Trade Liberalization Impact on Gender Inequality in Bangladesh

This report examines the impact of trade liberalization and globalization on gender inequality in Bangladesh, focusing on the period from 1990 to 2017. The study utilizes data from UNDP, WHO, and other sources to analyze trends in education, health, and the labor market. It constructs a Gender Inequality Index (GII) using a modified methodology, considering factors like the school ratio of girls to boys and the ratio of female to male teachers. The analysis includes correlation and regression analyses to determine the relationship between trade liberalization and gender inequality, with detailed calculations and formulas presented in the appendices. The research aims to provide insights into how economic policies and global integration affect gender disparities in Bangladesh, offering valuable information for policymakers and organizations working towards gender equality. The report also explores the theoretical implications of these findings and their practical applications.

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 1
Abstract:
In our paper, we will discuss the case study of Bangladesh. This main study focus is
to explore the trade liberalization impact on Bangladesh gender inequalities. The basis of
global gender inequality is these three dimensions, containing education, health facilities, and
the labour market are analyzed using UNDP, WHO, GDP, IHDI and HII data (1990 to 2017)
for Bangladesh. We will use other market indicators to construct the gender inequality index
rather than directly using wage differences of gender due to data limitation in Bangladesh.
We will leverage the UNDP introduced a GDI sensitive weighting formula that expresses a
moderate aversion to inequality equal to two (2) that is a harmonic mean of the male and
female values that we will be using in a similar methodology to form the time GDI variant.
Besides, imports and exports to per-capita gross domestic product or GDP, GDP ratio, and
school ratio of a number of girls to the number of boys are recognized as essential factors of
overall Bangladesh gender inequality and in Bangladesh labour market gender inequality.
Additionally, in the attainment of education gender inequality, also we will go through
Bangladesh’s per-capita GDP, school ratio of a number of girls to the number of boys’
schools and per school number of female teachers.
Keywords: Globalization, Gender, inequality, labour market, liberalization

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 2
Contents
Abstract:....................................................................................................................................2
1.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................4
2.0 Literature review..................................................................................................................5
2.1 Theories of Gender Inequality..........................................................................................5
2.2 Theories of globalisation and division of labour..............................................................6
2.3 The gender inequality index.............................................................................................7
2.4 Theory of gendered moral................................................................................................8
2.5 Theory of Gendered organisation and hierarchy..............................................................8
4.0 Research questions...............................................................................................................9
5.0 Theoretical framework.........................................................................................................9
6.0 Methodology......................................................................................................................10
7.0 Data analysis......................................................................................................................12
7.1 Data and calculations of the index..................................................................................12
7.2 Correlation matrix..........................................................................................................13
7.3 Regression analysis........................................................................................................14
7.4 Gender inequality in labour market................................................................................16
7.5 Inequality in the education attainment...........................................................................17
7.6 Inequality in health.........................................................................................................18
8.0 Theoretical and practical implication.................................................................................18
9.0 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................19
Reference..................................................................................................................................21
Appendix..................................................................................................................................24

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 3
1.0 Introduction
The economy is among the main concerns and talking points of politics and political
meetings. The economy determines the well being of the country and the world as a whole.
This economy changes from time to time with the changes in various factors such as
technology. One such change is the globalisation wherein the global economy works as a
huge market for any company situated in any part of the world. The main aim of globalisation
was to make use of the efficient resources of the world for the overall betterment.
Globalisation has helped in the creation of wealth, reduced the cost of living and improved
the living standard across the world. Despite the benefits, it also has created some of the
problems as well (Ahmed). The process of globalisation also helps in the improvement of
inequality as well. However, in reality in some of the cases, globalisation has negatively
affected the gender inequality of the economy. Gender inequality is one of the concerns for
the world leaders as this provides less number of opportunities to the female members of
society.
Bangladesh, which is the case for the study of this paper, is one of the countries in the world
that has been facing the ill side of the globalisation. There is an ongoing problem of
inequality in fields such as education and employment. As per the Human Development
Index (HDI) data of the year 2015, the rank of Bangladesh is 139 out of 187 countries that
were studied. The gender inequality index published in the year 2017 showed a good result
for the country as it ranked 47 out of 144 countries that were studied (Arora*). Although, a
significant chunk of the inequality in the economy of Bangladesh is due to the widespread
poverty and the patriarchal kinship system, there are also influences of economic policies as
well. The process of globalisation has improved the inequality index of the country in the past
years. The main advantage of equal society in terms of economic opportunity is that it

