Executive Summary
In health and safety maintenance Toi Ohomai is ranked first in the 2015 Act in ensuring
students, visitors, and staffs health and safety standards are upheld. Therefore, the core
objective and role of the Toi Ohomai administration is making sure that there is a secure and
safe environment within the college vicinity and reducing perils where applicable.
Considering the major objective of this paper, a risk assessment audit has been executed
considering the L-block (Female ground floor toilets) for an assessment of risks that may lead
to disease breakout. Hence in the report, various auditing standards have been created in
assessing certain works of literature (Bierstaker, Abbott, Caster, Parker & Reckers, 2011).
Thus the major objectives of this report are evaluating and conducting an audit report in
measuring the actual state of toilets considering the standards created, identify the probable
risks present within the toilets and formulating recommendations to the management team to
adhere to.

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Table of Contents
Executive Summary...................................................................................................................2
Introduction................................................................................................................................4
The role of audit risk management strategy...............................................................................4
Toi Ohomai two infectious areas...............................................................................................6
Evidence-based auditing standards for Toi Ohomai Toilets......................................................7
The Auditing process.................................................................................................................9
Recommendations....................................................................................................................11
Conclusion................................................................................................................................11
Reference..................................................................................................................................13

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Introduction
Generally, a risk is an indeterminate prospective event that initiates physical or economic
damage among an organization of society. On the other hand, risk management is a process
that entails identification, evaluation, and administration of prospective risks. Therefore, risk
management is helpful as it aids firms in evaluating the enactment of rules and regulation
protocols linked to the standards. Moreover, it also assists in creating guidelines for safer
environments. Furthermore, in the report, there is a concise description of the responsibility
of audit used in risk management strategies and consequently pointing out prospective risky
areas among Toi Ohomai (for example, identifying one risk area; Toilet). Additionally,
centered on the results from the audit report, various recommendations have been
implemented for Toi Ohomai (Bierstaker et al., 2010).
The role of audit risk management strategy
Basically, an audit is a uniform and consistent process used in assessing various practices.
Moreover, it assesses an actual practice and relating to evidence-based practices available.
Focusing on the healthcare settings, audit operates as an improvement program that enhances
patient care through the provision of effective clinical results, by using logical reviews of
care and actual practice ("161 Development of a National Web-Based Audit Tool", 2016).
Therefore, when undertaking the audit process, every firm must enacted specific standards,
countercheck their relevant practices and the available standards, provide outcome and
response for audit to the rest of the staff members thus permitting them in identifying sections
that require improvements and sectors that require critical assessment and where standards
are not met (Demirkan, Feng, Mintchik, Pevzner;, & Sierra, 2013). Consequently, risk
management policies are a systematic and scheduled process used in identification,
evaluation, and administration of real and prospective perils within the firms. Hence, it

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evaluates the probability and the effect of the risks that may happen among the organizations
and identifies effective methods used in controlling and managing such.
Conferring to the New Zealand's ministry of health, an audit is always an integral sector of
risk management strategy as audit necessitates the idea of system approach cycle employed in
the risk assessment strategy. A significant part of the risk management strategy is due to the
fact that it assesses the efficiency and effectiveness of the risk management course and
endorses progress advancement via improving practice. The audit strictly adheres to the
organizational aims and objectives (Hay, 2014). Therefore, it easily evaluates through the
identification of essential risks in an organization through the accumulation of risk data and
assesses the risk management process by analyzing the efficiency of the control systems in
retorting to the probable risk as well as improved accountability of the entire managerial staff
in an organizational. Considering the risk management strategy, audit operates as an
individual judgment of rules, procedures, and control systems.
Moreover, the audit stimulates effective governance while administering rule over the entire
organization through the provision of sovereign guarantee on effectiveness, efficiency, the
effectiveness of the control frameworks through the facilitation and assessing the enactment
and augmenting of the risk management strategy. Consequently, it aids managerial teams in
augmenting internal control systems and the environment through adhering to newfangled
legislations and rules used in enhancing co-operate governance and effective practices (Khlif
& Samaha, 2013). Audit it always taken as an essential concept of assessing and measuring
risk practices as it results in enhancement of real practices and outcomes in enhancing patient
results. Moreover, it is a consistent and methodological technique of evaluating quality
practice, creating a significant comparison with probable standard practices and bringing in
the corrective measure where possible.

