Effectiveness of Training and Development: Literature Review for Tesco

This literature review examines the effectiveness of training and development programs, specifically within the marketing department of Tesco, UK. The review synthesizes research from various authors, exploring the strategic importance of training and development in enhancing employee skills and performance. It discusses the role of training in improving communication skills, product knowledge, and overall job satisfaction. The review covers different types of training methods, including on-the-job training (coaching, mentoring, job rotation) and off-the-job training (classroom lectures, management games), and analyzes their respective benefits and drawbacks. The study emphasizes the impact of training on employee productivity, customer satisfaction, and the company's ability to retain skilled employees. The review concludes that training and development are crucial for building employee confidence, adapting to market changes, and contributing to the overall success of the business unit. The literature review highlights the importance of investing in training programs to create a supportive workplace environment and foster employee loyalty.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Literature review considered as essential tool in the research project. It helps the scholar
in developing in-depth understanding about the topic. It is the chapter that involves studies of
other authors on the same topic (Certo, 2018). All these research papers are being reviewed in
order to develop in-depth understanding about the research area. It plays significant role in the
investigation. By this way scholar get to know about essential information and involve these
detail in such manner so that research questions can be answered easily. The present study is
based on effectiveness of training and development in raising employees skills at the marketing
department of Tesco, UK. It is the vast topic and many authors have carried out research on the
same topic. Scholar will involve books, journals on the same topic of other authors and will
review their articles in this chapter.
Main body
Training and development
As per the view of Dhar, (2015) training and development are considered as strategic
tools for raising performance of individual in the organization. Each firm spends huge money in
training and development programs so that their employees can improve their skills and can
perform well in the workplace. Managers are responsible to identify training needs of individual
in the firm and accordingly they have to arrange development programs for them. …....argued
that it is the method of transferring knowledge to the employees in order to raise their
competences. Social learning theory explain that staff members get to know about their roles and
responsibilities by observing other team members. Company some times give them on the job
training. This training programs assist them in making aware with the actual workplace
environment. By this way they get to know about their duties in business units and how they
have to perform these responsibilities.
According to Drucker, (2016) the purpose of training and development of each entity is
different from others. Some firms aim to raise skills of the workers so that employees can
contribute well in the success of business unit. Whereas other entities aim to provide more
development opportunity to the staff members so that workers can grow well in the organization.
Training and development programs of the organization support the company in improving
satisfaction level of workers so that skilled people can retain in workplace for longer duration.
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Investment in training programs make the workers feel that they are valued in business unit. In
this training sessions entity create supportive workplace environment for them so that they can
perform their duties properly. Trainers appreciate the employees in the training programs that
boost energy of the workers to great extent. Sanghi, (2016) stated that Training programs are
effective in order to address weakness of employees. People can get to know about their lacking
points and through this training they can remove their lacking points and can give strength to the
strong points. In the marketing department people musts have good communication skill so that
individual can deal with the consumers well and can make them ready to buy products and
services of business unit. Through training programs, management make the person aware with
the communication skill and implement ideas through which individual can develop their this
skill. Most of the staff members fail to coordinate well with the clients well because of poor
knowledge about products and services. Through training they develop their knowledge about
the firm, its products and what benefits entity is providing to the consumers. All these aspects
support the person in dealing with customers appropriately.
As per the view of Sekaran and Bougie, (2016) training and development is the main
function of human resource department. HR manager organizes training programs for the
existing workers in order to improve their performance in the corporation. It is the educational
process that works for sharpening skills of the employees and making their concepts clear. It
makes them loyal towards the brand and contribute well in raising performance of the entity.
Types of training and development
According to Siemens, (2014) there are various kinds of training programs that are used
by managers in the organization in order to raise skill of their employees. On the job training is
considered as one of effective method. Coaching, mentoring are the most effective methods to
train any person in the workplace. On the job training is the process in which managers provide
knowledge to the workers at the real workplace environment. Coaching is the method in which
senior give coaching to the employees. They identify their weak points and suggest them for the
improvements. Aragón, Jiménez and Valle, (2014) argued that it is not suitable method because
giving coaching to the new candidate in the workplace who does not have any knowledge about
workplace can demotivate them. In such condition individual may get failed to perform well in
the organization.
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As per the view of Otolorin and et.al, (2015) job rotation is the most suitable on job
training method. It is the type of process in which managers rotate them and allot them new jobs
in the workplace. Rotation enhance knowledge of the employees and make them able to become
multi talented. This enhances knowledge of the person and individual gets more development
opportunities in the organization. Lee, (2014) stated that if the person have no prior knowledge
of new job then it can create complexity for the person to work effectively in the new
environment. In such condition individual becomes able to manage their work properly that
impacts negative on their working efficiency (Effectiveness of training and development on
employees’ performance and organisation competitiveness in the Nigerian banking industry,
2014).