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 4
provides a more balanced distribution of the wealth of the economy. Apart from that, better
gender equality in the economy also improves the living standard of the people as well.
The paper aims to investigate whether the globalisation does affect gender inequality in the
case of Bangladesh. The economy of Bangladesh was liberalised and opened to the global
market in the year 1997 (Baliamoune-Lutz). This paper, using the data from sources such as
IMF and World Bank will examine whether there is any influence of liberalisation on the
gender inequality in Bangladesh. Along with that, the objective of the paper also includes
finding whether the globalisation affects gender inequality in the case of Bangladesh. The
finding of this paper can be a valuable resource for the government and other private
organisations. The government can get a detailed insight from this paper which can be used
before the development of any government policy related to the gender inequality of
Bangladesh.
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Theories of Gender Inequality
According to the literature of sociology, gender inequality is the difference between men and
women members of the society in terms of economic opportunity and rights. It also
encapsulates the psychological, cultural differences between male and female members of the
society. (BenerÍa, Floro and MacDonald) stated that, it is the gender roles in the societal that
stems from the unequal treatment of the men and women in society. (CEIC) stated that,
gender inequality is the denial of opportunity and rights to the individuals based on their
gender. There are mainly two perspectives of gender inequalities, these are presented below:
The functionalist perspective
This perspective is part of sociological literature that states, entities are interdependent. It also
emphasizes on the fact that gender inequalities help in the division of labour as well.

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 5
Although the theory suggests that inequality among the men and women member of the
society is efficient, the recent nature of economy penalises an unequal economy(). The
functional perspective also states that there are certain works of the society which is done by
a specific gender of the society and hence it gave the practice of discrimination and denial of
rights. With the development in the economy, this assignment of the task as per the gender
has kept the women away from the gains.
Pre-industrial society
In the theory of the pre industrialised society, the roles and the responsibilities of the people
in the society were delegated based on the gender of the individual. It was believed that it is
the efficient allocation of the division of work that will create equilibrium in society. Each
job of the society had a tag of the gender that needs to be associated with it. (Goldblatt) noted
that these practices gave rise to the belief of the human and now it does not fit with the
modern economy. Therefore, gender inequality is among the hurdle in the path of the
development as per the recent nature of the global economy. As the economy progressed,
these women failed to take part in the formal economy given the societal task they were
assigned. Therefore, in many countries, there are huge differences between a male and female
member of society in terms of the rights and opportunities received.
2.2 Theories of globalisation and division of labour
One of the most important benefits of the globalisation is the transfer of capital and know-
how that effectively influence the production process of an economy. With the transfer of
know-how and the technological diffusion production increases with the increase in the
median income of the people of the economy (Gosain). Therefore, women, who were
assigned a specific task in the society and were kept out of the formal economic system gets
the opportunity to become self-sufficient. Apart from that, in the modern economy, gender
inequality can also reduce the competitiveness of an economy as well. (Guenther) stated that