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Additionally, it makes sure the knowledge and skill utilization, assets, and skills and
evaluation of essential control, governance and risk management are done effectively. Value
is added an organization's objectives are enhanced through making sure those real practices
that are evidence-based considering the stated standards. This is a solely individual work that
enhances service via changing particular practices. Thus the standard analysis of the
organization is always executed using a SWOT or a Gap analysis (Mohseni, 2014).
Toi Ohomai two infectious areas
Contagions are mostly instigated by a number of elements and can happen in any place. Any
place can be regarded to be a risky area inclusive of health and safety risks that would
significantly influence the strategic objectives of the entire association. Thus, the entire
organizational team must employ infection prevention and control (IPC) measures used as an
inhibition against the stated infections. Thus by analyzing different works concerning risk
areas in many organizations, it is stipulated that the toilet and the Toi Ohomai cafeteria pose a
great risk in a disease outbreak (O'Reilly, 2015). Hence a risk evaluation audit must be
carried out in such segments in order to endorse health and safety for all students including
the managerial staffs.
Due to the fact that the toilets are frequently utilized, they are thus vulnerable to infection
occurrence. The toilet harbors the infection causing organisms and an essential source of
pollution due to droplets of aerosols emitted during toilet flushes and the settling process. The
most fragile areas where enteric viruses (rotavirus, notovirus, and rhinovirus) can be spread
are through the flush handles, banisters, and the door handles (Elder et al., 2009). Thus these
surfaces can be polluted indirectly or directly through aerosols spillage and dirty hands for all
toilet users. According to scientific study, bacterial pollution happens in lavage toilet bowls.
This happens as the basins of P. aeruginosa and E. coli leads to devious and cystitis diseases.

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Additionally, bacterial contaminations may rise from urine spillage and wobbly stools of
infected individuals and flapping of tainted water from the toilet. On the other hand, another
study shows that Salmonella pathogen has been traced to be found at the rear edge of the
toilet bowl utilized by an infected individual of salmonellosis (Sin, Moroney & Strydom,
2015).
Subsequently, the school cafeteria may result in disease outbreak when the food is not cooked
properly, prepared or stored in an efficient manner. Thus efficient care and maintenance must
be focused on the cafeteria as negligence in hygiene policies may result in ailment to students
at the college. Additionally, the canteen employees should be educated on food handling
procedures, so that hygiene is upheld and moreover a certification of good health should be
obtained from the municipal health sector (Feng & Pevzner, 2013). According to study
conducted by the ministry of health, foodborne perils happen as a result of contaminated
fruits and vegetables. Moreover, approximately, 110000 students have been affected by
gastroenteritis in about 390 educational centers (Specifically childcare schools and facilities).
It is pointed out that dishes containing frozen strawberries have been the major cause of the
disease outbreak (Simunic, Ye & Zhang, 2013).
Evidence based auditing standards for Toi Ohomai Toilets
There has been a set up by the ministry of education concerning the school buildings in New
Zealand about the reference design of the school. According to the ministry’s design it is
prospected that the toilets must be closely aligned to the classes (permits twofold access of
outdoor and indoor events) of learning institutes in order for students to easily access toilets
during learning periods. Moreover, according to the design it must have a self-contained hand
dryer and basin for each subsequent cubicle. Anywhere possible, there must be natural light
or artificial light that should be effectively supplied using sensors of every basin should be

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supplied by warm water that has a maximum temperature of 45°C. The taps should not be
fragile and automated (Khlif & Samaha, 2013). In this case a single tap is required to every
single basin, supplying warm water and every tap should be electronically linked and a push
button which is digitalized should be installed. Thus if conceivable, every handy toilet must
have paper towels in order to prevent dropping of aerosols from hand dryer. Moreover, it is
also suggested that the toilets must have mechanical aeration that attains a negative gravity
with the neighboring spaces within.
Considering the Baze University scenario, an increased event of pathogen contamination was
recorded from the door handles of the toilets found on the largest block of the campus due to
its subsequent utilization. This was due to adjacent nearness of the toilet door handles to the
basin sinks and water supply system and also being unprotected to airborne micro-organisms
transmitted through coughs, flushing, sneezing, water-borne spread, and the interaction of
unwashed hands. The remote pathogens included five species of the gut, staphylococcus and
aeruginosa signifying fecal pollution and unhealthy hands and settling of the dust particles.
Thus a similar analysis of the toilets show that there is an increased chance of pathogen
contamination of vaginal linked bacteria known as Lactobacillaceae found on female door
toilet handles influenced by urine and vaginal discharge.
When conducting research on disease caused by Clostridium difficule, aerosol generation can
lead to surface pollution in toilet environment upon flushing the toilet and forgetting to flush
the toilet lid. For this reason, toilets and their lids must be consequently be cleaned and lids
must be shut after flushing in order to evade the risk of environmental contamination of
Clostribium difficule. Moreover, a cross-sectional study for an Ethiopian school pointed out
that children are consistently been affected by the parasitic infection caused by hand-mouth
behavior, less number of hand washing facilities, unhealthy hands, and their low immune
systems. Generally, bacteria may be deposited by hot air dryers on hands and people’s

