Analyzing Tourism Management Complexities in Paris (Pre & Post-COVID)

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of tourism management in Paris, focusing on the complexities faced by the industry both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to the pandemic, the tourism industry in Paris grappled with challenges related to economic dimensions, stakeholder management, tourist motivations, and globalization. Economic dimensions included environmental sustainability, changing customer preferences, resource consumption, and employment issues. Stakeholder complexities involved navigating government regulations, competition, and evolving customer demands. Tourist motivations were addressed through physical, cultural, interpersonal, and status-related incentives. Globalization introduced complexities related to cross-border flows, capital requirements, data security, and transport modernization. Post-pandemic, the tourism sector faced significant revenue losses, decreased tourist numbers, and increased unemployment. The report highlights the need for strategic interventions to revitalize the tourism industry and address the long-term economic impacts of the crisis, emphasizing the importance of attracting clients with attractive offers and focusing on technological advancements to boost revenue and overall economic recovery. Desklib offers a range of resources, including past papers and solved assignments, to aid students in understanding these complex issues.

TOURISM
MANAGEMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Complexities of the tourism industry in Paris prior the pandemic..................................................1
Complexities of the tourism industry in Paris after the pandemic...................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
References:.......................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Tourism management can be defined as the administration of the multidisciplinary
domains which are associated with the tourism and hospitality industries. It provides the
experiences to the customers in terms of food and accommodation along with the every part of
the tourism industry. It benefits the economy of the nation because it preserves the cultural
heritage of the country and promotes the nation so that maximum visits can make which increase
the gross domestic product of the nation (Seyfi and Hall, 2019). The following discussion is
based on the tourism management in Paris which is a capital of France and it is a country in
Europe continent. Tourism industry provides various services to the customers so that they can
enhance their experiences as a successful one. Such as accommodation and food and beverage
services along with the recreation and entertainment which is followed by the transportation and
travel services as well.
There are industries which are related to the tourism industry such as transportation
which includes airline industry, car rental, water transport, coach services, railway and
spacecraft. Accommodation which includes hotels, shared accommodation, hostels, camping,
bed and breakfast, cruises, farmhouse and agri tourism. Food and beverage which includes
restaurants, catering, bars and cafes and nightclubs. Entertainment which includes casino,
tourism information, shopping, tourist guides and tours. Connected industries which includes
financial services, travel agents, tour operators, online travel agencies, tourism organizations and
educational. This report provides the insight and view of complexities of the tourism industry in
Paris both prior the pandemic and after the pandemic as well with conclusion. Here pandemic
relates with the COVID 19 virus which is initiated from China and lock down was the reason for
the same. Therefore, the below discussion is made on the impact of COVID 19 pandemic on the
tourism industry and its management in Paris before and after the crises of pandemic.
Complexities of the tourism industry in Paris prior the pandemic
There were various complexities of the tourism industry in Paris prior to the pandemic
which were faced by the organizations. It is all related to the economic dimensions, stakeholders,
tourists' motivations and globalisation.
Talking about complexities regarding economic dimensions associated with the tourism
industry in Paris prior to the pandemic are such that there are various economic dimensions
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which has affected the tourism management before pandemic. Economic dimensions handles all
the economic externalities of an individual event. Environmental is one of the dimension which
has affected the tourism management in Paris. Such as it relates with the sustainability which
pollutes air and water by over consumption of tourist along with the increase in carbon footprint
as well (Shipway, 2018). Social is also one of the dimension which has affected the tourism
management in Paris. Such as the customer preferences changes as per the seasons and trend
which impacts negatively on the tourism industry as their management changes as per the needs
and requirements of the customers. Consumption of resources is one of the dimension which has
affected the tourism management in Paris. Such as it relates with high consumption of energy
utilised by the tourist affects the economy negatively in which organizations faces difficulty in
managing such over consumption of resources. Employment and unemployment is also one of
the dimension which has affected the tourism management in Paris. Such as organization also
faced difficulty in hiring the talented employees and if they found out then their demands are
high in terms of their salary. Consumer purchasing power is one of the dimension which has
affected the tourism management in Paris. Such as the national and disposable income along
with the personal and domestic income of the customers highly affects the tourism organizations
as it impacts the gross domestic product as well. Demand and supply of the tourism activities
cost a large to the organizations which are expensive in nature (Seyfi and Hall, 2020).