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 6
countries with high export potential can get affected due to the inequality in labour
participation. In addition to that, (Hasnayen) noted that globalisation offers a huge pool of
information sources to the citizens of the world. This has helped the women of society to
learn about their roles in the modern economy. It also has shown positive signs as some of the
countries of the world have shown a steady increase in the participation from the side of the
women of the society. More egalitarian gender roles consolidate the labour force of an
economy which in turn helps in the process of development and prosperity.
However, (Hutchings and Metcalfe) contrasted in this context saying that government has a
huge role to play so that globalisation positive impacts the gender inequality in the economy.
(Human Development Report) stated that, there is an example of countries such as Saudi
Arabia where gender inequality remains despite the globalisation. The main factor that
distinguishes between the effective and ineffective impact on gender inequality is the role of
the government. The public policies aimed at closing the gap needs to be in place along with
the openness of the economy.
2.3 The gender inequality index
The gender inequality index is a measure of the gap between the male and female member of
the economy. To capture the real gap between the male and the female in terms of
opportunity and rights, it mainly uses three different variables that go into the construction of
the index (Islam). These variables are health, education and income of the female members
compared to the male members of the economy. The gender inequality index can be
constructed by taking the average of the three values of the variables. (Kaur) stated this is
method is widely used by the UNDP and other private companies related to the human
demographics. The advantages of using this index are that it captures different aspects of
opportunities and human rights (Mitter). Apart from that, another advantage of using this
index is that the calculation of the index is very simple which can help in a better

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 7
understanding of the problem. An advanced form of this index can also be used which
includes an additional two variables of women participation in the parliament and women as
a CEO of private companies. These two variables further capture the power of the women in
an institutionalised framework. However, (Montón-Subías) stated that one of the
disadvantages of this index is that it does not capture the length and the breath of the
inequality. That means although it captures the participation of women in the parliament it
does not take the information regarding the participation of women in the local government
and various public lives.
2.4 Theory of gendered moral
This theory suggests that the masculinity of the society changes due to the globalisation.
(Kimmel) stated that, gender imbalances and discriminations work as a hurdle for the
globalisation and the liberalisation. Gendered role and the imbalances also give rise to the
factors of anti-social activities in the economy that in turn affects the economy. Globalisation
and the trade liberalisation provide incentives to the resources involved in the production
process and hence work for the betterment of the gender equality.
2.5 Theory of Gendered organisation and hierarchy
This theory posited by (Acker) states that the organisations operating in the economy is not
gender neutral and that reduces the potential of the globalisation in the economy. There is a
male dominance in almost all the companies around the world that denies the right and the
opportunity of the women in the company. It also states that, globalisation or the trade
liberalisation cannot directly influence the hierarchical system of the companies around the
world. Rather it creates a situation of fierce competition where gender discrimination does
not find its place and hence women are treated as any other workers of the company.
3.0 Research objective

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 8
The objective of this research is to analyze gender inequality in Bangladesh and its trade
liberalisation.
4.0 Research questions
 Does trade liberalisation affect gender inequality in Bangladesh?
 Does any globalisation factor affect gender inequality in Bangladesh?
5.0 Theoretical framework
There are many different factors of globalisation that can in a different way influence the
gender inequality level. One of the factors that accompany the globalisation is the increase in
the per capita income. This increase in the per capita income, in turn, reduces the gap
between the genders broadening the opportunity for the individuals irrespective of the gender.
(Nathan) stated that, as the per capita income increases, employment opportunity also
increases leading to high participation from the side of the women of the society. This
empowers women and hence reduces the inequality between the man and woman of society
(Neumayer and Soysa). This can be validated from the fact that countries with higher income
also show the lower inequality between men and women. Bangladesh is among the
developing countries of the world where the per capita income is still low and hence the
opportunities for the men and the women still lack (Prakash) .Therefore, pre-assigned work
roles as per the gender are still prevalent in the economy that works as a hurdle in the path of
economic growth and development.
It needs to be noted that increasing per capita income depends on the education level of the
people that also form the labour force of the economy. However, the participation of women
in education needs to be addressed first in order to have any benefits from the globalisation
process. According to (Rahman), high education level among the female members of the
society would fill the excess demand in the labour force leading to better economic
empowerment of the women.

