Case Study on Contemporary Traffic Engineering and Autonomous Vehicles

This case study examines contemporary traffic engineering challenges in the UK, focusing on the application of autonomous vehicles. The research delves into issues such as road accidents, traffic congestion, and parking problems, which are exacerbated by increasing urbanization and vehicle numbers. The study explores the concept of autonomous vehicles, their benefits like improved mobility and reduced pollution, and their potential impacts on traffic management. It employs a positivist philosophy with a deductive approach, utilizing secondary data from online journals, books, and government databases. The findings are analyzed thematically to identify and address traffic engineering problems, culminating in recommendations for enhancing security in autonomous vehicle technology. The case study provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of traffic engineering in the UK and the potential of autonomous vehicles to mitigate existing issues. The study also considers the equipment and service requirements, ownership and operating costs of autonomous vehicles. It identifies the benefits and limitations of such vehicles in the context of traffic management. The study concludes with recommendations for improving security issues in the autonomous vehicle technology.

Running head: CASE STUDY ON CONTEMPORARY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ISSUES
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES APPLICATION AND THE TRAFFIC ISSUES IN THE UK
“Case study on contemporary traffic engineering issues Autonomous vehicles application and the
traffic issues in the UK”
Name of the student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

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CASE STUDY ON CONTEMPORARY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ISSUES AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLES APPLICATION AND THE TRAFFIC ISSUES IN THE UK
Abstract
This study focuses on the contemporary traffic engineering issues and autonomous vehicle
application in the UK. The aim of the study is to identify contemporary traffic engineering issues
and application of autonomous vehicle in the UK. Issues in the traffic engineering have been
depicted in the study and solutions have been provided. The impact of the autonomous vehicle
on the issues of traffic engineering have been explained in the study. A proper methodology has
been used in this research. Positivism philosophy with deductive approach has been explained in
the research. Data and information related to the research have been taken from secondary
sources including online journals, books and government databases. Data has been thematically
analyzed with the help of creating three themes related to the research topic. The outcomes of the
research have helped in fulfilling the objectives of the research. Recommendations have been
provided at the end for improving security issues in the autonomous vehicle technology.

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CASE STUDY ON CONTEMPORARY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ISSUES AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLES APPLICATION AND THE TRAFFIC ISSUES IN THE UK
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................................4
Background..................................................................................................................................4
Rationale......................................................................................................................................5
Problem Statement.......................................................................................................................7
Aims, Objectives and Questions..................................................................................................8
Summary......................................................................................................................................8
Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................................9
Concept of Autonomous Vehicles...............................................................................................9
Benefits of Autonomous vehicles..............................................................................................10
Impacts of Autonomous vehicle on travelling...........................................................................16
Summary....................................................................................................................................18
Chapter 3: Methodology................................................................................................................19
Research Philosophy..................................................................................................................19
Research approach.....................................................................................................................19
Data Collection..........................................................................................................................20
Data Analysis.............................................................................................................................20
Ethical Considerations...............................................................................................................20
Chapter 4: Data Findings and Analysis.........................................................................................21
Summary....................................................................................................................................24

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CASE STUDY ON CONTEMPORARY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ISSUES AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLES APPLICATION AND THE TRAFFIC ISSUES IN THE UK
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations..............................................................................25
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................25
Recommendations......................................................................................................................25
References......................................................................................................................................27

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CASE STUDY ON CONTEMPORARY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ISSUES AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLES APPLICATION AND THE TRAFFIC ISSUES IN THE UK
Chapter 1: Introduction
Background
Transport has been a major factor in the growth and economic development of countries
and cities. The quality of transport system attract different investments and desirability in the
urban regions. The transport system of determines the productivity of the business organization
in the market the traffic system if the country helps in maintaining congestions on roads (Menze
and Geiger 2015). This report deals with a case study of traffic problems and its solutions by
SIEMENS Company. This company have helped in maintaining and monitoring traffic problems
in the UK. The challenges in assessing various methods for removing contemporary issues in the
traffic of the UK have been depicted (Lu et al. 2017). The solution to these issues in the traffic
might be mitigate by using connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs). The use of this
technology have been integrated in the new technology if the UK in the transport system
(Fagnant and Kockelman 2015). These autonomous vehicles have many exciting benefits that are
frontier in the vehicular development system.
This report have focused in identifying issues in the traffic in the UK. This research have
helped in proposing solutions to these problems by including autonomous vehicles. These
connected and autonomous vehicles have some limitations that has been discussed in the report.
A critical analysis of the concept of autonomous vehicles and its impacts on the traffic
engineering have been discussed in the study. The study have used secondary method of data
collection. Different online journals, newspapers, articles, government reports and databases
have been accessed for data collection process for the research. Data has been analyzed using
thematic analysis related to the issues in the traffic engineering.