Talking about complexities regarding stakeholders associated with the tourism industry in
Paris prior to the pandemic are such that there are various stakeholders which has affected the
tourism management before pandemic. Stakeholders are the people who are directly or indirectly
associated with the organizational function either they can be outsiders such as competitors or
suppliers and they can be insiders as well such as employees or leaders. Government is one of
the external stakeholder which has affected the tourism management in Paris. Such as there are
strict policies framed by governments in order to restrict the illegal activities which results in the
strict norms and regulations. Competitors is an another external stakeholder which has affected
the tourism management in Paris (Kalandides, 2020). Such as organizations in tourism had faced
a lot of competition in a very tough manner. This is because every organization always brings up
the new ideas to attract the customers which increases the competition in a every next day.
Customers is also one of the external stakeholder which has affected the tourism management in
Paris. Such as there is a regular change in the demand and trends of the customers which also
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depends on their income to travel. This highly affects the tourism industry. Employee is one of
the internal stakeholder which has affected the tourism management in Paris. Such as there is a
lack of availability of skilled employees in tourism sector which are only needed on the
occasional basis. Leaders and managers is an another internal stakeholder which has affected the
tourism management in Paris. Such as proper management is only conducted when leaders and
managers make strategies for growth of the company but due to the tough competition, they lack
such capabilities (Stone, Hartmann, Seaton and White, 2018).
Talking about complexities regarding tourist motivation associated with the tourism
industry in Paris prior to the pandemic are such that there are various motivations applied by the
tourism organizations to resolve out the complexities which has affected the tourism
management before pandemic. Tourist motivations is defined as the global integration
networking of cultural forces and biology which provides the value and direction to the travel
behaviour and experiences of the customers. Physical motivators is one of the tourist motivation
applied by the tourist organizations. Such as climbing and running along with the hiking and
many more activities in tourism plays the motivator role. Cultural motivators is an another tourist
motivation applied by the tourist organizations. Such as historical sites and dance along with the
music and theatre performances which is followed by the art galleries and museums and also the
worship sites and ethnic traditions are the tourism motivators. Interpersonal motivators is also
one of the tourist motivation applied by the tourist organizations. Such as emotions, personal
reason to travel and many more are also the attractions. Status and prestige motivators is also an
another tourist motivation applied by the tourist organizations. Such as ego needs and personal
development along with the business and study are the motivators (Becken, 2019).
Talking about complexities regarding globalization associated with the tourism industry
in Paris prior to the pandemic are such that there are various globalisation elements which has
affected the tourism management before pandemic. Globalisation is defined as the interaction
and communication flow among people across the borders. It is the international collaborations
among people, companies and government for better growth and expansion of the economy of a
particular nation. Cross-border flows of goods and services is one of the element of globalization
which affects the tourism industry in Paris (Colladon, Guardabascio and Innarella, 2019). Such
as there are various export and import duties are imposed on the tourism organizations to transfer
goods and services from one country to another. Capital and people is an another element of
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globalization which affects the tourism industry in Paris. Such as there is a high requirements of
initial and operating capital to move from one to nation to another which also includes the people
cost as well. Data and ideas is also one of the element of globalization which affects the tourism
industry in Paris. Such as there is the restrictions of sharing of data and innovative ideas of
tourism because of the strict security and privacy. Development and constant modernisation of
means of transport is also an another element of globalization which affects the tourism industry
in Paris. Such as frequent development and modernization in the tourism industry has led to the
initiation of new things every time must create awareness all over the world is time and cost
consuming. Expansion of hotel chains into international markets is one of the element of
globalization which affects the tourism industry in Paris. Such as it relates with the international
competition due to the increment of multiple chains of hotels and thereby it leads to the
maximization of tourism activities by the organizations which impacts the sustainability as well
(Seyfi and Hall, 2020).
Complexities of the tourism industry in Paris after the pandemic
Paris is one of the biggest spot for the tourism and the greatest source of revenue for both
the government and the local vendors of the country but the hit of the pandemic in 201, the
overall tourism industry of the Paris suffered a lot. The source of income reduced as well as the
number of tourist also decline. It is been noted that the hospitality industry affect the most with
the global crisis (Della Lucia and Giudici, 2021). Tourism industry plays a great role in the
development of the country but the Corona virus affect in the negative way. In this report a
detailed study is made that how the pandemic impact the major Economy, stakeholder, tourist
motivation and the globalisation of the country.
Let see one by one the major complexities of the tourism industry in relation to the above four
factors.