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 9
6.0 Methodology
One of the most important indexes for the measurement of the gender index is the gender
development index or the GDI published by the United Nations development programme
(UNDP). Similar to the three indexes used by the Human development index, the GDI uses
the education, income and health as the factors. For the assessment of the differences between
the genders and the scope, the Human Development Index is used.
Now, the objective of the study is to find how the liberalisation and globalisation affect
gender inequality in the economy of Bangladesh. For gender inequality, three different proxy
variables are chosen. Each variable is chosen from three of the main factors of gender
inequality which is an economic opportunity, health and education (). The proxy variable
chosen for the economic opportunity is the ratio of female to male labour force participation
rate. For the factor of health, the proxy variable of maternal mortality ratio is chosen and for
the factor of education, the proxy variable of Ratio of female to male lower secondary
completion rate is chosen for the analysis of the data. In addition to that, data for the trade
liberalisation has also been used in the analysis of the data. Another variable to be used is the
FDI inflow that will capture the level of globalisation in the economy of Bangladesh.
The tool used for the analysis of the data is a regression analysis where an index is used
consisting of the three variable of gender inequality as the dependent variable and the trade
data as a percentage of the GDP is also used as an independent variable. Another independent
variable for the regression analysis is the FDI inflow that will capture the level of
globalisation (Usoh, Ohyver and Bakar). This regression analysis will help understand how
the changes in the trade activities of the country and the extent of globalisation have affected
the gender inequality in the economy of Bangladesh.

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 10
The rationale behind selecting the variable of trade as a percentage of GDP is that it reflects
the income generated from the investment inflow from foreign and hence can map the extent
of the trade liberalisation. In addition to that, the variable of FDI inflow has been chosen as it
shows the income generated by the economy from the investment inflow (Wang) . The
rationale behind choosing this variable is that it can capture the extent of the globalisation
that the economy of Bangladesh is engaged in.
To carry out the regression analysis, data from the year 1970 to 2018 is collected from the
website of the World Bank. In addition to that, data and information of the United Nations
have also been used for the synthesis.
However, one of the main limitations of the data set and the methodology is that it has failed
to capture other factors such as the participation of the women in the parliament and decision
making of big corporate companies. The secondary data for these two variables were not
available and hence were not included in the analysis of the paper. The detailed data and
more variables for the construction of GII would have made the results more robust.
Gender inequality index
This index is calculated by,
GII= ((GHI+GSI+GEI)/3)
Where GII= Gender inequality index
GHI= Gender health index, GSI= Gender education index
And GEI= Gender economic index. These all calculations are done using the variable
discussed above. The higher the value of the GII index higher is the inequality among the
male and the female members of the society.

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 11
7.0 Data analysis
7.1 Data and calculations of the index
The three variables of health, education and income have been used to calculate the index of
inequality. The calculations have been shown below:
Please refer to the calculations shown in the appendix 1)
7.2 Correlation matrix
The correlation matrix helps in the determination of correlation between the variables chosen
for the study.
The data is collected from the World Bank links are provided below,
Ratio of female to male in the labour force (labour force) =
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FM.NE.ZS?downloadformat=excel
maternal mortality index per 100000 births (health)=
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT.NE?downloadformat=excel
Lower secondary completion rate (Education)=
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/SE.SEC.CMPT.LO.ZS?downloadformat=excel
The matrix for the three factor variables has been shown below,
Ratio of
female to
male in
the labour
force
( labour
force)
maternal
mortality
index per
100000
births
(health)
Lower
secondary
completio
n rate
(Educatio
n)
Ratio of female to male in the labour force
( labour force) 1
maternal mortality index per 100000 births
(health)
-
0.3761204 1

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 12
Lower secondary completion rate (Education)
0.4099522
03
-
0.8503894
93 1
Table 1: Correlation matrix
(Source: (World Bank Data)
The formula used for the calculation of Correlation coefficient is,
The table above shows that none of the variable chosen for the study is correlated to each
other. In other words, change in the value of one variable does not change the value of the
other variable. If the value of the coefficient is 0 there is no relation at all and f the value of
the coefficient is 1, there is a correlation. Existence of a correlated variable influences the
regression analysis and robust result is not found. Here the correlation between education and
health is high as higher education level ensures a better quality of life and hence better health.
For example, the correlation coefficient of the variable of labour and health is 0.37 which is
not close to the value of 1. These three variables are again used in the construction of the GII
index and hence there is no problem of correlation.
7.3 Regression analysis
Using the data collected from the website of the World Bank, and the links to every data is
provided below,
Trade % of GDP
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS?downloadformat=excel
FDI inflow % of GDP

