Literature Review: Impact of Terrorism on the Tourism Industry

This literature review investigates the multifaceted effects of terrorism on the tourism industry. It begins by defining terrorism in the 21st century and explores the motivations behind terrorist attacks on tourist destinations, including hotels and transportation hubs like airplanes. The review then delves into the direct impacts of terrorism on the tourism industry, such as decreased exports of tourism services, instability in trade balances, and the devastating loss of life and financial resources. It examines case studies like the 9/11 attacks and the Bali bombings to illustrate the immediate and long-term consequences, including flight cancellations, decreased hotel occupancy rates, and the overall impact on the global economy. The review synthesizes various scholarly sources to provide a comprehensive understanding of how terrorism affects tourism, emphasizing the industry's vulnerability and the need for security measures.

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literature review
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7/14/2019
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LITERATURE REVIEW 1
Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Literature review..............................................................................................................................3
Terrorism in the 21st century.......................................................................................................3
Cause of terrorist to attack tourist places.....................................................................................4
Terrorism impact on the tourism industry...................................................................................5
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8
References........................................................................................................................................9

LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Introduction
Crime has been increasing in most of the nations, for which terrorism is one of the common face
that act as major threat for any nation. In the broader sense, terrorism is a kind of criminal
organisation that is involved in indiscriminate violence intentionally, for the purpose to
development of frightened and terror among the group of people or to feel, in order to
accomplish some political in all religious same (Bergin, 2017). There have been many incidents
identified across the globe of terrorism, for example 911 is one of the most common terrorist
attacks in the USA, which has not only combined in the form of sets, people, and disturbing the
economy. It has also affected the tourism industry in the nation for years preceding the terrorist
attack. The purpose of this research is to assess the impact of terrorism on the tourism industry
for which the statement of the research problem is to identify and assess influence of terrorism
on the tourism industry for which the data collection method used will be secondary data
collection from scholarly reviewed journals (Paul, Bugnar, & Mester, 2015).

LITERATURE REVIEW 3
Literature review
According to the researchers, tourism is one of the main sources of income in most of the nations
which may be affected by the terrorist attacks and similar ethnic, all political groups which will
eventually affect the economy of the nation (Arana & Leon, 2007). There is an industry
according to the researchers, that are considered to be global economy is most relevant cogged
wheels. Increase in the number of tourists has tennis in various countries especially the nations
that are not developed yet as it could be the only income source that is providing maximum share
in the economy. Due to terrorist attacks, the tourism is majorly fear of visiting the place again i
have also decrease the destination goodwill and popularity due to the increase in the negative
image (Yap & Saha, 2013). The scholars have presented trying to build up a connection between
the terrace and attacks and tourism in order to provide a response of the industry considering
focus on some of the tourist market for example USA in the presented paper. There have been
various researches conducted which would be sourced to provide to the solutions to the research
question through the literature review. Research questions include identifying and assessing the
true interpretation of terrorism according to the scholars, assess the research for a terrorist to
decide to target the tourist places, and how the terrorism has been and will influence the tourism
across the globe (Watson, 2002).
Terrorism in the 21st century
In order to understand the impact of the television, it is important to understand that terrorism is
being considered in 21st-century that has been presented by the scholar and various researches
have been conducted. The definition by American civil code includes that the terrorism is a
politically motivated against citizens, premeditated violence, that has been committed by