 Economic dimensions:
Covid 19 restriction of Paris has closed down the gate of many bars, hotels and
the resorts. The government of the Paris imposed so many rules and regulation on the
tourist so that they can save their economy form the spread of the virus. In one of the
report it is being seen that about 15% of the hospitality industry have suffered losses. The
study also found that there is 73 % drop in the rate of hotel occupancy and 30% decline in
the room prices, which affect the hospitality industry to earn revenue. It is also seen that
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the visitor who visit Paris is decline by $ 33.1 million which shows that the revenue earn
by them is fallen by $ 15.5 billion. This is the greatest loss that Paris tourism industry
faces after the lockdown (Ibn-Mohammed, Mustapha, Godsell and Koh, 2021). Paris
alone in 2018 has over 40 million visitor but this drop by only 2.6 million in last year.
After the pandemic the number of foreign visitor is reduced by 80.7 percent. This all
factors affect the economy of the country as government is not able to earn revenue. The
greatest source of income of the France government is generated by this but with the
pandemic the source of revenue is less which made the government to impose more taxes
and reduce the subsidiary. The technology advancement is also low and the economy is
slower down. The overall economy of the country is getting back by 10 years. The
government need to pay more attention toward those factors like natural resources,
technology, GDP so that they can enhance their condition. The Paris tourism sector also
need to attract more clients by giving attractive offers to them visitor so that they can
boost their revenue. Many of the hotels and resorts of Paris is shut down which create the
problem of unemployment in the country. The employment rate rises from 2018 to 2020
(Falchetta and Noussan, 2020).
 Stakeholder:
There are various stakeholder of the tourism industry. These are customer,
investor, suppliers, government, and local vendors. All these people are interlinked with
the Paris tourism industry. These all create values to the tourism. With the strike of Covid
19 all these shareholder also suffer by the reduction of tourism sector of the country. The
investor is feeling risky to invest in the Paris tourism. The investment decreases a lot
which create problem for the businesses and the government. Also the major stakeholder
of the industry customer is also low. The foreign tourist reduces. Hotels also feel
challenges to fulfil the demand of the customer and satisfy their need during the
pandemic. Paris Government also suffer as they need to make new rules and regulation
for the sector so that they can safe their country. To save their stakeholder the Paris
region has also announce lockdown as the cases of Covid soar. The virus has so many
variants so to protect their customer and investor they restrict the number of employees.
The local vendors like artist, musician, local shops etc., also suffer as there revenue
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decreases the foreign visitor purchase goods and services from them but due to pandemic
tourist activities stopped which create problem form them as there source of income
reduce. The suppliers also suffer as they are supplying the raw material in less quantity as
the tourist are less as compared before the pandemic. This is all because only 17.5 million
tourists are visited Paris and the surrounding cities. The investor are not injecting their
money because they feel that after the Crisis hospitality industry is the more riskier
industry because they are in the state of loss and can shut anytime (Kabadayi, O’Connor
and Tuzovic, 2020).
 Tourist motivation:
The tourist motivation level after the pandemic is lower down. They are feeling
risky to go out and enjoy because of the fear of catching the virus. They are preferring to
go to the near places from their home. They are avoiding the far destination place. There
morale is so less that they want those place which are strictly following the standards of
sanitising. Many tourist feel that they will prefer going to that place which is less known
to the people so that they cannot suffer. In one of the survey it is being found that the
impact of the Covid 19 is on the propensity of the tourist to travel and purchase the
packages (Beaman, 2020). There are some factors like geographical condition, social
factor, place of origin, tourism destination plays an important role to boost their
motivation but these entire factors are lee with the rise in crisis. Tourism destination is
the major contributor in boosting the morale but the Paris hit hard during the corona virus
pandemic and this alters the behaviour of the visitor. There morale depends upon the
facility that the hotel and resort provide as well as the country laws and policy also
depends. It is found that most of the tourist satisfaction level is low as compared to the
earlier period before the pandemic. It is also recorded that there enjoyment level is
comparatively lower due to the stress. There motivational behaviours is concerning as
one of the most vital competencies for the economical and social benefit. Tourist
knowledge, perception, beliefs are also one of the factor for their morale. Even the
changing market condition of the tourist industry is also altering their behaviour. Changes
in value of currency, political situations, and economic well-being of the Paris country
influence the decisions of a tourist (St John, 2021).