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 13
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS?downloadformat=excel
Regression analysis is done the result of which is presented below,
SUMMA
RY
OUTPUT
Regressio
n
Statistics
Multiple
R 0.865684
R Square 0.749409
Adjusted
R Square 0.738514
Standard
Error 10.19264
Observati
ons 49
ANOVA
df SS MS F
Significa
nce F
Regressio
n 2
14291.
74
7145.8
72
68.783
08 1.5E-14
Residual 46
4778.9
38 103.89

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 14
Total 48
19070.
68
Coefficie
nts
Standa
rd
Error t Stat
P-
value
Lower
95%
Upper
95%
Lower
95.0%
Upper
95.0%
Intercept 164.2874
7.5170
21
21.855
38
6.2E-
26 149.1564
179.41
84
149.15
64
179.41
84
Trade %
of GDP -0.77191
0.3582
39
-
2.1547
4
0.0364
52 -1.49301
-
0.0508
1
-
1.4930
1
-
0.0508
1
FDI
inflow %
of GDP -19.4082
6.9466
59
-
2.7939
0.0075
67 -33.3911
-
5.4253
4
-
33.391
1
-
5.4253
4
Table 2: the regression analysis
(Source: (World Bank Data)
The equation used for the estimation of regression is, Y = β0 + Σj=1..p βjXj + ε
Where Y= the dependant variable, β0= Intercept, βj= Coefficient of the jth variable, Xj= The jth
variable and ε= error.
The regression analysis shows that the model is a good fit. The goodness of fit is understood
using the R square value of the analysis. In this case, the value of the R square is 0.749 which
is close to the value of 1. Thus, this model has been able to explain the changes in the gender
inequality index (GII) through the independent variable chosen for the analysis. The
ANOVAs table below shows the impacts of the chosen variable on the dependent variable.
Here the value of the intercept is 164.2874 that means in the case of no-trade liberalisation
and no globalisation, the GII will be 164.2874 which is very high. Apart from that, the table
also shows that the variable of trade has a coefficient of -0.77191 which means that with 1
unit increase in the trade as a percentage of the GDP, the GII will reduce by 0.77191. The p-
value of the variable is shown in the table as 0.036452, which is less than 0.05. That means
the value of the coefficient is accurate at the confidence level of 95%. The variable of FDI

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 15
inflow which is used as a proxy for the globalisation also shows that it influences the GII
very significantly. The coefficient of the variable is -19.4082, which means with one unit
increase in the FDI as a percentage of the GDP of Bangladesh, the inequality reduces by
19.4082. The p-value of this variable is 0.007567 which is way less than 0.05. Therefore,
these two variables accurately predict the changes in gender inequality in Bangladesh. The
model is shown below,
GII= 164.28-0.77* Trade % of GDP-19.4082*FDI inflow % of GDP
That means, Gender inequality= 164.28-0.77*trade liberalisation-19.4082* extent of
globalisation
7.4 Gender inequality in labour market
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
2012
2015
2018
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Ratio of female to male in the labour force
( labour force)
Ratio of female to male in the
labour force ( labour force)
Figure 1: Inequality in the labour market
(Source: (World Bank Data)
The labour market has shown a rise in the participation of female in the labour force. The
figure above shows that there was a steep increase in the in the year 1987 and then the
participation became equal to that of the male members of the society (A. Rahman). The
curve also shows some fluctuations and it is because of the changes in the business cycle.

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 16
7.5 Inequality in the education attainment
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
2012
2015
2018
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Lower secondary completion rate (Education)
Lower secondary completion rate
(Education)
Figure 2: Inequality in the education
(Source: (World Bank Data)
The figure above shows that the completion rate has increased over the years with the
liberalisation of the economy of Bangladesh. Liberalisation has created opportunities for the
female members of the society which in turn has increased the demand for education in the
country (Kimmel).