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bodies. Upon operation of the dryers, it distributes bacteria to the environment and might be
inhaled by people. Towels can effectively dry hands, which will lead to low contamination
through the removal of bacteria in the toilet vicinity. Moreover, paper towels are greater
when contrasting to electric air dryers from a hygienic perspective. Through critical analysis
of this literature, various basic standards used for toilet auditing were identified for Toi
Ohomai, they include:
There should be aeration in all toilets
Sensor taps should be accessible outside the toilets
Every basin should be placed at each tap
The water of 45°C should be provided for handwashing
For drying, hands paper towels must be availed
There should be led indicating closure of the toilets when flushing
An automated sensor door should be placed on the entrance
There should be a soap dispenser in every basin
Every toilet should be cleaned up using a disinfectant
The Auditing process
In this section the initial phase of carrying out the audit is choosing a particular topic.
Therefore, based on the report, the ground floor of the female toilets in L-block is chosen.
Consequently, prospective kinds of literature and standards relating to specific standards have
been created following the ministry of health rules and regulations. Moreover, observation
techniques were employed in assessing the actual status of the standards provided for
carrying out the audit (‘Toi Ohomai O-week 2017 (Tuaranga)’, 2019). Thus the findings of
the audit included:

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Led during flashing – this prevents aerosols products thus reduces contraction of C.
difficle disease.
Every toilet should be cleaned up using a disinfectant – in order to reduce surface
contamination as a result of aerosol production all toilets and their surfaces should be
thoroughly cleaned using disinfectants, therefore the standards were met during
auditing.
An automated sensor door should be placed on the entrance – the door handle
operates as a source of infection due to fecal contamination, the settling of the dust
particles and unhygienic hands in order for the sensors to be available at the entrance
of the toilet although there is no door at Toi Ohomai female toilet L-block.
Sensor taps should be accessible outside the toilets – toilet contamination cannot be
avoided as physical contact with people's used surfaces, therefore, taps should be
located outside the toilets and it would be sensor-type in order to reduce
contamination rates. In this case, the standards were met due to the availability of
sensor taps outside the toilets.
The water of 45°C should be provided for handwashing – considering the ministry of
education standards, a standardized toilet maximum water temperature should be
45°C. In Toi Ohomai, hot water is provided although the exact temperature has not
yet been determined by the staff and students.
Every basin should be placed at each tap – considering the ministry of education and
health there should be one basin for each tap in order to avoid contamination although
Toi Ohomai L-block female toilet has only a single large basin that has 6 taps. Thus
the standards have not been met.
There should be a soap dispenser in every basin – using soap and water for
handwashing is effective and globally accepted. Nonetheless, reusable soap dispenser

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creates a 100% risk of infection outbreak as it is easy for contracting bacteria.
Therefore the soap dispenser must be automated refill types and sealed although
auditing toilets had refillable soap dispenser.
For drying hands paper towels must be availed – actually, paper towels do not
contaminate as they eliminate bacteria and dry hands in an effective manner within
washroom vicinity although auditing toilets have not met the standards since there are
no paper towels for drying hands.
There should be aeration in all toilets – this particular standard has been achieved
while auditing the toilet since it possesses mechanical aeration that attained a negative
pressure with the neighboring spaces.
Recommendations
Upon carrying out the audit process and evaluation of the risk levels, it was discovered that
standards were not attained for the L-block female toilets. Due to this claim, effective
methods must be found for reducing the risks and promoting health and safety standards for
all students, council members, employees, and visitors coming to Toi Ohomai (Saputra,
2016). The institution lacks an automated led thus showing to close the led when flushing,
therefore Toi Ohomai managerial system suggests in creating a picture that ensures closure of
the toilet lids when flushing, and consequently, putting an automated lid when constructing a
brand toilet within the college vicinity. Considering the results of the auditing process, the
entire staff of the Toi Ohomai is recommended to put water at a temperature of about 45°C
used for hand washing and also putting a single tap in each toilet basin thus preventing the
spread of contagious diseases (Zhang & Morrison, 2018). Correspondingly, lowering the
contamination of the bacteria as a result of the refillable soap dispenser, digitalized closed
soap dispenser use must be placed opposite to the tap. Moreover, hand hygiene methods
poster must be positioned close to the toilet taps in order to enhance accurate hand hygiene

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and paper towel must be placed in all toilets which are used to hand drying and inhibition of
production of aerosols by the electrical hand dryer.
Conclusion
Conclusively, auditing entails a process of assessing the present practices of a particular firm
and identifying if the stated business adheres to the standards stated or not. Therefore, risk
management aids firms in reducing and controlling prospective risks and hazards that may
lead to financial and physical loss. Considering Toi Ohomai, the toilets and cafeteria were the
most exposed areas that would result in a disease outbreak. For this reason, an audit analysis
has been conducted for the female toilet in the L-block through the implementation of various
standards and analysis of different scholarly pieces of literature. Likewise, analysis of the
audit recommends that the primary objective of the standards have not been attained in the
auditing of the toilet, therefore, Toi Ohomai suggests that probable changes should be
employed within the toilets as substituting a picture of hand hygiene, placing automated soap
dispenser and placing towels purposed for hand drying.