LITERATURE REVIEW 4
clandestinely all looking group so as to influence the public that is the target audience for this
intentionally done attacks (Thomson, 2011). Other researchers have also defined the recent
different way in order to enhance the understanding of terrorism so as to further understand its
intact on organizations and industry (Bader, 2015). Other definitions include terrorism is kind of
violence that is political or religious utilized commonly in a case when someone is likely to
contradict the factions and have not been identified to be strong and figures to resolve their
military enemy. The major objective of such attacks is to force the other party to extract
inflicting conditions for instance government are generally a post by such group of people for
which they are looking for more casualties and hazards they can bear (Arana & Leon, 2007).
Cause of terrorist to attack tourist places
Terrorism can take various forms like international terrorism, domestic terrorism, and cross
border terrorism. There is the various reason that the terrorist attack tourist place for purpose as
presented by various scholars. For example, the key reasons for the terrorist to attack hotels like
the premium hotel are to destruct maximum at a single time, the reason being the hotels are
offering accessibility to the public to large extent and for around 24- 7 (Bergin, 2017). Moreover,
it has been observed that the conferences, meeting and prestigious are the major host of the
hotels. Moreover, the larger hotels have various exits and entrants making the possibility to
breach the security become possible for the terrorist. For instance, one of the terrorist attacks in
Mumbai, India at hotel taj was one of the popular incidents that reflect the reachability of the
terrorist in the hotel due to the popularity of the hotel in the nation, and most prestigious guests
are hosted in the hotel. Moreover, some of the official and important meetings held the hotel,
which makes the place most appropriate to increase the influence over the government in no
time. Thus, it can be said that the hotels in the tourism industry are most likely to be attacked by

LITERATURE REVIEW 5
the terrorist affecting the tourism industry directly (Rix, 2006). Airplane hijacks are the other
form of terrorist attacks that have left the strong mark in history as the most relevant and
recognizable incident of hijacked planes crashing and entering into world trade centre in new
york. The key reason for choosing such tourism places is the approachability of the terrorist.
That is through hijacking the plane large number of the people traveling through are targeted
with whom the terrorist are easily able to demand in exchange for realizing the travellers of the
flight as they can easily block the airport runway to make the deal more strong. Therefore, it can
be said that due to increase the terror among the people and build the pressure on the governing
officials, the terrorist goes for the tourism places to choose as the targeting spot for the attacks in
order to increase the level of destruction in the economy (Griffiths, 2014).
Terrorism impact on the tourism industry
Researchers finding include the relation between the terrorism and tourism, through which it can
be said that the terrorism that the tourist are just the victims, where the terrorist may have
targeted the civilians (Young, 2014). That is the major aim of the terrorist to harm the civil
people and fear them for religion or political reasons but the terrorist is usually looking out for
the popular places of the city to roam around due to which they become the key victims.
Moreover, according to the scholars, it has been identified that the direct impact of the terrorism
is directed and affected the economic targets that are related to that of the terrorism business
(Veron, Raamjah, Wallance, Elliott, & Reddy, 2019). Some of the key effect of terrorism over
the economy and the tourism industry includes exports of products and services, where the
services also include tourism services. It can be said that due to increase in security, the tourism
services are reduced and due to increase in this security issue people are not welcome in the
nation or city and on the other way it can be said that people due to fear of terrorism do not

LITERATURE REVIEW 6
prefer to visit the location soon. Therefore, it can be said that terrorism is one of the major cause
to decrease the exports from the nation. Instability in the trade balance is another cause identified
by the scholars, which preceded the cause of lack of export from the nation, that will also affect
over the instability in the trade balance (Mahadevan, 2017). The trade will be balanced when the
import and export will at the same level for the nation or beneficial for the country when exports
are higher than the import in the nation. Due to fear among the civilians, usual behaviour
observed in civilians is to reside to another city, location, or even nation for some time after the
attack or chances of terrorism which will provide income to another nation, eventually
decreasing the trade balance (Paul, Bugnar, & Mester, 2015).
One of the most destructive causes of terrorism according to the scholars is loss of lives and
diversification of fund. The loss of lives of the civilians and the tourist are the major negative
impact over the tourism industry and economy of the nation. This will not only affect the tourism
industry in the form of financial instability or economic instability but will also affect the
goodwill of the industry (Durodie, 2016). Moreover, the monetary loss is another major loss for
the tourism industry the reconstruction of the places that have been targeted also take time to
rebuilt and renovate which will adversely affect the industry as lack of business is provided by
the industry for very long time. Therefore, it can be said that the after attack implications of
terrorism are very adverse over the tourism industry and economy of the nation for a very long
run. For instance, in case of the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, reflect the major impact
over the national and local level, where the immediate action observed were cancelation of flight
and traveling ticket to the nation and city depicting the immediate loss to the tourism industry
(Burke, 2017). Not only the nation but the nearby nations are also affected considering the
tourism industry. For example, an attack in Bali has reflected over the foreign reservation