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 17
7.6 Inequality in health
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
2012
2015
2018
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
maternal mortality index per 100000 births
(health)
maternal mortality index per
100000 births (health)
Figure 3: Inequality in health
(Source: (World Bank Data)
In terms of health as well, the inequality has reduced over the years due to the openness of
the Bangladeshi economy. Foreign investment in the infrastructure has also benefitted the
health system of the country thereby improving the maternal mortality index over the years.
8.0 Theoretical and practical implication
Therefore, from the analysis of the data and the study of the subject, we have learned that the
gender inequality not only stems from the social systems and set up but also due to the
changes in the economy and the politics. As the economies of Bangladesh have opened for
the external economies of the world, more and more opportunities have been created for the
women members of the society. (Soysa) stated that, investment inflow has improved the
infrastructure of the country. Therefore, the employment opportunity in the economy has
increased over the years. In addition to that, FDI inflow has also diversified the economy of
Bangladesh as well. (Tahira, Javed and Ijaz) stated that, expansion of the economy creates

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 18
diversification of labour and hence demand labour increases at each point of the production
process of the economy. This increased involvement of the women in the economy has in
turn reflected in the education and the health conditions as well (Acker). The table shows that
the education level of the women has increased with the increase in trade as a percentage of
the GDP of the country. Although there is no direct linkage between the variables, it
indirectly influences the increase in the living standard.
The same is the case for the health standard as well; the table clearly shows that with the
increase in the extent of the globalisation the economy of Bangladesh has been exposed to the
external global market (Asaduzzaman, Kabir and Ali). Therefore new technological know-
how and the capital investment have increased the productivity of the labour thereby
improving the living standard and the maternal mortality rate (Hasnayen). Thus, this study
shows that modern economy works better when there is no division of labour based on the
gender of the individual. Rather a balanced labour force increases the competitiveness of the
economy and taps the potentials of the economy that can further boost the economy of a
country as well. It is also learnt from the perspective of the international trade that it creates
ample opportunities for the lower-income groups in the developing countries of the world
(Hyder). Lastly, it has also been understood that a balanced labour force in terms of the
participation from both the genders can improve the wealth distribution of the country
thereby reducing other inequalities such as the income inequalities (Sen).
9.0 Conclusion
Therefore, the paper finds out that, trade liberalisation and the globalisation positively
impacts the gender inequality of the economy. That means with an increase in the trade
liberalisation of Bangladesh, gender inequality improves in the economy. The globalisation
and the process of trade liberalisation expand the source of knowledge of the resources of the
Bangladeshi economy. This reflects in overall betterment in the health, education and the

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 19
income of the economy. The study also finds out that, for a holistic betterment of the
economy of Bangladesh, it is also important to keep the economy open to foreign investment.
However, due to the limitations of the study, there are some of the factors which have been
ignored in this research. For example, this study has mainly focused on the causal
relationship between the trade liberalisation, globalisation with the gender inequality of
Bangladesh. Nevertheless, as pointed out in the study, government intervention is important
for gender inequality to get better with the increase in trade liberalisation and globalisation.
Therefore, the finding of this study will be a good base for further research on the topic
related to how the government can contribute to the event to further improve the economy of
Bangladesh. From this point, the research can guide the government in understanding the
need of the economy and how that gaps can be filled by the government with policies that
favour the most stakeholders of the economy.

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 20
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World Bank Data. 2019. 20 Septermber 2019.