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CASE STUDY ON CONTEMPORARY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ISSUES AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLES APPLICATION AND THE TRAFFIC ISSUES IN THE UK
Rationale
As commented by Gerla et al. (2014), transport-engineering problems have been
continuously creating issues in the normal life of citizens in the UK. The challenges in the
transport system of the country have been a major problem for organizing this research. The
major cause of this problem has been increase in the population all over the world. According to
survey, by 2030, about 61 percent of the global population will be living in cities. Therefore, the
crowd in the cities is going to increase in upcoming years due to urbanization. The number of
cars and other vehicles will be increased by a huge number. Therefore, there is a parking space
problem in these cities.
As mentioned by Bonnefon, Shariff and Rahwan (2016), in the current scenario, The UK
has been suffering with traffic problems due to increase in number of cars and bad management
of traffic engineering. The road accidents in the cities have been increased due to this problem.
The parking space problem has been a major problem faced by citizens of the country. The peak
time of traffic has been in the daytime (Zhao et al. 2016). Traffic congestions occur during the
office hours in both morning and evening. This have increased in the number if road accidents in
the country.

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CASE STUDY ON CONTEMPORARY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ISSUES AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLES APPLICATION AND THE TRAFFIC ISSUES IN THE UK
Figure 1: Road Accidents in the UK
(Source: Janai et al. 2017, pp.23)
There has been numerous cases in the city related to the parking space management.
Therefore, different vehicles are parked in the roadside creating congestion in the traffic. As
commented by Maddern et al. (2014), less space for parking, vehicles have been a major problem
in the engineering practices of traffic. Less space have been left for parking vehicles during
construction of buildings. Urbanization have created traffic road problem in the city. Maximum
number of people are migrating towards cities in search of jobs and high studies. The
conventional traffic control system have failed in monitoring traffic scenarios and providing
updated information related to motorists (Kuderer, Gulati and Burgard 2015). The strategy used
for maintaining the traffic system has not able to provide better services to the passengers and
citizens of the country.

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CASE STUDY ON CONTEMPORARY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ISSUES AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLES APPLICATION AND THE TRAFFIC ISSUES IN THE UK
Figure 2: Congested regions in the UK
(Source: Maurer et al. 2016, pp.56)
This research has helped in identifying issues in the traffic engineering systems in the
UK. Various concepts of the connected and autonomous vehicles. These vehicles might help in
mitigating these issues n the traffic engineering problems. The application of the connected and
autonomous vehicles in the traffic system have been depicted in the research. This research
throws light on providing a basic approach of advanced technology in the engineering practices
in traffic system.
Problem Statement
The main problem in this context has been issues in engineering practices in traffic
system. The research have identified various problems in this context. Road accidents have been
increasing in the regions due to increase in number of vehicles and bad traffic management. This
research focuses on application of connected and autonomous vehicle in the traffic system.
Aims, Objectives and Questions
The aim of the research is to identify contemporary traffic engineering issues and
application of connected and autonomous vehicles and its issues in the UK.
Following are the objectives of the research:
 To identify issues related to traffic engineering issues in the UK
 To critically analyze the concept of connected and autonomous vehicles and its
applications
 To recommend strategies for mitigating these traffic engineering issues in the UK

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CASE STUDY ON CONTEMPORARY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ISSUES AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLES APPLICATION AND THE TRAFFIC ISSUES IN THE UK
Following are research questions:
 What are the issues related to traffic engineering issues in the UK?
 What is the concept of connected and autonomous vehicles and its applications?
 How to mitigate these traffic-engineering issues in the UK?
Summary
This chapter deals with the basic concept of the research topic. The current scenario of the traffic
problems have been reflected in the content. Aims, objectives and research questions have been
initiated in this chapter.