As per the view of Serrat, (2017) off the job training are such training programs that are
arranged separate from the actual job environment. In this type of method manager provide them
training in the classroom. Conferences and lectures are most common type of training method.
This is traditional method in which trainers communicate wit the employees orally. They give
presentation on the topic so that individual can develop their knowledge about their job. Czaja
and Sharit, (2016) stated that organizations organizes management games for the workers. Such
types of games enhance mental abilities of the person and make them able to perform well in the
workplace. Properly designed games enhance ingraining thinking of employees and raise their
reasoning abilities. It helps the employees in performing well in critical times. By this way they
become able to share their innovative ideas that can support them in performing well in the
workplace. As per the view of Certo, (2018) each entity always prefer to involve such employees
in the workplace those who are capable to handle multiple jobs. Thus, organization give them
training through job rotation. This method helps the people in managing their work well and
enhancing knowledge about new jobs. By this way single person can become able to handle
multiple tasks at the same time. This is profitability for the business unit and help the firm in
reducing cost and enhancing its profitability.
Effective of training and development in raising employees skills at marketing department
According to Drucker, (2016) marketing department is the most important department of
organization. It helps the company in gathering information about the market and needs of
consumers. Furthermore, it helps the firm in identifying level of satisfaction of the consumers
towards the brand. This is an effective department that assist other departments in conducting
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their operations and managing operations well. By this way production and other departments
cans provide highly satisfied products to the consumers. This helps in raising revenues of the
company. Through training company enhance knowledge of people in workplace and make them
able to deal with consumers well. This raise capabilities of their workers and they become able to
coordinate well with consumers.
Sekaran and Bougie, (2016) argued that training supports business unit minimizing
confusions of the employees and make them able to identify current changes in the market. By
this way they can contribute well in the success of business unit to great extent. Training and
development programs are helpful in addressing weakness of workers and arranging training
programs for them accordingly so that their these weaknesses can be resolved soon. According to
Aragón, Jiménez and Valle, (2014) it is helpful in improving performance of workers because by
getting appropriate knowledge about the workplace, confident of the workers get developed and
individual becomes able to perform well in the organization. Sometimes due to poor confidence
individual fails to deal with the consumers appropriately. But training helps the person in
managing business and contributing well in accomplishing goal of business unit.
As per the view of Czaja and Sharit, (2016) training supports workers in raising their
productivity and enhancing profit of the firm. If marketing person have adequate knowledge
about company, product and services then it would be beneficial for the person in performing
well and increasing their production ability. This type of person can contribute well in the
success of business unit. Some times due to poor knowledge employees become costly for the
company. They make mistakes in the workplace and fail to generate profit in the firm. In such
condition overall cost of the firm get increased. Providing training is the effective method that
reduces per employee cost because individual becomes able to enhance profit of the business unit
to great extent.
Serrat, (2017) stated that training and development programs are effective enough in
order to improve working ability of marketing person. Because once person have received the
training then individual can perform their task independently. In such condition there is less
requirement to supervise their performance. Training makes the person able to enhance
knowledge about the latest technologies (Effects of training on employee performance, 2013).
There are many techniques that need to be implemented in the marketing department of business.
In such condition it is very important for employees that they have adequate knowledge about
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these technologies so that they can operates these machines adequately and can improve their
efficiency level. This makes the person able to respond in the changing situation appropriately.
Whenever entity has to implement new technologies or have to restructure their structure then
training helps the person in accepting these changes and performing their work in smooth
manner (Effects of training on employee performance, 2013).
As per the view of Sekaran and Bougie, (2016) customer satisfaction plays significant
role in the business unit. If persons are satisfied and they are positive towards the brand then they
will put their hard efforts in order to accomplish goal of business. Unit. Training helps in
increasing their satisfaction level and help the corporation in retaining skill people in
organization for longer duration.