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 23
Appendix
1) The calculations of the gender inequality index and the table
Links for the data are,
Ratio of female to male in the labour force (labour force) =
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FM.NE.ZS?
downloadformat=excel
maternal mortality index per 100000 births (health)=
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT.NE?downloadformat=excel
Lower secondary completion rate (Education)=
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/SE.SEC.CMPT.LO.ZS?downloadformat=excel
Trade % of GDP
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS?downloadformat=excel
FDI inflow % of GDP
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS?
downloadformat=excel
Yea
r GII
Trade % of
GDP
FDI inflow
% of GDP
Ratio of
female to
male in the
labour force
( labour
force)
maternal
mortality
index per
100000
births
(health)
Lower
secondary
completion
rate
(Education)
197
0
137.128
1
20.8205969
5 0.001219 2.23554568 378
31.1487643
3
197 137.983 17.0190718 0.001382 2.4658474 381 30.4847687

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 24
1 5 4 9
197
2
136.904
7
19.4072895
6 0.001431242 3.124564 376
31.5896847
7
197
3
141.839
1
18.3946565
1 0.02893631 3.6524645 391
30.8648766
4
197
4
144.763
3
14.0496210
7 0.017582473 3.802239332 399
31.4876876
5
197
5
142.611
1
10.9956261
3 0.00793555 3.956564845 391 32.8768787
197
6
135.830
5
22.3822749
3 0.053572593 4.004564845 367
36.4869454
9
197
7
139.617
5 19.4221982 0.072322993 4.36564845 377
37.4867435
8
197
8
145.017
2
21.0385149
6 0.057974213 4.564894546 391
39.4867647
7
197
9
147.477
3
21.9070635
4
-
0.051460025 4.84541234 396
41.5864786
8
198
0
143.956
8
23.3772311
1 0.046917946 5.0015456 381
45.8687645
5
198
1
149.777
1
19.2471590
9 0.026469536 5.325725003 400
44.0054684
8
198
2 147.349
20.6069241
9 0.037570041 5.87845645 392
44.1686736
5
198
3
146.603
7
20.3168806
2 0.002294153 6.6545645 391
42.1564685
9
198
4
154.703
8
16.8117271
7
-
0.002924127 8.953540855 414
41.1578678
7
198
5
151.852
9
18.2221846
2
-
0.029894396 9.403928372 403 43.1548645
198
6
154.945
6
17.0187425
1 0.011189931 10.96941677 411
42.8674543
5
198
7 154.954
16.6877976
3 0.013190726 10.99456452 412
41.8675468
8
198
8
157.398
1
17.6780643
1 0.006916145 38.54564564 391
42.6487684
8
198
9
170.629
7
18.3251740
2 0.000861339 75.63411958 393
43.2548768
8
199
0
165.863
6
18.9665020
1 0.010249846 74.64543614 379
43.9454548
6
199
1
163.828
2
18.8898268
9 0.004491464 70.83663353 376
44.6479874
7
199
2
153.039
7 19.9340055 0.011737576 69.25454655 345 44.8645486
199
3
144.686
4
23.1215830
7 0.042361655 66.794564 322
45.2645645
4
199
4
146.347
5
22.8658645
5 0.033012231 65.55498456 329 44.4874645
199
5 147.847
28.2094960
8 0.004998378 65.3265432 328
50.2145484
8

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 25
199
6
153.426
4
26.0760877
2 0.029134955 62.93375312 349
48.3454847
8
199
7
148.203
2
26.3255133
9 0.288896568 62.25468846 334
48.3548475
8
199
8
150.771
5 27.8800634 0.380236167 63.5465484 339
49.7680206
3
199
9
151.582
8
28.3879405
6 0.350421247 63.99878456 337
53.7494888
3
200
0 149.51
29.3217143
6 0.525362089 64.05640696 328
56.4735298
2
200
1 146.12
32.0980170
7 0.145443905 51.6478764 322
64.7122497
6
200
2
131.471
5
28.9673807
2 0.095579368 41.454564 286
66.9599227
9
200
3
123.468
2 27.6578849 0.445960783 29.83178839 274
66.5726776
1
200
4
125.795
2
26.8582341
5 0.689472336 28.7645486 291 57.6211586
200
5 102.768
34.3969348
6 1.095149819 31.6548768 221
55.6492195
1
200
6
102.049
6
38.1119244
3 0.635657188 33.63185784 217 55.5169487
200
7
101.417
5
39.9423826
5 0.817754424 36.985846 211
56.2667694
1
200
8
101.710
8
42.6209140
3 1.449748396 37.64564564 201
66.4867867
6
200
9 102.891
40.0927962
2 0.879494542 41.54684654 206
61.1260986
3
201
0
107.412
4
37.8028426
7 1.068934861 43.48471603 220
58.7525215
1
201
1
106.408
9
47.4208498
4 0.983166534 44.65645465 210
64.5702514
6
201
2
107.651
8
48.1109227
5 1.18810285 42.45648456 204
76.4987985
9
201
3
106.468
2
46.2964027
2 1.73541854 41.04686543 205
73.3576812
7
201
4
112.937
9 44.5140802 1.468712877 40.26484655 210
88.5487954
9
201
5
113.240
1
42.0859963
1 1.451287647 41.254864 211
87.4654878
8
201
6
113.289
3
37.9542963
5 1.053552289 41.80100502 214
84.0668106
1
201
7
114.872
4
35.3040000
9 0.861499842 45.05261399 216
83.5645484
7
201
8
117.291
7
38.2448929
9 0.913546455 47.4186548 219
85.4564847
7
Table 1: Inequality index of Bangladesh data