LITERATURE REVIEW 7
cancellations in Indonesia. According to the researches due to legal obligations, the tourism
companies and tour operators are blocked for any transaction to keep the environment for the
tourist safe. Every business in the tourism industry that is from the transportation business to the
hotel industry is affected due to terrorism. As the key areas that as the flights are reduced due to
the risk of hijack. According to the research, it has been observed that the hotel occupancy rates
are decreased to around seventy-five percent reflecting the decreased demand in the tourism
industry for very long and will affect the global economy as a whole (Feizkhah, 2003).

LITERATURE REVIEW 8
Conclusion
From the literature review, it can be concluded that terrorism is a politically motivated against
citizens, premeditated violence, that has been committed by clandestinely all looking group so as
to influence the public that is the target audience for this intentionally done attacks. The scholars
have presented trying to build up a connection between the terror and attacks and tourism in
order to provide a response of the industry. Terrorism can take various forms like international
terrorism, domestic terrorism, and cross border terrorism. It can be said that the hotels in the
tourism industry are most likely to be attacked by the terrorist affecting the tourism industry
directly.
Airplane hijacks are the other form of terrorist attacks that have left a strong mark in history. The
key reasons for the terrorist to attack hotels like premium hotel are to destruct maximum at a
single time. It increased the terror among the people and it builds the pressure on the government
officials. The direct impact of terrorism is directed and affected the economic targets that are
related to that of the terrorism business. Some of the key effect of terrorism over the economy
and the tourism industry includes exports of products and services. Instability in the trade
balance is another cause identified by the scholars. One of the most destructive causes of
terrorism according to the scholars is loss of lives and diversification of fund.

LITERATURE REVIEW 9
References
Arana, j., & leon, c. (2007). The impact of terrorism on tourism demand. Annals of tourism
research, 35(2), 299-315.
Bader, b. (2015). Expatriate social networks in terrorism-endangered countries: an empirical
analysis in afghanistan, india, pakistan, and saudi arabia. Journal of international
management, 63-77.
Bergin, a. (2017). Local government and australian counter-terrorism strategy. Journal of
policing, intelligence and counter terrorism, 12(1), 74-77.
Burke, a. (2017). Counter-terrorism for emergency responders. Crc press.
Durodie, b. (2016). Securitising education to prevent terrorism or losing direction? British
journal of educational studies, 21-35.
Feizkhah, e. (2003). A matter of urgency. Time international (south pacific edition), 54-55.
Griffiths, s. (2014). A time to reassure tourists. Travel trade gazette uk & ireland, 14-15.
Mahadevan, p. (2017). India and global discourse on state-sponsored terrorism. Rising powers
quarterly, 185-201.
Paul, d., bugnar, n., & mester, l. (2015). Terrorism and its impacts on the tourism industry.
Romanian review on political geography / revista româna geografie politica, 17(1), 5-11.
Rix, m. (2006). Australia’s anti‐terrorism legislation: the national security state and the
community legal sector. Prometheus, 24(4), 429-439.
Thomson, a. (2011). Terrorism and tourism in developed versus developing countries. Tourism
economics, 17(3), 693-700.
Veron, j., raamjah, v., wallance, d., elliott, r., & reddy, k. (2019). The effects of recent terrorist
attacks on risk and return in commodity markets. Energy economics, 77, 13-22.
Watson, r. (2002). Multiculturalism and middle east terrorism . National observer, 51, 42-44.
Yap, g., & saha, s. (2013). Do political instability, terrorism, and corruption have deterring
effects on tourism development even in the presence of unesco heritage? A cross-country
panel estimate. Tourism analysis, 18(5), 587-599.
Young, l. (2014). Survival of the fittest: why terrorist groups endure. Perspectives on terrorism,,
2-23.

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