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CASE STUDY ON CONTEMPORARY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ISSUES AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLES APPLICATION AND THE TRAFFIC ISSUES IN THE UK
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Concept of Autonomous Vehicles
As commented by Rojas-Rueda, Nieuwenhuijsen and Khreis (2017), autonomous vehicle
technology simply brings a change in the transportation industry. These autonomous vehicles
have been able to change the scenario of the transportation industry . Autonomous cars and
vehicles are the self-driving vehicles that does not require driver for driving it. Autonomous
vehicles uses modern advanced technology for driving on roads. As commented by Bonnefon,
Shariff and Rahwan (2015), the use of autonomous vehicle has been increased by pubic in their
daily life. There are various benefits of using autonomous vehicles as it minimizes pollution in
air. The high impact of environmental benefits have helped in providing better consequences in
the market. As suggested by Winter et al. (2017), application of autonomous cars have helped in
minimizing the road accidents. There has been various changes in evolution of autonomous
vehicles. Various companies have been trying their best for modifying these technologies in the
market.
Figure 3: Sixty-five years of automotive baby steps

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CASE STUDY ON CONTEMPORARY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ISSUES AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLES APPLICATION AND THE TRAFFIC ISSUES IN THE UK
(Source: Bayat et al. 2017, pp.89)
Benefits of Autonomous vehicles
As commented by Lu et al. (2017), autonomous vehicles have provided various benefits
to customers and passengers. It have helped in reducing use of petrol, diesel and cost of
travelling. Various benefits of the autonomous vehicle technology have been given below:
Improved Mobility
Autonomous vehicles help in providing independent mobility for non-drivers, which
include individuals with disabilities and adolescents. Therefore, it provide benefits to travelers
for removing the burden on their family members and create new opportunity with economic
productivity. Many individuals, which are not able to drive, can drive cars and other vehicles. As
argued by High, Atchley and O'brien (2017), autonomous vehicles might reduce the support for
public transit services and reduce mobility of non-drivers. In case of cost control in driving,
autonomous cars are difficult to stop due to absence of driver. However, these cars create anxiety
and stresses among travelers due to uncertainty of reaching their destination. Subosits and
Gerdes (2017) argued that, for minimizing cleaning and vandalism cases, interior of vehicle are
made of stainless steel that reduces comfort of traveling in the car and reduce security by nit
using security cameras in the vehicle. These cars also reduce the travel speed and reliability as
dropping a passenger takes time to restart vehicle again.
Ownership and Operating costs
As commented by Funke et al. (2017) autonomous vehicles require additional equipment
for providing quality services to passengers. However, recent technologies might add up
thousands of dollars in the initial cost of the vehicle in the market. As argued by Nair et al.

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CASE STUDY ON CONTEMPORARY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ISSUES AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLES APPLICATION AND THE TRAFFIC ISSUES IN THE UK
(2017), failure in any of the system of the vehicle, cost huge money for repairing or modifying it.
As this failures can be deadly, the use of various strategies for maintaining the vehicles are
important and are costly. Therefore, tis can be done by maintaining good operational costs in the
market. This can create several financial problems for customers in the market.
All Vehicles Shared Vehicles (Autonomous)
Sensors (Infrared, Optical, Laser and Radar) Frequent passenger area repairs and cleaning.
Automated controls (Braking, Signals,
Steering)
Fleet and dispatching management.
Servers, software and power supplies Business insurance and administration.
Wireless networks. Short-range systems
applicable for vehicle-to-vehicle
communication.
Business profits.
Navigation including GPS systems with
quality maps.
Security.
Critical component maintenance and testing Empty vehicle-miles travelled to pick up and
drop off passengers.
Table 1: Autonomous Vehicle Equipment and Service Requirements
(Source: Prakken 2017)
As commented by Guvenc, Guvenc and Emirler (2017), the increase in the level of
drivers in the autonomous drivers, the purchase price might get increase with additional annual
cost and maintenance costs. Experience with last vehicle innovations, including automatic
transmissions and airbags. However, this helps in indicating towards the future of the