Conclusion
From the above study it can be articulated that training and development programs are
very effective in order to raise skills of marketing employees in the workplace. It assist in
building confidence of the person and help the employee in contributing well in accomplishing
goal of the enterprise. In the training programs individual get to know about the latest
technologies, role and responsibility in workplace. That help the individual in performing their
job effectively without any supervision. This enhance production ability of the persona and make
the person loyal towards the brand., This is very effective for the enterprise because by this way
entity can retain skilled employees in workplace for longer duration. Training and development
programs of the organization support entity in improving satisfaction level of workers so that
skilled people can retain in workplace for longer duration. Investment in training programs make
the workers feel that they are valued in business unit. In this training sessions, entity create
supportive workplace environment for them so that they can perform their duties properly. That
raise confidence of the person and training helps them in strengthening their strong points.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Introduction
Research methodology is systematic method of conducting research. It includes various
tools and techniques that helps scholar in developing their understanding level and finding
accurate results. Each method has its own principles and according to suitability in the study
these methods are being applied (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault, 2015). Through research
methods, scholar become able to answers research questions and analysis data in appropriate
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manner. There is required to collect adequate details about the topic. Research methodology
suggest the researcher about appropriate method that can help in collecting data about the topic.
It makes the person familiar with the topic and supports in developing knowledge about subject
area. Present study will describe various methods of research with reference to effectiveness of
training and development in raising employees skills at marketing department.
Research questions
Each study has some research questions, these questions are based on aim. It is essential
for the scholar that to answer these question in order to find out accurate results.
 What is the conceptual framework of training and development (Lewis, 2015).
 Explain various types of training methods that are applied in organization.
 What are the benefits of training methods in order to raise skills of employees of
marketing department in Tesco, UK.
Research objectives
Aim
“To analyse the effectiveness of training and development in raising employees skills at
marketing department, A study on Tesco, UK”.
Objectives
 To understand conceptual framework of training and development.
 To explain various types of training methods that are applied in organization.
 To analysis benefits of these training methods in order to raise skills of employees of
marketing department in Tesco, UK.
Research methodology
Research Philosophy
Research philosophy is the belief of researcher about the way in which entire study will
be carried out. There are three main types of philosophies: positivism, realism and interpretivism
that are applied in difference types of research projects (Flick, 2015). Interpretivism method is
used in the study where scholar is required to involve theories and models. Furthermore, in this
type of tool scholar involves human participants that help the person in gathering information
about the topic. This intepretivism method carries out the research in subjective manner. On
other than positivism is another type of method that are generally applied in the quantitative type
of projects. It is the tool in which scholar carries out the research from objective view point.
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Individual formulate hypotheses and test these hypotheses (Vaioleti, 2016). Whereas in realism
type of philosophy individual concentrates more on realities and scientific facts. In the present
study on effectiveness of training and development in raising employees skills at marketing
department scholar will take support of interpretinism philosophy. This would be suitable for this
research because involving human participants and theories will help in developing
understanding about effectiveness of training programs in the organization (Brinkmann, 2014).
Description of methods
There are two different types of methods that are being used in the study: ontology and
epistemology. Both they are different from each others. Epistemology describes approaches that
can be used by scholar in order to develop understanding about the topic. It deals with various
aspects through which knowledge can be procured. It emphasis more on natural sources. In this
method, researcher gained information from prior experiences. If the person has previous
experience of conducting the research on the same topic then this experience is being applied in
the current research as well (Humphries, 2017). This method believes that knowledge is
completely based on reasoning and mental state of the person. On other hand ontology is another
type of method that pin point the things that are existed around the person. This emphasis on
involving various characteristic into the study in order to find out answer. In the present study on
effectiveness of training and development in raising employees skills at marketing department,
scholar has applied ontology and epistemology both these methods. This has helped in involving
earlier studies in the research and involving human participants in order to find out facts about
the topic. This can help the person in finding actual answers about the subject matter (Žikić,
2016).
There are several methods that can be applied in this research. Scholar will take support
of descriptive research design. Design helps the person in defining outline of entire investigation.
There are several kinds of designs such as exploratory, experimental, descriptive etc. All these
have unique features and carry out the research in different manner. Exploratory design
concentrate on exploring variables so that new theory can be developed. Whereas experimental
design makes experiments in order to find out answers (Ross, Rogers and Duff, 2016).
Descriptive design helps investigator in describing each small aspect of topic so that
understanding of researcher can be developed about the topic.
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Research approach is another tool that are applied in the investigation. Thee are two main
types of approaches: inductive and deductive. Both these methods are used in specific type of
projects. Inductive is the type of method that takes support of theories and models in order to
develop understanding about the topic. It is applied in qualitative type of projects where scholar
needs not to use any calculation or numerical data. On other hand deductive is another type of
approach that is used in quantitative types of projects. It is the effective tool that first formulates
hypotheses and they test these hypotheses (DeTombe and Weber, 2015). Test results helps the
person in answering research questions. In the present study on effectiveness of training and
development in raising employees skills at marketing department scholar will take support of
inductive research approach. Researcher will involve human participants and will use theories
related to training and development. On the bases of results individual will give answer to each
question (DeTombe and Weber, 2015).