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 Globalisation:
The last dimension of the tourism industry that is going to be study is about the
impact of Covid 19 on the globalisation. The pandemic not only affect the Paris tourist
industry but the whole global environment is affected by them. Globalisation is the
processes were the goods and services are exchanged from one country to other country.
There are no national boundaries when there is globalisation. Tourism industry is also a
global industry was the visitor or the tourist goes from one country to another for doing
tourist activities. But with the pandemic the global tourism also reduce by 78 percent
because of virus spread. With the stop of international transport during the lockdown all
the idea and technology shutter down. The tourist agencies who made packages for the
foreign country has lower down there prices. Connectivity and accessibility are the most
important element in global tourism. But the pandemic hit so drastically that it create a
situation of poor connectivity and accessibility for the tourist and this affect the tourism
industry of the world in a wider way. Even the countries cannot invest in their tourism
development because they are already running the losses. Many rules and regulation are
made by the government of every country for the global tourism. The revenue earning
from them also reduce. International trade mart from 2018 to 2019 decreases very
frequently. The middle income country suffers the most because there whole revenue is
low and the country is running in deficit (Pappas and Glyptou, 2021).
CONCLUSION
From the above report it is being concluded that the whole tourism pattern has changed
after the pandemic Covid 19. Before Covid 19, travel and tourism was the main sector for the
Paris and all other countries and the world economy is also depend on them. The global GDP is
more and the employment rate is high. By the end of 2019 it is seen that about 1.5 million fall in
the proposition of the economy create by the tourism sector. In total 100 millions of jobs all over
the world are in the risk about 54 percent of the tourism workforce is in the fear of getting
unemployed. Paris is the main source for the France to get revenue but with the pandemic all the
revenue is slower down and the economic condition is also in the state were they cannot invest
much foe their development. Many hospitality industries are vacant and the occupying capacity
of the hotel is also restrict by the number of visitor. The motivation level of the visitor during
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that time to go abroad and enjoy is also demoralised due to the fact of virus and protection
safety.
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References:
Books and Journals
Beaman, J., 2020. Underlying Conditions: Global Anti–Blackness amid COVID–19.
Becken, S., 2019. Decarbonising tourism: Mission impossible?. Tourism Recreation
Research, 44(4), pp.419-433.
Colladon, A.F., Guardabascio, B. and Innarella, R., 2019. Using social network and semantic
analysis to analyze online travel forums and forecast tourism demand. Decision Support
Systems, 123, p.113075.
Della Lucia, M. and Giudici, E., 2021. The Capitalist Dilemma in Modern Tourism
Development. In Humanistic Management and Sustainable Tourism (pp. 1-12). Routledge.
Falchetta, G. and Noussan, M., 2020, December. The Impact of COVID-19 on transport demand,
modal choices, and sectoral energy consumption in Europe. In IAEE Energy Forum,
Special (No. 2020).
Ibn-Mohammed, T., Mustapha, K.B., Godsell, J. and Koh, S.C.L., 2021. A critical analysis of the
impacts of COVID-19 on the global economy and ecosystems and opportunities for
circular economy strategies. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 164, p.105169.
Kabadayi, S., O’Connor, G.E. and Tuzovic, S., 2020. The impact of coronavirus on service
ecosystems as service mega-disruptions. Journal of Services Marketing.
Kalandides, A., 2020. Tourism Management in Berlin: From Destination Marketing to Place
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pandemic: Complexity insights from Greece. International Journal of Hospitality
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Seyfi, S. and Hall, C.M. eds., 2020. Cultural and heritage tourism in the Middle East and North
Africa: Complexities, management and practices. Routledge.
Seyfi, S. and Hall, C.M., 2019. Deciphering Islamic theocracy and tourism: Conceptualization,
context, and complexities. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(6), pp.735-746.
Seyfi, S. and Hall, C.M., 2020. Sanctions and tourism: Effects, complexities and
research. Tourism Geographies, 22(4-5), pp.749-767.
Shipway, R., 2018. Building resilience and managing crises and disasters in sport
tourism. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 22(3), pp.265-270.
St John, C., 2021. Exploring the Creative Process of Choreographing Opera Prior to and Amidst
the COVID-19 Global Pandemic: Opportunities, Challenges, and Complexities.
Stone, P.R., Hartmann, R., Seaton, A.V. and White, L. eds., 2018. The Palgrave handbook of
dark tourism studies (pp. 335-354). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
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