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 26
(Source: (World Bank Data)
2) The residual plots and linear model choice
Links for the data are,
Ratio of female to male in the labour force (labour force) =
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FM.NE.ZS?
downloadformat=excel
maternal mortality index per 100000 births (health)=
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT.NE?downloadformat=excel
Lower secondary completion rate (Education)=
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/SE.SEC.CMPT.LO.ZS?downloadformat=excel
Trade % of GDP
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS?downloadformat=excel
FDI inflow % of GDP
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS?
downloadformat=excel

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 27
0 1000000000 2000000000 3000000000
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0 Residual Plot
0
Residuals
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Figure 1: The 0 Residual plots of the data
(Source: (World Bank Data)
These residual plots show that a linear model will be perfect for the analysis of the data.
The points are mostly scattered around the horizontal axis which means that linear model
is the best choice for developing a model based on the given data.
Links for the data are,
Ratio of female to male in the labour force (labour force) =
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FM.NE.ZS?downloadformat=excel

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 28
maternal mortality index per 100000 births (health)=
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT.NE?downloadformat=excel
Lower secondary completion rate (Education)=
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/SE.SEC.CMPT.LO.ZS?downloadformat=excel
Trade % of GDP
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS?downloadformat=excel
FDI inflow % of GDP
http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS?downloadformat=excel
RESIDUAL OUTPUT
Observation Predicted 137.128103336233 Residuals
1 152.2592 -14.2757
2 149.0102 -12.1055
3 150.3878 -8.54871
4 156.299 -11.5357
5 160.4537 -17.8426
6 144.9629 -9.13243
7 148.9899 -9.37246
8 146.791 -1.77381
9 145.6094 1.867872
10 143.6094 0.347413
11 149.2281 0.549011
12 147.3782 -0.02914
13 147.7728 -1.16909
14 152.5413 2.162502
15 150.6225 1.230466
16 152.2597 2.685953
17 152.7099 2.244138
18 151.3627 6.035432
19 150.4824 20.14731
20 149.6099 16.25376
21 149.7142 14.11403
22 148.2936 4.746055

GENDER AND GLOBALIZATION 29
23 143.9572 0.729226
24 144.305 2.042444
25 137.0354 10.81166
26 139.8408 13.58557
27 139.4606 8.742553
28 137.2751 13.49645
29 136.3641 15.21863
30 134.7481 14.76183
31 130.8347 15.28538
32 135.3355 -3.86399
33 136.8625 -13.3944
34 137.5917 -11.7965
35 125.1429 -22.3748
36 119.5888 -17.5392
37 116.379 -14.9615
38 113.0656 -11.3548
39 115.1267 -12.2358
40 117.6949 -10.2825
41 104.1513 2.257572
42 101.5292 6.122603
43 101.4972 4.970987
44 102.8874 10.05045
45 106.6885 6.551617
46 111.896 1.393255
47 115.5266 -0.65417
48 111.4533 5.838398
Table 2: The residual output
(Source: (World Bank Data)