Research strategy needs to be selected in appropriate manner because on the bases of
strategy entire study is being carried out. In the present study scholar will apply qualitative
strategy. It is most suitable for this topic to identify effectiveness of training programs for raising
skills of employees those who work in the marketing department of company. If individual
involves numerical figures, calculations then it can make this study more complicated. Thus, use
of simple theories and models are effective for analysing effectiveness of training and
development in raising employees skills at marketing department (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault,
2015).
There are two main methods of data collection: primary and secondary. In the primary
data collection method individual has to gather information by own whereas in secondary
collection tool scholar takes support of already available information. In the present study on
effectiveness of training and development in raising employees skills at marketing department
researcher will apply both these methods (Lewis, 2015). Use of secondary data collection
sources such as books, journals, internet articles will be beneficial in conducting literature review
and primary tools such as questionnaire, interview will be beneficial in gathering first hand
information about the topic. Researcher will apply questionnaire technique in order to gather
information about effectiveness of training for employees.
Questionnaire will be beneficial primary source because this will help in involving
human participants in the study and identifying their view points about training and development
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programs of Tesco. This is simple process and help in gathering real information about the topic
and developing understanding about the area of research (Flick, 2015). For involving the human
participants in the research scholar will require to take support of appropriate sampling
techniques. There are various sampling methods that can help the researcher in selecting right
people from entire population. Probability and non probability are two main techniques. In the
current study on effectiveness of training and development in raising employees skills at
marketing department scholar will apply random sampling technique. This is simple way and is
helpful in involving people without any bias. By this way actual answers can be gathered by
researcher (Vaioleti, 2016).
Validity and reliability
Reliability and validity are two most important tools that helps researcher in preparing
research project in effective manner. Reliability helps in measuring stability of the data. It can
be defined as probability of results to be repeated. If the same results are being repeated
frequently that means data are reliable. Validity can be described as extent to which requirements
of the scientific methods have been met (Žikić, 2016). It is compulsory for the researchers that to
involve valid data into the project so that accurate results can be generated. In order to conduct
the research in appropriate manner scholar has taken care of validity and reliability both these
aspects. Individual has taken data from reliable sources. All the sources that have been involved
in this study are reliable. Researcher will analysis the data by taking support of reliable
techniques. These tools can support in finding accurate results about the topic (Ross, Rogers and
Duff, 2016).
Time scale and Gantt chart
Gantt chart is the most important part of research project. It describes the time length in
which entire study will be completed (Žikić, 2016). Researcher has to schedule activities in
appropriate manner so that entire research can get completed within specified period of time.
Scheduling is effective technique that assist in managing work and managing resources as well.
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From the above Gantt chart it is identified that researcher will first select appropriate
topic and will frame aim and objective for the same. It will help in aligning rest activities in
appropriate manner. After that previous literatures on the same topic will be reviewed. This will
help scholar in developing in-depth understanding about training and its effectiveness for raising
skills of employees (Vaioleti, 2016). Once review of literatures have been done then research
methods will be selected that can help the researcher in carrying out this study in effective
manner. Data collection will be next activity and then recording of data will be done. Once all
details have bee gathered then researcher will analysis the data and will conduct discussion on it.
At last as p[er the requirement edition will be done and final submission will be made (DeTombe
and Weber, 2015).
Data Analysis
Data analysis is most important part of research project, it helps the scholar in finding
accurate results on the topic. There are two main techniques that are applied in different kinds of
studies in order to analysis the data. In the quantitative types of project scholar takes support of
SPSS and other statistical tools (Humphries, 2017). With the help of these calculations'
researcher finds the results. On other hand in the qualitative type of projects investigator takes
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support of thematic analysis tools. In this type of methods, individual prepare themes and
through graphs details are being presented. In the present research project on effectiveness of
training programs in order to raise skills of employees in the marketing department, researcher
will apply thematic analysis tool. On the bases of objectives themes will be prepared and final
data will be shown through graphs and charts (Lewis, 2015).
Ethical consideration
It is considered as most important part of research project, it is essential for the researcher
that to follow each ethical aspects so that future complications can be minimized soon.
Researcher will take ethical permission from the participants before involving them into the
study. Scholar will send them consent form and once they sign this form then they will be
involved in this investigation (DeTombe and Weber, 20150. Scholar will not force any person to
share their views on specific topic. If they are uncomfortable with any question then they can
skip this question and can jump to the next question. Furthermore, researcher will collect data
from authorized sites. For developing understanding about the topic investigator will use
previous literatures but individual will not copy their material. Scholar will write all these details
in their own words.
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